Michael Faraday—Sayantisti Kabili Umuntu wa Busumino

“Wishi wa Malaiti.” “Sayantisti wakulisha mu kwesha ifya kweshaesha.” Ubu bulondoloshi bubili ububomfiwa ku kwita Michael Faraday, uwafyelwe mu 1791 mu England, uo ukusanga kwakwe ukwa kuti magineti kuti yaletako amalaiti kwatungulwile ku kuletako bamashini ba kupanga amalaiti.

FARADAY alefunda sana amasambililo ya fya miti na physics pa Royal Institution mu London. Amasambilisho yakwe ayapangilwe ku kulenga abengi ukwishiba sayansi yalyafwile abacaice ukumfwikisha imfundo shapikana. Alipokelele ifilambu ifingi ku mayuniversiti ayengi. Nalyo line talefwaya ukulumbuka. Ali muntu watemwisha ukupepa, uwaikushiwa ukwikala pa lwakwe mu ŋanda ya miputule itatu no lupwa lwakwe na basumina banankwe. Faraday ali lubali lwa calelondololwa ukuti “cakaniko cinono kabili icasuulwa ica Bena Kristu, abaishibikwe ati . . . abena Sandeman.” Bali ni bani? Cinshi basuminemo? Kabili ni shani fintu ici cayambukile Faraday?

Abena Sandeman

“Ukubombela pamo ukwa kubalilapo ukwa lupwa lwa kwa Faraday ne calici lya kwa Sandeman kwapampamikwe na bashikulu kwa Michael Faraday,” e fisosa Geoffrey Cantor, kalemba wa citabo ca Michael Faraday: Sandemanian and Scientist. Bashikulu wakwe balebishanya na bakonshi ba kwa minista uwalelulumba uushalebishanya ne calici lili lyonse untu abo alebishanya nabo baletungilila ifisumino fya bena Sandeman.

Robert Sandeman (1718-71) aali musambi wa pa yuniversiti mu Edinburgh, alesambilila amapendo, iciGriki, ne ndimi shimbi lintu kasuba kamo akutike ku wali minista wa ciPresbyterian John Glass uko aleshimikila. Cintu aumfwile camulengele ukuleka ukusambilila pa yuniversiti, ukubwelela ku Perth, no kuilunda kuli Glass na bantu bakwe.

Muli ba 1720, John Glass alitendeke ukutwishika ifisambilisho fimo fimo ifye calici lya Church of Scotland. Ukusambilila Icebo ca kwa Lesa kwamulengele ukusondwelela ukuti uluko lwa mu Baibolo ulwa Israele lwali cimpashanya ca luko lwa ku mupashi ulo abekashi ba luko bafumine mu nko shalekanalekana. Tasangilepo umulandu kwabela amacalici yalekanalekana aya nko shalekanalekana.

Pa kucushiwa ne fisambilisho fye calici alepepako ku Tealing, ku nse ya Dundee, Scotland, Glass alifumine mwi calici lya Church of Scotland no kutendeka amapepo yakwe umwine. Abantu mupepi no mwanda umo baliilundileko, kabili ukufuma fye pa kutendeka, baleyumfwe fyo kwaliko ukukabila kwa kusungilila ukwikatana. Bapingwilepo ukukonka amakambisho ya kwa Kristu, ayalembwa pali Mateo icipandwa 18, ifikomo 15 ukufika ku 17, pa kupwisho kupusana ukuli konse bengakwata. Pa numa batendeke ukulalongana cila mulungu uko abasumine ifyo balesambilisha balongene ku kupepa no kukonkomeshanya.

Lintu impendwa ya bantu iyakulilako batendeke ukusangwako ku kulongana kwa mabumba yapusanapusana, abaume bashintililwapo balekabilwa aba kwangalila umulimo no kupepesha. Lelo ni bani bafikilepo? John Glass na bantu bakwe balisakamene sana ku fintu umutumwa Paulo alembele pa lwa ici. (1 Timote 3:1-7; Tito 1:5-9) Basangile ukuti tapalumbwilwepo ukuti umo alingile ukuba na masomo ya ku yuniversiti nelyo ukuti alingile ukumfwa iciHebere ne ciGriki. E co pa numa ya kutontonkanyapo pa fya kutungulula fya mu Malembo no kupepa, basontele abaume bafikilepo ukuba baeluda. Abali ba bucishinka kwi calici lya Church of Scotland balangulwike ukuti “cali ngo musaalula” ukusonta abantu bashasambilila “abakuliile mu bupiina,” ukubepekesha ukuti balomfwikisha Baibolo no kushimikila ubukombe bwa iko. Mu 1733, lintu Glass na basumina banankwe bakuulile icikuulwa cabo umwa kupepela mwi tauni lya Perth, bashimapepo ba cikaya baeseshe ukupatikisha abalashi ba buteko ukubatamfyamo mu tauni. Balifililwe kabili aka kabungwe kalikulile.

