Mulandu Nshi Ifunde lya pa Kanwa Lyalembelwe?

MULANDU nshi abaYuda abengi mu mwanda wa myaka uwa kubalilapo bashasuminine Yesu nga Mesia? Nsangwapo umo atile: “Ilyo [Yesu] aingile mwi tempele, kuli wene kwaishile bashimapepo na bakalamba ba bantu, ilyo alesambilisha, abati, Ni ku maka nshi ucitile fi fintu? Kabili nani uwakupeela amaka aya?” (Mateo 21:23) Bamwene fyo Uwa maka yonse alipeele Torah (Ifunde) ku luko lwa baYuda iyapeele abantu bamo amaka yapeelwa na Lesa. Bushe Yesu alikwete amaka ya ifyo?

Yesu alicindikishe Torah na abo yapeele amaka yene yene. (Mateo 5:17-20; Luka 5:14; 17:14) Lelo ilingi alesenuka abalepula mwi funde lya kwa Lesa. (Mateo 15:3-9; 23:2-28) Abo bantu balekonka ifishilano ifyaishileishibikwa nga ifunde lya pa kanwa. Yesu alikeene amaka ya liko. Na muli fyo, abengi balimukeene nga Mesia. Basumine ukuti uuletungilila fye ifishilano fya bali na maka pa kati kabo e wingasuminishiwa na Lesa.

Ni kwi kwafumine ili funde lya pa kanwa? Ni shani abaYuda batendeke ukulimona nge lyakwata amaka yalingana ne Funde lyalembwa mu Malembo? Kabili nga lyali no kuba fye ifunde lya pa kanwa, mulandu nshi lyaishilelembelwa?

Ni Kwi Kwafumine Ifishilano?

Abena Israele bapingene icipingo na Yehova Lesa pa Lupili lwa Sinai mu 1513 B.C.E. Bapokelele ifipope fya cipingo ukupitila muli Mose. (Ukufuma 24:3) Nga bakonkele ifi fipope, baali no ‘kuba aba mushilo, nga fintu Yehova Lesa wabo ali wa mushilo.’ (Ubwina Lebi 11:44) Pa kupepa Yehova mu cipingo ce Funde, amalambo yalepeelwa na shimapepo wasalwa. Kwali no kubako icifulo ca pa kati ica kupepelamo, ico kwi pele pele caishileba litempele mu Yerusalemu.—Amalango 12:5-7; 2 Imilandu 6:4-6.

Ifunde lya kwa Mose lyatantikile Abena Israele ifya kupepa Yehova ngo luko. Nangu cibe fyo, te fishinka fyonse fyalembelwe mu kulungatika. Ica kumwenako, Ifunde lyaleseshe ukubomba pe Sabata, lelo talyalekenye incito ne mibombele imbi.—Ukufuma 20:10.

Yehova acimona icakabilwa, nga alipayenye amakambisho ya kulonsha ku fipusho fyonse. Lelo abumbile abantunse na kampingu, no kubasuminisha ukumubombela mu kuipelulwila mu kukonka ifipope fyakwe no kuteuluka. Ifunde lyasuminishe bashimapepo, abena Lebi, na bakapingula ukubombela pa milandu. (Amalango 17:8-11) Lintu imilandu yalefulilako, imibombele imo yaletantikwa kabili ukwabulo kutwishika yalesambilishiwa ku nkulo shimbi. Wishi e walesambilisha umwana mwaume ifya bushimapepo pe tempele lya kwa Yehova. Ilyo uluko lwakokwele na bonse bene ukubelesha nga nshi, ifishilano na fyo fyalifulileko.

Nangu cibe fyo, Ifunde lyalembwa ilyapeelwe kuli Mose lyali e lyacindamisha mu kupepa kwa bena Israele. Ukufuma 24:3, 4 kutila: “Mose aishilelondolwela abantu ifyebo fyonse fya kwa Yehova, ne fya bupingushi fyonse; na bantu bonse bayaswike nge shiwi limo, no kutila, Ifyebo fyonse ifyo Yehova asosele, twakulacita. Awe Mose alembele ifyebo fyonse fya kwa Yehova.” Lesa acitile icipingo na bena Israele mu kumfwana na mafunde yalembelwe. (Ukufuma 34:27) Na kuba, Amalembo tayalumbulapo ifunde lya pa kanwa.

