Ifyo Amakwebo ya Mwi Sonde Lyonse Yamwambukila
LINTU Peter uwabombele imyaka 20 bamutamfishe incito pa kampani akasangwa mu fyalo ifingi, pali kalata balembelepo ukuti icalengele bamutamfye “bunonshi ubwakuminkana ubwa mwi sonde lyonse.” Lintu indalama sha ku Thailand, ishitwa baht, shalufishe amaka ukufika ku mapesenti 50, cilolo wa fya ndalama muli ico calo alikalipe pa mulabasa wa televishoni ati “ubunonshi ubwakuminkana,” e bwalengele. Lintu umutengo wa mupunga mu calo cimo ku Southeast Asia waninine amapesenti 60, imitwe ya malyashi apo bashitisha banyunshipepala yabilishe ati: “Ubunonshi Ubwakuminkana E Bulengele!”
Ukusoso kuti ubunonshi ubwakuminkana calola mwi? Bwambukila shani icalo mwikalamo ne ndalama mubomfya kabili mulandu nshi? Cinshi icaletako uku kwaluka?
Ubunonshi Ubwakuminkana Cinshi?
Pamo ngo kwaluka kwa fya bunonshi, ubunonshi ubwakuminkana cipilibula ubunonshi ubwa mwi sonde lyonse ubwapyana pa bunonshi bwa calo cimo na cimo. Ilelo “mwi sonde ilyakuminkana,” ifipe fipangwa mu fyalo ifyalekanalekana, indalama shiipitila fye mu mipaka ya fyalo kabili mu kwangufyanya. Imipaka ya fyalo taicilima amakwebo ayacitwa. Mu bunonshi ubwakuminkana, utwampani utwaba mu fyalo ifingi e twakwatishapo amaka, ilintu bashimakwebo abashaishibikwa kuti balundululo bunonshi atemwa kuti balenga ubunonshi mu calo icili conse ukubwelela pa nshi.
Ubunonshi ubwakuminkana bwaliletako ukusabankanya ifyebo ukwa muno nshiku. Kabili pa nshita imo ine ukusabankanya ifyebo ukwa muno nshiku kwaliletako ubunonshi ubwakuminkana. Ubuyantanshi bwa balamya, bakompyuta, ne fibombelo fya kusabankanishishamo ifyebo, pamo nga Internet bwalilundulula ubunonshi ubwakuminkana. Ifi fya kupangapanga filepalamika ififulo fya kutali. Cinshi icafumamo?
Bushe Ubusuma Bufumamo Tabwafikapo Sana?
Abatemwa ubunonshi ubwakuminkana batila bwaba nga kankungwe uuletako amakwebo ne fyuma ifya kulundulula ubunonshi no kutungilila ubuyantanshi nangu fye mu fyalo ifipiina sana. Ku ca kumwenako, mu myaka fye ya ba 1990, bashimakwebo ba ku fyalo fimbi bapoosele amadola amabilioni 1,000 mu fyalo ifipiina. Uku kwingilishiwako kukalamba ukwa ndalama shapooselwe mu makwebo ya mwi sonde lyonse kwalilenga ifyalo ifipiina ukupanga imisebo, ifibansa fya ndeke, na mafakitare. Na kuba ubunonshi ubwakuminkana bwaliwamyako imikalile ya bantu mu fyalo fimo fimo. Ceyamani wa kabungwe ka Overseas Development Council, Peter Sutherland asoso kuti, “kale nangu fye inkulo shibili shalepitapo pa kuti imikalile ya bantu ilunduluke umuku umo, lelo pali ndakai imikalile ya bantu mu China ilunduluka umuku umo pa numa ya myaka 10.” Bamo batila iminshipendwa ya bantu balamwenamo sana mu bunonshi ubwakuminkana. Ukulunduluka kukalamba ukwa makwebo ya mwi sonde kwaliletako amaindastri ayengi ne mibombele isuma kabili kwaliletela abantu incito ishingi.
Nangu cibe fyo, bakalengulula batila ubunonshi ubwakuminkana kuti bwabongolola ubunonshi bwa fyalo mu kupumikisha. Ukutinika fye panono pali kompyuta kuti kwalenga indalama sha calo ukulufya amaka ilyo line fye, no kulenga abengi abasunga indupwa ukulufya indalama mu mabanki. Nga ca kuti incenshi iibebeta ifya bunonshi mu United States yalandapo fimo ifyabipa ilyo line fye kuti yalenga bashimakwebo abengi ukushitisha bwangu amakwebo yabo mu Asia, no kufumyamo ifyuma fyabo na muli fyo ukulenga abengi nga nshi ukusanguka abapiina. Nga ca kuti abakalamba ba kampani bapingulapo ukwisala akampani kabo mu Mexico no kwisula kambi mu Thailand kuti baletela abena Asia incito ishingi, lelo kuti balenga indupwa ishingi ku Latin Amerika ukusanguka abapiina bene bene.
Abengi batila ubunonshi ubwakuminkana bwaliletela abengi ubucushi kabili bukalenga ifyalo fimo ukushalila ku numa. Sutherland asosele ukuti: “Kwena ubuyanuma bwa fya bunonshi mu citungu ca Afrika icabela ku kapinda ka kulyo aka ciswebebe ca Sahara te bwa kuifwaila, ni pa mulandu wa kuti ici citungu califilwa ukuilunda mu bunonshi bwa mwi sonde lyonse, na muli fyo, califilwa ukushitisha amakwebo no kongola bashimakwebo.”
Icikuko Icingamuletela Ubukankaala Nelyo Ubupiina
Ubu bukwebo bulemwambukila shani? Ubunonshi bwa mwi sonde lyonse bwalilundikana. E ico, nga ca kuti ubunonshi bwa calo cimo bwabwelela pa nshi, ilyo line fye ubunonshi mu fyalo fimbi ukusanshako na mu calo mwikala kuti bwatebelelwa. Ku ca kumwenako, nomba kuli icintiinya ca kuti ukubongoloka kwa bunonshi ubwa mwi sonde lyonse ukwatebelele icitungu ca Asia mu 1997 ne fitungu fya Russia na Latin Amerika mu 1998 na 1999, kuli no kubongolola ubunonshi bwa United States, ifyalo fya ku Bulaya, ne fyalo fimbi ifikankaala. Ubunonshi bwa fyalo fimo ubwalondolweke bwalibwelele pa nshi. Lelo muli ifyo fyalo te mwatendekele ubwafya, bwatendekele ku fyalo fimbi. Abasambilila ifya bunonshi beta ukwaluka kwa musango yo ati “icikuko ca ndalama.” Lionel Barber uwa ku Financial Times asoso kuti: “Ukubongoloka kwa bunonshi kulecitika pa nshita imo ine kabili ilingi line kuya kulebipilako fye. Abantu nomba balibelela, tabatiina ici cikuko.”
E ico mwi sonde lyonse, ubunonshi ubwakuminkana bwalilundikanya ubunonshi bwa bantu mu cipo cimo. Te mulandu na kuntu mwikala, kuti mwatebelelwa ne cikuko ca musango yo. Bebeteni ifya kumwenako fikonkelepo. Lintu icalo ca Brazil catendeke ukukabula indalama sha ciko mu January 1999, bashibulimi abateke nkoko ku Argentina calibapeseshe amano lintu bamwene abena Brazil baleshitisha inkoko ishanakapo umutengo ku matuka yakalamba mu Buenos Aires. Ukulundapo, kale kale mu Argentina imitengo ya mbao, cilemba wa soya, amenshi ya fitwalo, ing’ombe, na cheese yalibwelele pa nshi pa mulandu wa kubongoloka kwa bunonshi bwa mwi sonde lyonse. Pa mulandu wa mitengo ukubwelela pa nshi no bukwebo ukukanaenda, amafarmu ya ng’ombe sha mukaka ku Argentina yaliselwe, no kulenga abengi ukushala amalofwa.
Pali iyi nshita bashibulimi abeteke nkumba ku Illinois, United States, basangile ukuti nangu ca kuti kale balemwenamo mu kushitisha inkumba ku fyalo ifikankaala ifya ku Asia, nomba balekabila ukubweshako imitengo, pa mulandu wa kuti ubukwebo bwabo tabwaleenda na bakashitisha balifulile sana. Shibulimi umo aliilishenye ati: “Tatwatala atumonapo ubuluuse bushaikulila ngo bu mu bukwebo bwa kushitisha inkumba, no bwaliko lintu kwali ukubwelela pa nshi kukalamba ukwa bunonshi mwi sonde bwashalile fye ukutali sana.” Mu calo cimo cine, ababomfi ba mu maindastri ya fyela balitamfiwe incito, pa mulandu wa kuti ifyela ifyanako mutengo ukufuma ku China, Japan, Russia, Indonesia, ne fyalo fimbi fyalengele ukuti utwampani twabo tukwate ubuluuse. Na cimbi icalengele ca kuti indalama sha muli ifi fyalo ukwalefuma ifyela tashakwata maka. Kumfwa bashibulimi mu calo cimo cine calibapeseshe amano lintu bamwene imipili ya ngano iyatuulumene pa mulandu wa kuti balilekele ukushita ingano ku Asia.