Robert Sandeman aupile umwana mwanakashi wa kwa Glass umukalamba pali bonse kabili, ilyo ali ne myaka 26, ali ni eluda mu cilonganino ca Perth ica bena Glass. Imilimo yakwe iya bueluda yalimulengele ukupamfiwa ica kuti apingwilepo ukupeelesha inshita yakwe yonse ku mulimo wa kucema. Mu nshita, ilyo umukashi wakwe afwile, Robert “alisumine mu nsansa ukubombela ukuli konse uko Shikulu engamutuma,” e fisosa ubulondoloshi bwa pa bumi bwakwe.

BuSandeman Bwasalangana

Sandeman alitanunwine ubutumikishi bwakwe mu kupimpa ukufuma ku Scotland ukwingila mu England, umo amabumba yapya aya basumina banankwe yakulile. Pali ilya nshita, kwaliko ukukansana pa kati ka bakonshi ba kwa Calvin abena England. Bamo aba bene basumine fyo balilingilwe libela ukuti bakapusuka. Sandeman wena, ali ku lubali lwa abo abaleti icitetekelo cilakabilwa ku kupusuka. Mu kwafwilisha iyi mimwene, asabankenye icitabo icapulintilwe na kabili imiku ine kabili icalembelwe imiku ibili mu cina America. Ukulingana na Geoffrey Cantor, ukusabankanishiwa kwa uyu volyumu kwali “e cintu cikalamba catanunwine icakaniko [ca buSandeman] ukufuma mu mipaka ya Scotland uko catendekele.”

Mu 1764, Sandeman, aile ku America, capamo na baeluda bambi aba cilonganino ca Glass, ukutandala uko kwabalamwine ukukansana ukwingi no kukaanya. Nangu ni fyo, cafuminemo ukwimikwa kwe bumba lya Bena Kristu ba mano yapalako mu Danbury, Connecticut.a Kulya, e ko Sandeman afwilile, mu 1771.

Ifisumino fya Mipepele Ifya kwa Faraday

Michael wacaice ashikeme mu fisambilisho fya cina Sandeman ifya bafyashi bakwe. Aishilesambililo kuti abena Sandeman baleipaatulako kuli abo bashalecita fintu Baibolo isambilisha. Ku ca kumwenako, balikeene ukulacitako ifya mapepo ya cupo ifya cina Anglican, ukusalapo ukupelela fye pa kulembeshe cupo epela.

Abena Sandeman baishibikilwe ku kunakila ku mabuteko, nalyo line tabaleibimba mu milandu ya bupolitiki. Nangu ca kuti bali bekashi bacindikwa, te lingi balesumina ukubomba incito sha mu buteko. Lelo muli shimo shimo isho balesumina ukubombako, balesengauka ukuibimba mu tubungwe twa mapolitiki. Ukuisunga muli uyu musango kwabaleteele umuseebanya. (Linganyeniko Yohane 17:14.) Abena Sandeman basumine ukuti Ubufumu bwa kwa Lesa ubwa mu muulu e mitantikile yawamisha iya kuteka. Cantor atila balemona amapolitiki ukuti “fintu fishakatama, ifya fiko ifishabamo na mibele isuma.”

Nangu bapaatwike kuli bambi, tabakwete mibele ya mutima iya buFarise. Bapampamine pa kuti: “Tucimona ukuti calilinga nga nshi ukusengauka Imibele ya mutima ne Fibelesho fya baFarise ba ku kale, na muli fyo tukasengauka ukucita Imembu shafulilako nelyo ukupanga Imilimo imbi ukucila pa ya mu Malembo; no kulenga Amafunde ya bulesa aya fye ukupitila mu Fishilano fya bantunse nelyo Ukusengauka ifintu fya mano.”

Balipokelele icibelesho ca mu Malembo ica kutamfya uuli onse uukolwo bwalwa, umupuupu, umulalelale, nelyo uwa membu shimbi ishabipisha. Nga ca kuti umubembu alapila icine cine, baleesha ukumupuupuutula. Nga te ifyo, balekonka ikambisho lya mu Malembo ilya ‘kufumya imbifi.’—1 Abena Korinti 5:5, 11, 13.

Abena Sandeman baumfwilile ikambisho lya mu Baibolo ilya kutaluka ku mulopa. (Imilimo 15:29) John Glass apaashishe ukuti abantu ba kwa Lesa balikakililwako ukumfwila icibindo pa lwa mulopa nga fintu fye Lesa akambishe abantunse ba kubalilapo ukutaluka ku kulya icisabo ca muti wa kwishibo busuma no bubi. (Ukutendeka 2:16, 17) Ukukanaumfwila ikambisho ukukuma ku mulopa kwalingene no kukaana ukubomfya kwalinga ukwa mulopa wa kwa Kristu, e kuti ukukaana ukukonsolwelwa imembu. Glass asondwelele ukuti: “Ici cibindo ca kulyo mulopa lyonse cali, kabili cicili icakulisha kabili icakatamisha.”

Ukupelulula pa Malembo ukwa bena Sandeman kwalibaafwile ukusengauka ifimfokonshi ifingi. Ku ca kumwenako, ku lwa fya kusekesha, balelolesha ku makambisho ya kwa Kristu ukubatungulula. Basosele ukuti, “Tatulefwaya ukupanga amafunde mu kupama apo Kristu ashapangile ayali yonse, nelyo ukusuula ayo atupeela. Muli fyo, apantu tatwasanga apo Umusamwe, uwa pa cintubwingi nelyo uwa muntu pa lwakwe, wabindwa; tulanguluka ukuti Umusamwe onse waliba fye bwino, kulila fye taulundene ne Fintu fya lubembu.”

Nangu ca kuti abena Sandeman muli fyo bakwete imimwene iingi iyashimpilwe mu kulungika pa Malembo, tabaumfwikishe ubucindami bwa mulimo uyo wishibisha Abena Kristu ba cine, ukuulumbula, uwa kuti umo umo alingile ukushimikila imbila nsuma ya Bufumu kuli bambi. (Mateo 24:14) Lelo, uuli onse kuti asangwa ku kulongana kwabo, kabili baletukuta ukwasuka uuli onse uwingabalubulwisha pa kucetekela ukwali muli bene.—1 Petro 3:15.

Ni shani fintu ici cipasho ca fisumino cayambukile sayantisti Michael Faraday?

Faraday Umwina Sandeman

Uwacindikwa, uwibukishiwa, uwasumbulwa pa mulandu wa fya kusangasanga fyakwe ifyawamisha, nalyo line Michael Faraday aleikala ubumi bwayanguka. Lintu abantu balumbuka bafwa kabili abaishibikwa ku cintubwingi balekabila ukusangwako ku fililo fyabo, Faraday lyonse alepuswako, kampingu wakwe talemusuminisha ukusangwako na muli fyo ukuisansha mu mapepo ye calici lya Church of England.

Apo ali ni sayantisti, Faraday akakatile ku fintu ali no kulangililo kuti fishinka. Muli fyo asengawike ukubishanya mu kupalamisha na basoma abalesumbula ifyo baletunganya no kubishapo ulubali lumo pa milandu. Nga fintu inshita imo aebele abalongene ati, ‘icishinka ca kutendekelako tacitulenge nsoni, ubushininkisho bwa ciko lyonse bulaba bwa cine.’ Atile sayansi yashintilila ‘pa fishinka fyabebetwa mu kusakamanishisha.’ Pa kusondwelela ilyashi limo pa lwa maka ya kutendekelako aya mu bubumbo, Faraday akoseleshe ibumba lyakwe ukwetetula pali “Uyo uwaleteleko ayo maka.” Lyene ayambwile umutumwa wa Bwina Kristu Paulo: “Ifintu Fyakwe ifishimoneka ukutula pa kulengwa kwe sonde filamoneka apabuuta, ukufyumfwikisha ku fintu alenga, na maka Yakwe aya muyayaya na buLesa bwakwe.”—Abena Roma 1:20, King James Version.

Icapusenyeko Faraday kuli basayantisti bambi cali kufwaisha kwakwe ukwa kusambilila mu Citabo ca kwa Lesa icapuutwamo pamo no kusambilila ububumbo. “Ukupitila muli buSandeman asangile inshila ya kwikalilamo mu cumfwila ku mafunde ya mibele aya kwa Lesa ne cilayo ca bumi bwa ciyayaya,” e fyasosa Cantor. “Ukupitila mu kusambilila sayansi, aishileishiba amafunde ya fintu ayo Lesa asalile aya kutungulula ukubumbwa konse.” Faraday asumine ukuti “ubulashi bwakumanina ubwa Baibolo te kuti busuulwe kuli sayansi, lelo sayansi, nga ca kuti mu cine cine yabombwa mu nshila ya Bwina Kristu, kuti yalenga ifyo Lesa alenga ukumonekesha.”

Faraday mu kuicefya alikeene imicinshi iyo bambi balefwaya ukutuulika pali wene. Lyonse talefwaya ukumulenga ukuba knight (impalume). Alefwaya fye ukulaitwa ati ‘baFaraday.’ Apeeleshe inshita ikalamba ku milimo yakwe iya bueluda, ukusanshako ukwenda libili libili ukufuma ku London ukuya ku ncende ya ku mishi iya Norfolk ku kusakamana ibumba linono ilya basumina abaleikala kulya.

Michael Faraday afwile pa August 25, 1867, kabili ashikilwe mu nshishi ya Highgate ku kapinda ka kuso aka London. Kalemba wa lyashi lya bumi John Thomas atweba ukuti Faraday “ashilile abana kukula ifya kusanga fya sayansi ifingi ukucila sayantisti wa physical science uuli onse, kabili ifyafuma mu fintu asanga fyalyambukila imibele ya bumi bwatumpuluka.” Mukamfwilwa wa kwa Faraday, Sarah, alembele ukuti: “Kuti nasonta fye ku Cipingo Cipya ukuti e calemutungulula kabili icishinte cakwe; pantu alangulwike cene ukuti e Cebo ca kwa Lesa . . . icakwata amaka yamo yene pa Bena Kristu nga fintu cakwete lintu calembelwe”—ubunte bwa maka kuli sayantisti walumbuka uyo mu kuipeelesha uwaleikala ukulingana ne cisumino cakwe.

[Futunoti]

[Akabokoshi pe bula 29]

Ilyo abikilwe ukuba kafundisha pa Royal Institution iya ku Britain, Michael Faraday alengele sayansi ukutemwikwa mu nshila ya kuti na bacaice kuti bayumfwikisha. Ukupanda amano kwakwe kuli bakafundisha banankwe kwabamo imitubululo ibomba iyo Abena Kristu abashimikila pa cintubwingi bengakabila ukulanguluka.

◻ “Imilandile tailingile ukuba iyayangufyanya kabili iya kulongofyanya, na muli fyo iishingomfwika, lelo panono panono kabili iyashikatala.”

◻ Kalanda alingile ukutukuta ukulenga ibumba lyakwe ukukwata ubuseko “lintu atendeka ukufunda no kutwalilila ukuluminako panono panono, ukushingeshibikwa kuli bakomfwa, ukulenga ibumba ukuba ilya buseko ilyo lyonse alesambilisha.”

◻ “Caba ca nsoni sana kuli kafundisha ukulalanda mu nshila ya kuti alefwaya bamutootele no kulombo kuti bamutashe.”

◻ Pa lwa kubomfya autulaini atila: “Lyonse nsanga ukuti ndakakililwako . . . ukulemba [ifyo ndelandapo] pe pepala no kwisushishamo ukupitila mu kwibukisha, ukupitila mu kwampanya nelyo mu nshila imbi. . . . Ndakwata imitwe ikalamba ne inono mu kukonkana, kabili ukubomfya iyi e ko njibukishisha ifya kulanda.”

[Abatusuminishe Ukubomfya Icikope pe bula 26]

Ifikope fyonse fibili: No kusuminisha kwa Royal Institution