Ilyashi lya Kale Ilyo Mwingacetekela

Amalumbo na mashiwi. Ilyashi lya kale ilya cine cine, ilingi line lishibikilwa ku fishinka ifyabapo, pamo nga intambi, amafunde, amashina na malumbo ya bashimucindikwa, e lyo ne fintu fimbi. Bushe amabuuku yabili aya kubalilapo mu Baibolo aya Ukutendeka no Ukufuma yalanga shani ukuti ifyalembwamo fya cine cine? J. Garrow Duncan alembele mu citabo cakwe icitila New Light on Hebrew Origins pa lyashi lyaba mwi buuku lya Ukutendeka ililanda pali Yosefe, umwana wa kwa Yakobo, e lyo na pe buuku lya mu Baibolo ilya Ukufuma ukutila: “[Uwalembele Baibolo] alishibe bwino bwino ululimi lwa bena Egupti, intambi, ifisumino, ifyalecitika mu filye fya milandu, na mafunde e lyo na mano ya bakwete ififulo fikalamba mu buteko.” Alundapo no kutila: “[Uwalembele] alebomfya ilumbo balebomfya pali ilya nshita, alilembele filya fine balelibomfya pali ilya nshita. . . . Na kuba, icilenga twasumina ukutila cine cine abalembele amabuuku ya mu Cipingo ca Kale balishibe bwino bwino ifyalecitika mu Egupti kabili kuti twabacetekela, ca kuti balebomfya ishiwi lya kuti Farao mu nshita ishapusanapusana.” E lyo, Duncan alandile no kuti, “[Uwalembele] nga alelanda pa bantu abalelanshanya na Farao, alelondolola ne fyo balekonka bwino bwino amafunde ya mu cilye kabili alebomfya no lulimi ulo balebomfya pali ilya nshita.”

Ukutama Injelwa. Ilyo abena Israele bali abasha mu Egupti, baletama injelwa ukubomfya iloba lye bumba ilyo balekandila no kusankanya ne cani, icaleikatanya iloba. (Ukufuma 1:14; 5:6-18)a Imyaka imo iyapita, icitabo cimo icitila, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries calandile ukuti: “Kale kwali incende ishalekanalekana umo [baletama injelwa] lelo ku Egupti eko baletama sana injelwa no kushikanika pa kasuba, kabili na ino ine nshita bacili balabomfya injelwa pa kukuula ifikuulwa mu calo.” Ici citabo calandile ne fyo “abena Egupti balebomfya icani pa kutama injelwa,” kabili aya mashiwi yalomfwana ne cishinka icaba mu Baibolo.

Ukubeya. Abaume AbaHebere aba ku kale baleteeka imyefu. Lelo Baibolo itweba ati Yosefe alibeyele ilyo ashilaya mu kumonana na Farao. (Ukutendeka 41:14) Mulandu nshi abeyele? Pa kuti akonke ulutambi na mafunde ya bena Egupti, aya kuti umuntu uukwete umushishi ku mutwe na ku cilefulefu ninshi musali icine cine. Icitabo ca Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt citila “[Abena Egupti] baleumfwa icilumba pa kubeya umushishi onse,”. Na kuba balisangileko inshishi shimo umwali amafuta ayalekanalekana aya kubeyela umushishi, utunesala no twakubeyela nkopyo ne filolani, pamo no mo balesungila ifi fintu. Ukwabula no kutwishika, Mose ali ni kalemba uwapooseleko sana amano pa kulemba aya mabuuku kabili alembele fye filya fine ifintu fyali. E fyali na bakalemba bambi aba Baibolo abalembele ifyebo fimo pa fyo icalo ca Egupti cali kale.

