Inkondo sha Mipepele mu France

PA Mulungu March 1, 1562, cilolo wa ku Guise na ndume nankwe Charles, kardinala wa ku Lorraine—basolwesolwe babili aba buKatolika mu France—baleya nabatentema na bashilika babo ukulola ku Vassy, umushi wabelele ku kabanga ka Paris. Bapingwilepo ukuti beminineko pa calici mu Vassy pa kuti basangweko ku Minsa.

Ilyo line fye baumfwile iciunda ca nyimbo. Abaleimba baali imyanda yafulilako iya baProtestanti abalongene mu cikuulwa ku kupepa. Abashilika baliipatikishe ukwingila. Mu cimfundawila cakonkelepo, kwali ukusaalulana lyene no kupoolana amabwe. Abashilika batendeke ukulasa imfuti, ukwipaya baProtestanti abafulilako no kucena bambi imyanda.

Cinshi calengele ukuti kube uku kwipayana? Ni shani fintu baProtestanti bayankwileko?

Ifya ku Numa

Muli hafu wa kubalilapo uwa mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 16, France yali iya cuma kabili na bantu abengi. Ubu busambashi mu fya bunonshi na bantu bwaleendela pamo no kubombesha kwa kwesha ukubelesha buKatolika bwa bumupashi sana kabili ubwaisulamo ubwananyina. Abantu balefwaya icalici lishingaba ilya cuma sana kabili ilya mushilo. Bashimapepo bamo pamo na baleangwa ifya ku calo abasoma balepinda ukuti kube ukwaluka kwa mipepele pa kucincintila ukulya umundemwa kwa bashikofu no mushikila wa bapatili. Shimapepo umo uwatukwite ukuti kube ukwaluka aali ni shikofu wa ciKatolika Guillaume Briçonnet.

Mu citungu aletungulula ica Meaux, Briçonnet akoseleshe bonse ukulabelenga Amalembo. Alifumishe ne ndalama ku kwafwilisha ukupilibula kwa Amalembo ya Bwina Kristu aya ciGriki ukutwala mu ciFrench. Mu kwangufyanya ubukali bwa Sorbonne University of Theology mu Paris, iyali kabaka wa fisumino fya ciKatolika, bwalimwimine, no kufulunganya amapange yakwe. Lelo shikofu alicingililwe kuli Francis I, imfumu ya France ukufuma mu 1515 ukufika mu 1547. Pali yo nshita, imfumu yalefwaya ukwaluka.

Nangu cibe fyo, Francis I alilekelele ukulengululwa kwe calici ukwafulilako kulila fye takwapumfyenye umuyano wa cintubwingi no kwikatana kwa luko. Mu 1534, baProtestanti bacishamo bakakatike ifipampa ifyasenwike Iminsa ya ciKatolika ukuti yaba kupepo tulubi, bapoopele fye ne cipampa pa ciibi ca ku muputule wa kusendamako. Muli fyo, Francis I alyalwile amano no kwimya lulu waluma uwa kushimaisha.

Ukushimaisha kwa Bukatu

Ilyo tapalalepa baProtestanti batendeke ukocewa pa fimuti. Abengi abaleangwa ifya ku calo, abalebatungilila, na bakonshi ba buProtestanti bupya balifulumwike mu calo. Abalashi batendeke ukuceeceeta ifitabo no kusopa bakafundisha, abasabankanya, na balepulinta.

BaWaldense e baculile sana ku kukaanya kwa kulungatika ukwa balashi. Bali fye libumba linono ilya bantu batemwa Baibolo abaleikala mu mishi iibusu pa kati ka kabanga na kapinda ka kulyo aka ici calo. Bamo balyocewe pa fimuti, imyanda balipayawilwe, kabili mupepi ne mishi yabo 20 yalipumpuntilwe.—Moneni umukululo pe bula 6.

Pa kuba abaibukila ukuti mu kati na nkati ke calici mwalekabila ukwalulwa, icilye ca bashikofu ba ciKatolika calikumene mu December 1545, mu Trent, Italy. Lintu ukukumana kwa cilye kwapwile mu 1563, ukulingana na Cambridge Modern History, “icafuminemo . . . ca kufwaya ukukosha amaboko ya abo abapampamine pa kulofya buProtestanti.”

Ifyatangilile Inkondo

Pa kuba nabanaka ukupembelela ukwaluka, aba mu kabungwe ka kwaluka abengi aba mu calici lya Katolika bailundile ku lubali lwa buProtestanti. Ilyo calefika umwaka wa 1560, bakanabesa abengi abaFrench na balebatungilila bailundile kuli baHuguenot, nga fintu baProtestanti batendeke ukwitwa. BaHuguenot basangwike abalandikisha. Inshita shimo, ukulongana kwabo ukwa cintubwingi kwalebalamuna ubukali ne ntulubundi. Ku ca kumwenako, mu 1558, amakana yabo balilongene mu Paris pa nshiku shine mu kukonkana ku kwimba isha malumbo.

Ifi fyonse fyalikalifye intungulushi sha maka ishe calici lya Katolika na baKatolika abantuuntu fye. Ilyo bamusongelekenye kuli Kardinala Charles uwa ku Lorraine, Imfumu Henry II, uwapyene wishi, Francis I, abilishe Icipope ca Écouen, mu June 1559. Imifwaile ya ciko iikalamba yali ya kulofya “ubusali bwa museebanya ubwa ciLutheran.” Ici catungulwile kuli lulu wa mu Paris ukulwisha baHuguenot.

Henry II alifwile pa numa ya milungu fye inono ku filaso acenenwe mu cangalo ca bulwi. Umwana wakwe, Imfumu Francis II, ukusumbwamo ku lupwa lwa bena Guise, alibukulwile icipope icapampamike ukuti abalekoselela muli buProtestanti bali no kwipaiwa. Umwaka wakonkelepo Francis II alifwile, kabili nyina, Catherine de Médicis, e watekele mu cifulo ca kwa munyina kwa Francis II uwali ne myaka ya bukulu 10, Charles IX. Imibombele ya kwa Catherine iya kuwikishanya na baProtestanti yalipatilwe kuli baGuise, abapampamine pa kufita buProtestanti.

Mu 1561, Catherine alitantike ukukumana mu Poissy, mupepi na Paris, ukwasangilwe abasambilile fya mipepele aba ciKatolika na baProtestanti. Mu cipope capeelwe mu January 1562, Catherine apeele baProtestanti ubuntungwa bwa kulongana pamo no kupepa ku nse ya misumba. BaKatolika calibakalipe! E fyatendeke icacitike imyeshi ibili pa numa—e kuti ukwipaiwa kwa baProtestanti mu cikuulwa ca mu mushi wa Vassy, cilya twali tulandilepo pa kwiswila.

Inkondo Shitatu Isha Kubalilapo

Kulya kulofya imyeo kwacitike pa Vassy e kwabalamwine inkondo ya kubalilapo iya mipepele pa nkondo shonse pamo 8 ishakupile France ku kwipayana kwa kutiinya ukufuma mu 1562 ukufika pa kati ka ba 1590. Nangu ca kuti imilandu ya bupolitiki ne ya mu bwikashi fyalibimbilwemo, icalengele ukwipayana maka maka cali mipepele.

Pa numa ya Bulwi bwa ku Dreux ubwaipeye abantu 6,000 mu December 1562, ilya nkondo ya kubalilapo iya mipepele yalileele. Icipangano ca Peace of Amboise, icasainwe mu March 1563, capeele abasambashi ba muli baHuguenot ubuntungwa bunono ubwa kupepela mu fifulo fimo fimo.

The New Encyclopædia Britannica isoso kuti: “Icabalamwine inkondo ya cibili cali mwenso uo baHuguenot bakwete pe pange lya pa kati ka fyalo ilya baKatolika.” Pali ilya nshita, bakakalulula ba milandu aba ciKatolika balekulila abekashi pa mulandu fye wa kuba baHuguenot. Mu 1567 ukwesha kwa baHuguenot ukwa kufyusha Imfumu Charles IX na nyina, Catherine, kwabalamwine inkondo ya cibili.

Pa numa ya kushimika pa bulwi ubwacilishepo ukulofya imyeo pa St.-Denis, ku nse ya Paris, bakalemba ba lyashi lya kale Will na Ariel Durant balembele ukuti: “France na kabili yaletwishika nampo nga musango nshi uwa mipepele iyi iyalelenga abantu ukwipayana umusango yu.” Mu kwipipa fye pa numa, mu March 1568, icipangano ca Peace of Longjumeau capeele baHuguenot ubuntungwa bwalinga ubo bakweteko ilyo kwali icipangano ca Peace of Amboise.

Nangu cibe fyo, baKatolika balikalifiwe kabili balikeene ukubomba mu kumfwana ne fyalandilwe muli ci cipangano ca mutende. E co, mu September 1568, inkondo ya citatu iya mipepele yalibuukile. Icipangano ca mutende icakonkelepo capeele baHuguenot amashuko yakulilanako. Amatauni yashingilwe ne fyamba, ukusanshako icabu ca La Rochelle, fyalipeelwe kuli bene. Na kabili, cilolo wa ciProtestanti Admiral de Coligny, alilaashilwe ukuba mu cilye ca mfumu. Na kabili baKatolika balikalifiwe.

Ukwipaya kwa pa Bushiku bwa “Mutakatifu” Bartholomew

Ilyo papitile mupepi no mwaka umo, pa August 22, 1572, Coligny alisanshilwe mu Paris ilintu aleenda ukufuma kwi sano lya ku Louvre ukuya ku mwankwe lelo alipuswike. Pa kukalifiwa, baProtestanti baleteleko ifintiinya fya kuti bali no kucita ifyabipisha ku kuilandwila abene nga ca kuti ubulungi tabucitilwe bwangu. Mu kukumana kwa pa mbali, Imfumu yacaice Charles IX, nyina Catherine de Médicis, na bacilolo bambi abengi bapingwilepo ukwipaya Coligny. Ku kusengauka ifili fyonse ifyali no kufumamo, bakambishe na kabili ukuti baProtestanti bonse abaishile ku Paris ku kusangwa ku bwinga bwa kwa Protestanti Henry uwa ku Navarre no mwana mwanakashi wa kwa Catherine, Margaret uwa ku Valois bepaiwe.

Inshita ya bushiku pa August 24, inyenjele sha pa calici lya Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois, iyalolenkana na Louvre, shalililile ku kwishibisha ukuti ukwipaya kutendeke. Cilolo wa ku Guise na bantu bakwe babutukile mu cikuulwa umwasendeme Coligny. Umo mwine e mo Coligny aipailwe no kupooswa pa windo, ne citumbi cakwe calitetawilwe. Cilolo wa baKatolika asabankenye amashiwi ya kuti: “Bepayeni bonse. Likambisho lya Mfumu.”

Ukufuma pa August 24 ukufika ku 29, imisebo ya mu Paris yalisafiwe ku fimonwa fya kutiinya. Bamo batunga ukuti umumana wa Seine walekonkoloka fye umulopa weka weka uwa baHuguenot amakana abaipaiwe. Amatauni yambi na mo mwali abalofiwe. Ukutunganya kwa mpendwa ya baafwile kwalilekanalekana ukufuma pali 10,000 ukufika kuli 100,000; nangu cibe fyo, abengi balasumina ukuti balicilile pali 30,000.

Kalemba wa lyashi lya kale umo ashimike ukuti: “Icintu cimo, icabipishe fye ngo kwipayaulula kwine, cali kusekelela kwakonkelepo.” Ilyo Papa Gregory XIII aumfwile ulwa kwipayaulula, akambishe ukuti kube ukusefya kwa kutootela kabili atumine ubukombe bwa kuti mwabombeni kuli Catherine de Médicis. Na kabili akambishe ukufwatika imendulo ku kwibukisha ukwipaya kwa baHuguenot no kusuminisha ukulenga icikope ca kwipayaululwa, icalembwapo amashiwi ya kuti: “Papa nasuminisha ukwipaiwa kwa kwa Coligny.”

Cashimikwa ukuti, pa numa ya kwipayaulula, Charles IX aalemona ifimonwa fya baipaiwe kabili alelila ku muleshi wakwe ati: “Mwandi kufunda kwa bubifi nakonkele! Iye Lesa wandi, mbeleleni uluse!” Alifwile mu 1574 ilyo aali ne myaka ya bukulu 23 kabili apyenwepo kuli munyina Henry III.

Inkondo sha Mipepele Shatwalilila

Pali yi nshita yonse, baKatolika balibalamwinwe ku ntungulushi shabo ukulwisha baHuguenot. Mu Toulouse, bashimapepo bakonkomeshe abakonshi babo ati: “Bepayeni bonse, tapeni; ni fwe bashinwe. Tuli no kumucingilila.” Ukupitila mu kushimaisha kwa lukaakala, imfumu, amayanda ya mafunde, bakateka, na bamushika balimike ica kumwenako, na baKatolika abantuuntu fye bonse balicikonkelele.