Ubwafya ubufuma mu bunonshi ubwakuminkana bulebipilako fye pa mulandu wa kuti mu fyalo ifikankaala amabanki no twampani twa bashimapenshoni fyalikongwesha indalama ishingi atemwa ukushibomfya ku kulundulula amakwebo mu fyalo fimo ifipiina umo amakwebo yaleenda sana. E ico, lintu ubunonshi muli ifyo fyalo bwabongolweke mu 1997 ukufika ku 1999, abantu yaweyawe abali ni bashimapenshoni nelyo abakwete ndalama mu mabanki balilufishe indalama shabo. Ubuluuse bwa musango yo ubwa kutiinya bwalyambukila mupepi no muntu uuli onse.
Abakankaala Balenonka, Abapiina Baleculilako
Nga twabebeta bwino ubunonshi ubwakuminkana kuti twasango kuti bwalilenga ukuti kubeko abakankaala abalefulilako mu fyalo ifipiina e lyo na bapiina abengi abalefulilako mu fyalo ifikankaala. Mu nshila nshi? David Korten ayasukako ici cipusho mu citabo cakwe When Corporations Rule the World atila: “Ukulundulula ubunonshi mu fyalo ifipiina kwaliletako ifibansa fya ndeke ifisuma, batelevishoni, imisebo isuma, ne fimatuka fikalamba ifyakwata ifya kutalalika umwela umo bashitisha ifipe fya malaiti ne fya kufwala fisuma ifya bakankaala aba ncepela. Lelo ubu buyantanshi tabuwamyako imikalile ya bengi. Ubu buyantanshi bufuma mu makwebo ya kushitisha ifipe ku fyalo fimbi pa kunonka indalama sha kushitamo ifipe fya bakankaala. E ico, impanga ya bapiina ibomfiwa fye ku kulimapo ifilimwa ifya kushitisha ku fyalo fimbi. Abene ba mpanga bakuukila ku makomboni ya ku kalale uko babombela amalipilo ayanono ku twampani utupanga ifipe fya kushitisha ku fyalo fimbi. Indupwa shilapaswa, abantu balacula sana, no lukaakala lulafulilako. Lelo abakankaala bena balafwailapo indalama na shimbi isha kushitamo ifyanso fya kuicingilila ku bapiina abengabasansa.”
Mwi sonde lyonse, ubunonshi ubwakuminkana bulelenga ababomfi ukucula sana pa mulandu wa kuti amabuteko yalecefyako amalipilo yabo pa kuti yongole bashimakwebo aba ku fyalo fimbi. Nangu ca kuti ifyalo ifilundulwike pali ndakai mu fya kupangapanga fyalimwenamo mu kushitisha ifipe ku fyalo fimbi pa mulandu wa makwebo ya mwi sonde lyonse, ifyalo ifipiina fyena tafilemwenamo.
Bushe uyu muncishanya ukulile shani? Moneni fye icipendo cimo icayambwilwe na Korten: “Abakankaala abakwatisha icuma mwi sonde lyonse nomba [mu 1998] bafikile 477, mu 1991 bali fye 274. Icuma ico aba bakankaala bakwata kuti calingana ne cuma ico abapiina 2,800,000,000 bakwata.” Nani uwalenga cibe fi? “Bunonshi ubwakuminkana ubushalamwa.”
Bushe Ubufunushi Ubutungilila Uku Kwaluka Busuma?