Amakwebo. Yeremia, uwalembele amabuuku yabili aya Ishamfumu, alilandile ifishinka fimo ifya kulungatika pa Mfumu Solomone iyacitile ubukwebo bwa bakabalwe na maceleta na bena Egupti e lyo na bena Hiti. Iceleta lyaleshitwa pa ndalama “600 isha silfere, e lyo kabalwe umo aleshitwa pali . . . 150 isha silfere,” e kutila umutengo wa kwa kabalwe waleingilamo imiku ine mu mutengo we celeta, nga fintu Baibolo ilanda.—1 Ishamfumu 10:29.

Icitabo ca Archaeology and the Religion of Israel, calandile pali Herodotus umu Griki umo uwasambilile sana ilyashi lya kale e lyo ne fyo abashula ifintu mu mushili basanga fyonse filenga twasumina ukuti cine cine kwali ubukwebo bwa maka ubwa bakabalwe na maceleta ilyo Solomone aleteeka. Na kuba ici citabo citila, “babikile icipimo ca kuti bakabalwe . . . bane ebo balekabushanya ne celeta limo ilya bena Egupti,” kabili aya mashiwi yalomfwana ne cipendo ico Baibolo yalandapo.

Inkondo. Yeremia na Esra nabo balilandilepo pa fyo Farao Shishaki asanshile icalo ca Yuda ukulanda mu kulungatika ukuti uku kusansa kwacitike “mu mwaka walenga busano ukutula apo Rehoboamu [Imfumu ya baYuda] atendekele ukuteka,” nelyo mu 993 B.C.E. (1 Ishamfumu 14:25-28; 2 Imilandu 12:1-12) Pa nshita ntali, Baibolo yeka fye e yalelanda pali uku kusansa. Lyena baishilesanga icibumba ca mwi tempele lya bena Egupti mu musumba wa Karnak (uo baleita kale ati Thebes) ico balembapo ili lyashi lya kusansa.

Pali ici cibumba paba Shishaki naiminina pa ntanshi ya kwa lesa Amoni, Shishaki naimya ukuboko ninshi alepuma abo asendele bunkole. Pali ici cibumba paliba na mashina ya misumba ya bena Israele iyo asanshile, kabili iingi pali iyi misumba na mu Baibolo emo yaba. Ukulunda pali ifi, ici cibumba cakwete na mashiwi ya kuti “Ibala lya kwa Abramu,” ifi e fyebo fyakokwesha ifya bena Egupti ifyalanda pali Abarahamu icikolwe ico na Baibolo yalandapo.—Ukutendeka 25:7-10.

Ukwabula no kutwishika abalembele Baibolo tabalelemba ifya kwelenganya fye. Apo bakalemba balishibe ukuti bali no kuba no mulandu kuli Lesa, balembele icine, nangu ca kuti limo ukulemba ifishinka kwali no kulenga bamo ukumoneka kwati baseebana, nga filya cali lintu Shishaki acimfishe abaYuda. Bakalemba ba Baibolo aba cishinka balipusana sana na bakalemba abena Egupti abalembele malyashi ayo bawaminishe no kukukumya, kabili abashalefwaya ukulemba ifili fyonse ifingalenga bakateka nelyo abantu babo ukumoneka kwati baliseebene.

ILIBWE APALEMBWA IFYEBO FYA MFUMU MERNEPTAH

Mu 1896 mwi tempele lya kulooseshamo ilya bena Egupti, abashula ifya kushula basangile Ilibwe apalembwa ifyebo fya Mfumu Merneptah. Pali ili libwe lyafiita paba ifyebo fya kuitakisha ifya mfumu ya bena Egupti, Merneptah iyo batila yatekele ku mpela ya myaka ya 1200 B.C.E. Pali ili libwe paba ulwimbo ulutila: “Icalo ca Israele cashala umwabula abantu, ulubuto lwabo naluloba.” Takwaba icalembwa cimbi ica kale sana icaishibikwa ica bena Egupti icilanda pa bena Israele, ni ci cine fye epela, kabili e calembwa ca kale sana icalanda pa bena Israele icishaba muli Baibolo.