Nangu cibe fyo, baHuguenot balilwishishe. Mu myeshi fye ibili pa numa ya kwipayaulula kwa pa Bushiku bwa “Mutakatifu” Bartholomew, babuushishe inkondo ya mipepele iyalenga bune. Uko bafulile ukucila baKatolika, balyonawile ifyaimikwa, imisalaba, ne fintamba mu macalici ya Katolika, kabili balipeye no kwipaya. John Calvin, intungulushi ya buProtestanti bwa ku France abilishe mu lupapulo lwakwe ulwa kuti Declaration to Maintain the True Faith ati: “Lesa talefwaya ukutengela amatauni nelyo abantu.”

Pakonkele inkondo sha mipepele na shimbi shine. Iyalenga busano yapwile mu 1576 ilyo Imfumu Henry III yasaine icipangano icapayanishishe baHuguenot ubuntungwa bwine bwine ubwa kupepa ukuli konse mu France. Umusumba wa Paris uwafulishemo baKatolika walipondweke no kutamfya Henry III, ico bamulangulwike ukuba uwanakilila sana ukulola kuli baHuguenot. BaKatolika balipangile ubuteko bwa kulwisha, ubwa Holy League ya ciKatolika ubwaletungululwa na Henry wa ku Guise.

Mu kupelako, inkondo yalenga 8, nelyo Inkondo ya baHenry Batatu, e mo Henry III (Katolika) apangile ubunabo no wali no kumupyana, Henry wa ku Navarre (Protestanti), ukulwisha Henry wa ku Guise (Katolika). Henry III alisukile aipaisha Henry wa ku Guise, lelo mu August 1589, Henry III umwine alipaiwe ku mushimbe mwaume uwa cina Dominic. Muli fyo, Henry uwa ku Navarre, uwatengelwe pa myaka 17 mu kubangilila mu kwipayaulula kwa pa Bushiku bwa “Mutakatifu” Bartholomew, e waishileba Imfumu Henry IV.

Apantu Henry IV aali ni Huguenot, abena Paris balikeene ukuinashisha kuli wene. Holy League ya ciKatolika yateyenye ukuyamulwisha ne fita ukupulinkana icalo conse. Henry alicimfishe imbuli ishingi, lelo lintu umulalo wa bena Spain wafikile ku kwafwilisha baKatolika, mu kupelako apingwilepo ukuleka buProtestanti no kupokelela icisumino ca buKatolika. Ilyo abikilwe pa bufumu pa February 27, 1594, Henry aingile mu Paris, umo abantu, abafunshike nga nshi ku nkondo, bamwawilile nge mfumu.

Muli fyo Inkondo sha Mipepele isha ku France shalileele pa numa ya myaka ukucila pali 30 umo baKatolika na baProtestanti libili libili baleipayana. Pa April 13, 1598, Henry IV apangile Icipope ca Nantes icalumbuka, icapeele insambu ya kuilumbulwila no kupepa kuli baProtestanti. Ukulingana na papa, icipope cali “cintu cabipisha icingelenganishiwa pantu calepeela ubuntungwa bwa kuilumbulwila kuli bonse, icali cintu cabipisha mu calo.”

BaKatolika ukupulinkana France bayumfwile fyo ukupitila muli ci cipope Henry alifutwike ubulayo bwakwe ubwa kutungilila icisumino cabo ica fya mipepele. Icalici talyatuushisheko ukufikila, mupepi no mwanda wa myaka umo, lintu Louis XIV afumishepo Icipope ca Nantes, ukutendeka ukulamata kwatapatisha ukwa baHuguenot.

Ifyafumine mu Nkondo

Ilyo calefika ku mpela ya mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 16, ulubanda lwa France lwali nalukuba. Ukufika kuli hafu wa bufumu bwali nabucandilwa, ukutapwa, ukusendwa nge ciikatilo, nelyo ukupumpuntwa. Abashilika batendeke ukucishamo ifya kupinda ku bantu, icalengele ababusu ukupondoka. BaProtestanti baingile mu mwanda wa myaka walenga 17 bali banono nga nshi pantu abengi bapingwililwe ukufwa, bambi ukwipaiwa mu bukatu, ukubutuka mu calo, no kuleka fye buProtestanti.