Cilubo nshi icikalamba icaba mu bunonshi ubwakuminkana? Pa kulanda pa kubongoloka kwa bunonshi ukwacitike mu 1997 ukufika ku 1998, kalemba wa lyashi Jim Hoagland alandile ukuti ku ntanshi bakalemba wa lyashi lya kale “bakasanga ifilubo ifingi ifyacitilwe, ubwafya bwa fyalo ubwa kukanabombela pamo no bufunushi bwa bantunse.” Bamo bepusho kuti: ‘Bushe kuti kwabako shani umutende no lubanda pe sonde mu mibombele ya bunonshi iilenga abakankaala aba ncepela ukukangana icabipisha na bapiina abashaifulila? Bushe kwena cisuma ukuti aba ncepela baleipakisha icuma icingi ilintu abengi balecula sana ku bupiina?’
Cine cine, ubufunushi ubwacishamo no kubulisha imibele isuma fyaliletako umuncishanya uushaibipila pe sonde. Imyaka 2,000 iyapitapo, loya umo alilungike lintu asosele ati: “Ukutemwe ndalama e shinte lya bubi bonse.” (1 Timote 6:10) Bushe amabuteko ya bantunse kuti yapwisha ifilubo ififuma mu cifyalilwa ca bantunse? Kateka wa ku Brazil, Fernando Cardoso alandile icalemusakamika ati: “Mu bwikashi buno ubwa bunonshi Ubwakuminkana, umulimo wa kulenga abantunse ukumwenamo mu buyantanshi uleya ulekoselako, pantu ifwe bonse ubwafya tulolenkene na bo . . . mibele yabipa iya kutemwisha amakwebo.”
“Ukukangana Kukalamba Ukwa Lupaka ne Mibele Isuma”
Mu lyashi lyakwe ku kukumana kwa World Conference of the Society for International Development ukwalenga 22, Korten alitwishike nampo nga kuti mwafumamo ubusuma bumo mu bunonshi ubwakuminkana ubwa mwi sonde lyonse. Alandile ukuti kwalibako “ukukangana kukalamba ukwa lupaka ne mibele isuma ukuli pa kati ka bantu bonse aba pe sonde ne fibombelo fya bunonshi ubwakuminkana ubwa mwi sonde lyonse. Icikafumamo muli uku kukangana cikalangilila bwino nampo nga mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 21 abantunse bakatentemukila mu cimfundawila ca bufunushi, ulukaakala, ubupiina, no bonaushi bwa filengwa na Lesa ifili no kulenga fwe bantunse ukuloba. Atemwa kukesako ulubanda lwa bwikashi bwa bantu abatemwa ubumi abakekala pamo mu mutende no kulasunga bwino isonde.”
[Akabokoshi ne Cikope pe bula 14]
“ISONDE LILELUNDIKANA”
Aya mashiwi yalandilwe mu mukululo muli magazini wa Asiaweek uwa February 26, 1999, ayatile: “Isonde lilelundikana, pa mulandu wa kuti amakwebo, indalama sha makwebo, ifyebo, ne fya kupangapanga fileipitila fye. . . . Pa kulundulula ubunonshi, ifyalo fileitumpa mu kucita amakwebo ne fyalo ifingi. Icifumamo ca kuti bakapanga wa fipe mwi sonde lyonse balekwatilako abengi aba kushita ifipe fyabo.”
Na kabili uyu mukululo wasosele ati: “Ukubongoloka kwa bunonshi ukwacitike ku East Asia, Russia, na Brazil [mu myaka ya ndakai] kwalangilile ukuti mwi sonde lino ilyakuminkana mu bunonshi ne fya kupangapanga, te ca mano sana ukuleta ubuyantanshi mu citungu fye cimo no kulekelesha ifitungu fimbi.”
Ilyashi limo line lyasokele pa lwa kulekelesha icitungu ca Asia “ukushalila mu fya bunonshi ne fya mapolitiki.” Kabili lyacinkwileko bakabelenga ukwishibo kuti “pe sonde icalo ca Japan e calenga bubili mu kukwatisha ubunonshi e lyo pakonka ne calo ca China.” Uyu magazini atwalilile ati: “Abena Asia abashaifulila bakaba abacindama mu fya bunonshi.” Na kuba abena Asia abashaifulila tabalingile ukusuulwa. Cine cine, twikala mwi sonde ilyakwata ubunonshi ubwakuminkana, umushaba ifibindo ifya kucilima amakwebo.
[Ifikope pe bula 15]
Batila ubunonshi ubwakuminkana bwalilenga aba ncepela ukuba abakankaala no kulenga abengi ukuba abapiina