“Nani Uwakupeela Amaka Aya?”

Ifunde lya kwa Mose lyashilile ubutungulushi bwa mipepele na makambisho kuli bashimapepo, intuntuko sha kwa Aarone. (Ubwina Lebi 10:8-11; Amalango 24:8; 2 Imilandu 26:16-20; Malaki 2:7) Nangu cibe fyo, pa numa ya myaka iingi bashimapepo bamo basangwike abashacetekelwa kabili ababotelela. (1 Samwele 2:12-17, 22-29; Yeremia 5:31; Malaki 2:8, 9) Mu nshita ya kuteka kwa baGriki, bashimapepo abengi balinashisheko imipepele. Mu mwanda wa myaka uwa bubili B.C.E., ibumba lipya mu baYuda ilya baFarise abasuulile bushimapepo batendeke ifishilano fya kulenga umuntuuntu fye ukulaimona uwashila nga shimapepo. Ifi fishilano fyalitemwikwe ku bengi, lelo tafyamwenwe nge fya kulunda kwi Funde.—Amalango 4:2; 12:32 (13:1 ukulembwa kwa ciYuda).

AbaFarise basangwike bakasambilisha be Funde, ukulabomba umulimo untu bayumfwile ifyo bashimapepo tabalebomba. Apo Ifunde lya kwa Mose talyabasuminishe, bafwaile inshila shipya isha kwilwilamo Amalembo mu kwampanya kwakosa ukwa mu manshoko ne nshila shimbi ishalemoneka ukusuminisha ifyo baletontonkanya.a Pa kuti e bashingemwe no kutuninkisha ifi fishilano, baletele ubulashi bupya mu Israele. Ilyo calefika mu mwanda wa myaka uwa kubalilapo C.E., abaFarise baali maka mu baYuda.

Lintu balelonganya capamo ifishilano fya pa kanwa ifyaliko no kufwailisha utufishinka twa mu Malembo utwingabatungilila, bafwaile ukukwata amaka yalundwako ku mibombele yabo. Imfundo ipya pa lwa kutendeka kwa ifi fishilano yalishile. Ba rabi batendeke ukufunda ukuti: “Mose apokelele Torah pa Sinai no kupeela Yoshua, na o apeele abakalamba, kabili abakalamba bapeele bakasesema. Bakasesema na bo bapeele aba mu cilye cikalamba.”—Avot 1:1, Mishnah.

Pa kulanda ukuti “Mose alipokelele Torah,” ba rabi tabalelosha fye ku mafunde yalembwa lelo na ku fishilano fyabo fyonse. Batungile ifyo ifi fishilano, e kuti ifyapangilwe na bantu ni Lesa wapeele Mose pa Sinai. Kabili basambilishe ukuti Lesa tasuminishe abantu ukufyantikamo ifishalembwa muli Torah lelo alondolwele pa kanwa ifishali mwi Funde lyalembwa. Mu kumfwa kwabo, Mose apeele ili funde lya pa kanwa ku nkulo ne nkulo, te kuli bashimapepo, lelo ku ntungulushi shimbi. AbaFarise abene baitungile ukuba impyani sha cifyalilwa isha ili longo lya ntungulushi “lishingaputulwa.”

Ifunde mu Bwafya no Kupikulula Kupya

Yesu uwapeelwe amaka na Lesa ayo bashimapepo ba ciYuda baletwishika aali nasobela ubonaushi bwe tempele. (Mateo 23:37–24:2) Ilyo Abena Roma baonawile itempele mu 70 C.E., ififwaikwa fye Funde lya kwa Mose pamo nga malambo no mulimo wa bashimapepo fyalilekele. Lesa aliimike icipingo cipya ukupitila mwi lambo lya cilubula ilya kwa Yesu. (Luka 22:20) Icipingo ce Funde lya kwa Mose calipwile.—AbaHebere 8:7-13.

Mu cifulo ca kumona ifi ngo bushinino bwa kuti Yesu aali e Mesia, abaFarise bafwaile inshila imbi. Baali kale kale nabapokolola amaka ayengi aya bushimapepo. Apantu itempele lyalyonawilwe, baali no kutwalilila. Isukulu lya cirabi pa Yavneh lyabele cifulo ca cilye cikalamba icaikatana cipya cipya ica baYuda ica Sanhedrin. Ukutungululwa na Yohanan ben Zakkai na Gamaliel II, ubuYuda bwalyalwilwe umupwilapo pa Yavneh. Amapepo yatungulwilwe na ba rabi pe sunagoge yapyene ukupepa pe tempele ukwaleangalilwa na bashimapepo. Amapepo, maka maka ya pa Bushiku bwa Kukonsolwela yapyene amalambo. AbaFarise bapelulwile ukuti ifunde lya pa kanwa ilyapeelwe kuli Mose pa Sinai lyalimwenene libela no kupeela insambu ukucite ci.

Amasukulu ya burabi yalundilweko na fimbi ku kulumbuka. Ifya kusambilila ifikalamba fyali kulanshanya kwashika, ukusungila ifyebo ku mutwe, no kubomfya ifunde lya pa kanwa. Kale, apashimpilwe ifunde lya pa kanwa paliikatene no kwilulwa kwa Malembo ukwaleitwa Midrash. Nomba ifishilano fyalefulilako lyonse fyatendeke ukusambilishiwa no kutantikwa pale pale. Ifunde lyonse ilya pa kanwa lyaliipifiwe mu mashiwi yengasungilwa mu kwanguka, ilingi ukubikwa mu lwimbo.

Mulandu Nshi Uwa Kulembela Ifunde lya pa Kanwa?

Ukufulisha kwa masukulu ya cirabi no kwingilishiwako kwa mafunde kwaletele ubwafya bupya. Rabi wasoma Adin Steinsaltz atile: “Kafundisha umo umo aliikwatile inshila kabili aliipangile amapingushi ya pa kanwa mu nshila yakwe umwine. . . . Tacabele icakumanina nomba ukwishiba fye ifisambilisho fya kwa kafundisha fye obe, umusambi aalingile ukwishiba ifyalembwa fya basoma bambi . . . Pa mulandu no ‘kufula kwa kwishiba,’ abasambi balepatikishiwa ukusungila ifyalembwa ifingi ku mutwe.” Pa mulandu wa bwingi bwa fyebo fya cimfulumfulu, abasambi balecula sana pa kusungila ku mutwe.

Mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga bubili C.E., ukwimina Roma ukwa baYuda ukwatungulwilwe na Bar Kokhba, kwafuminemo ukupakaswa kwabipisha kuli ba rabi abasoma. Akiba, umurabi wa kubalilapo ukwafwilisha Bar Kokhba alipaiwe pamo ne ntungulushi sha basoma ishingi. Ba rabi balitiinine ukuti ukupakasa nga kwabukuluka kuti kwaletelela ifunde lyabo ilya pa kanwa. Bacetekele ukuti ifishilano fyalepishiwa bwino ukufuma kuli kasambilisha ukuya ku musambi pa kanwa, lelo uku kwaluka kwaingilisheko ukubombesha kwa kusungilila ifisambilisho fya ba mano, epali fyalabwa kuli pe na pe.

Inshita yakonkelepo iya mutende unonoko na Roma, Judah Ha-Nasi, umurabi walumbuka uwa mu kulekelesha kwa mwanda wa myaka uwalenga ibili no kutendeka kwa mwanda wa myaka uwalenga itatu C.E., aitile abasoma abalekanalekana no kulemba ifishilano ifingi ifya pa kanwa mu Mbali 6 ishaakanishiwe mu fyalembwa finono, fyonse pamo 63. Ici calembwa caishileishibikwa nga Mishnah. Ephraim Urbach incenshi mwi funde lya pa kanwa, atile: “Mishnah . . . yalisuminishiwe no kupeelwa amaka ukucila icitabo icili conse ukufumyako fye Torah.” Mesia aali nakanwa, itempele lyali fitantala, lelo mu kuba ne funde lya pa kanwa ukulembwa nga Mishnah, inkulo imbi iya ciYuda yalitendeke.

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[Icikope pe bula 26]

Mulandu nshi abaYuda abengi bakanine amaka ya kwa Yesu?