Cilemoneke fyo, baKatolika balicimfishe ishi Nkondo sha Mipepele isha ku France. Lelo bushe Lesa alipaalile ukucimfya kwabo? Mu kushininkisha iyo. Pa kunashiwa no ku kwipaya konse mwi shina lya kwa Lesa, abena France abengi balisuulileko ku mipepele. Bali e basolwesolwe ba cainikwa ukulemenena ku kulwisha ubuKristu ukwa mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 18.

[Amashiwi pe bula 9]

“Lesa talefwaya ukutengela amatauni nelyo abantu.”—E fyabilishe intungulushi ya baProtestanti ba ku France

[Akabokoshi ne Cikope pe bula 6]

Bawaldense Balishangile—Cinshi Cafuminemo?

PIERRE VALDES, nelyo Peter Waldo, aali ni shimakwebo wa fyuma uwaikele mu France mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 12. Muli yi nshita lintu icalici lya Roma Katolika ku mufulo fye balefishilisha Baibolo ku bantu, Waldo alipayenye indalama sha kupilibwila Amalandwe na mabuuku yambi aya mu Baibolo ukutwala mu lulimi lwaishibikwe ulwa baleikala pa kati ka kabanga na kapinda ka kulyo aka France. Lyene alishiile ubukwebo bwakwe no kuipeelesha ku kubila Ilandwe. Mu kwangufyanya abengi baliilundile kuli wene, kabili mu 1184 wene na bo alebishanya na bo balitamfiwe kuli Papa Lucius III.

Mu kupita kwa nshita, aya mabumba ya bakabila abatemenwe Baibolo baishileishibikwa nga baWaldense. Balefwaisha ukubwelela ku fisumino ne fibelesho fya buKristu bwa kubalilapo. Balikeene ifibelesho fya cishilano ifya ciKatolika ne fisumino, ukusanshako icilapilo, ukupepela abaafwa, umutwala, ukupepa Maria, ukupepa ku “batakatifu,” ukubatisha utunya, ukucindikisha umusalaba, ne cifundisho ca kuti umukate na waini filasanguka umulopa wa cine cine no munofu. Icafuminemo ca kuti, baWaldense ilingi line balecushiwa icibi kwi calici lya Katolika. Kalemba wa lyashi lya kale Will Durant alondolola ifyo imibele yali lintu Imfumu Francis I aimishe lulu ukulwisha abashali baKatolika ati:

“Cardinal de Tournon, pa kutunga ukuti baWaldense balyumene akapi ukwimina ubuteko, baile ku Mfumu yalelwalilila, iyaleshimunuka no kuinashanasha ukusaina icipope (January 1, 1545) ca kuti baWaldense bonse abasangwa no mulandu wa kusangukila icisumino baleipaiwa. . . . Mu mulungu fye umo (April 12-18) imishi iingi yalyocewe; muli umo uwa iyi mishi abaume, abanakashi, na bana 800 balipaiwe; mu myeshi ibili 3,000 balipaiwe, imishi 22 yalipomwenwe, abaume 700 batwelwe ku fifungo. Abanakashi batiinishiwa 25, abalefwaya ukuyauba mu ninga, balipwilile ku mulandu wa mulilo uwakolekwe pa mwinshi wa ninga.”

Ukukuma ku fintu fya kale ifya musango yo, Durant atila: “Uku kupakasa e kwali ukufilwa kukalamba ukwa kuteka kwa kwa Francis.” Lelo cinshi cafuminemo ku bamweneko ukushangila kwa baWaldense mu kupakasa ukwasuminishiwe ne mfumu? Durant alembele ukuti: “Ubukose bwa aba ba kufwila icisumino bwapeele umucinshi no bukata ku cintu balelwila; amakana ya bamweneko, abo, ukwabula uku kuputunkanya kwamonekesha nga bakakatile fye ku fisumino fyabo ifya kupyana, bafwile balyebekeshiwe no kufulunganishiwa.”

[Icikope pe bula 5]

Ukwipayaulula kwa pa Vassy e kwabalamwine inkondo sha mipepele

[Abatusuminishe]

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris

[Icikope pe bula 7]

Ukwipayaulula kwa pa Bushiku bwa “Mutakatifu” Bartholomew, umo amakana ya baProtestanti baipaiwe kuli baKatolika

[Abatusuminishe]

Photo Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne

[Ifikope pe bula 8]

BaProtestanti balyonawile ifipe fya mu calici no kwipaya baKatolika—(pa muulu na pe samba)

[Abatusuminishe]

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris