Ifyalembele Ptolemy

Ifyo Claudius Ptolemy, uwaliko mu ma 100 C.E. kabili uwasomene ifya maplaneti alembele pa mfumu shatekele Babiloni na fyo fyalenga abantu ukusumina ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 587 B.C.E. Ifyo Ptolemy alembele pa fyo ishamfumu shakonkene ne nshita shatekele, e fyo abalemba ilyashi lya kale abengi bakonka pa kupenda inshita ya fyalecitika kale, ukusanshako ne nshita ishamfumu sha bena Babiloni shaleteka.

Ptolemy alembele umutande wa shamfumu ninshi palipita ne myaka nalimo 600 ukutula apo Ubuteko bwa Babiloni Ubwalenga Bubili bwawilile. Nomba aishibe shani umwaka imfumu ya kubalilapo pa mutande yatendeke ukuteka? Ptolemy alondolwele ukuti ukubomfya ifya maplaneti pamo nga ifiilisha fya mweshi, “twalipendele no kusanga umwaka Nabonassar atendeke ukuteka,” imfumu ya kubalilapo pa mutande.⁴ E mulandu wine Christopher Walker umubomfi wa pa British Museum alandile ukuti ifyo Ptolemy alembele “fyaleafwa fye abasambilile ifya maplaneti ifya kukonka pa kupenda inshita” lelo “tafyaleafwa bakalemba wa lyashi ukwishiba bwino bwino ifyo ishamfumu shakonkene na lintu shafwile.”⁵

Leo Depuydt, umo pa baletungilila ifyo Ptolemy alembele atile: “Pa myaka iingi caishibikwa ukuti ifyo Ptolemy alembele pa fya maplaneti fya cine, lelo ici tacipilibula ukuti fyalilungama ukulingana ne lyashi lya kale.” Profesa Depuydt alandile pa mutande wa shamfumu isho Ptolemy alembele ukuti: “Pa kwishiba bwino bwino ilyo imfumu imo na imo iya ku kale yatekele, [apasanshiwe ne shamfumu sha bena Babiloni], kano mwalinganya ifyo Ptolemy alembele ku fyalembwa fya kale sana ifya cuneiform.”⁶

Bushe ifi fine fyalembwa fya kale ifya cuneiform ifingalenga twaishiba nga ca kuti ifyo Ptolemy alembele fya cine, e finshi? Fipaapatu apalembelwe ifintu ifyacindama ifyacitike mu Babiloni, imitande ya shamfumu, e lyo ne fipaapaatu apalembelwe ifya bunonshi, e kutila ifyalembwa ifyalembele bakalemba abaliko pa nshita Ubuteko bwa Babiloni bwaleteka nelyo pa numa fye ya iyi nshita.⁷

Bushe ifyo Ptolemy alembele fyalipalana ne fyaba muli ifi fyalembwa fya kale sana? Akabokoshi akali pe samba akaleti, “Bushe Ifyalembele Ptolemy Fyalipalana ne Fyalembwa pa Fipaapatu fya Kale?” kalelanga fimo ifyo Ptolemy alembele ne fyalembwa muli cuneiform. Nga mwamona, Ptolemy alembele fye pa shamfumu shine ishatekele mu Babiloni pa kati ka kwa Kandalanu na Nabonidasi. Lelo, Umutande wa Shamfumu uwa ku Uruk, uwaba pa fyalembwa fya cuneiform ulanga ukut ishamfumu 7 e shatekele pa kati ka kwa Kandalanu na Nabonidasi. Bushe ninshi ishi shamfumu tashali ishacindama kabili shatekele fye pa nshita iinono? Ukulingana ne fi fyalembwa fya kale sana, umo pali aba atekele imyaka 7.⁸

Kwaliba ubushininkisho na bumbi ubukalamba muli ifi fyalembwa ubulanga ukuti ilyo Nabopolassar, (imfumu ya kubalilapo mu Buteko bwa Babiloni Ubwalenga Bubili), ashilatendeka ukuteka, kwali imfumu na imbi (Ashur-etel-ilani) iyatekele mu Babiloni pa myaka ine. Cimbi ca kutila, ukucila pa mwaka umo, mu Babiloni tamwali uwaleteka.⁹ Lelo fyonse ifi tafyabamo mu fyalembwa fya kwa Ptolemy.

Mulandu nshi Ptolemy ashilileko bakateka bamo? Afwile alebamona ukuti tabali ni bakateka ba cine cine.¹⁰ Ku ca kumwenako, alishileko Labashi-Marduk, imfumu ya buteko bwa Babiloni. Lelo ukulingana ne fyalembwa fya cuneiform, ishamfumu isho Ptolemy ashileko shalitekelepo mu Babiloni.

Kwena fimo ifyo Ptolemy alembele fya cine. Nomba nga twatontonkanya pa fyo ashile mu fyo alembele, bushe kuti twatila ifyo alembele e fyo twingabomfya pa kwishiba bwino bwino ilyo ifintu fyalembwa mu lyashi lya kale fyacitike?

4. Almagest, III, 7, icapilibwilwe na G. J. Toomer, icali muli Ptolemy’s Almagest, icasabankanishiwe mu 1998, ibula 166. Ptolemy alishibe ukuti abena Babiloni abasambilile ifya maplaneti balebomfya insamushi pa kwishiba ilyo iciilisha cacitike kale na lintu cikesacitika ku ntanshi pantu baishilesanga ukuti ilingi line ifiilisha fya musango umo wine ficitika pa numa ya myaka 18.—Almagest, IV, 2.

[Charti ne Fikope pe bula 30]

(Nga mulefwaya ukumona charti ne fikope, moneni muli magazini)

BUSHE IFYALEMBELE PTOLEMY FYALIPALANA NE FYALEMBWA PA FIPAAPATU FYA KALE?

Pa mutande Ptolemy alembele tabikilepo ishamfumu shimo. Mulandu nshi?

IFYO PTOLEMY ALEMBELE

Nabonassar

Nabu-nadin-zeri (Nadinu)

Mukin-zeri na Pul

Merodaki-baladani

Sarigone II “Imfumu ya Asiria”

Inshita ya Kubalilapo Kushali Imfumu

Bel-ibni

Ashur-nadin-shumi

Nergal-ushezib

Mushezib-Marduk

Inshita Yalenga Bubili Kushali Imfumu UMUTANDE WA SHAMFUMU

Esarihadone “Imfumu ya Asiria” UWA KU URUK UWALEMBWA

Shamash-shuma-ukin PA FIPAAPATU FYA KALE

Kandalanu Kandalanu

Sin-shumu-lishir

Sin-sharra-ishkun

Nabopolassar Nabopolassar

Nebukadnesari Nebukadnesari

Amel-Marduk Amel-Marduk

Neriglissar Neriglissar

Labashi-Marduk

Nabonidasi Nabonidasi

Sailasi

Cambyses

[Icikope]

Ifipaapatu fya bena Babiloni na fyo fyaba pa fyalembwa fya cuneiform ifitwafwa ukwishiba nga ifyalembele Ptolemy fya cine

[Abatusuminishe]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum