Finshi ifyalembwa filanga? Natulande pa fyalembwa pa cipaapatu ca VAT 4956. Sentensi ya kubalilapo pali ici cipaapatu itila: “Umwaka walenga 37 uwa kuteka kwa kwa Nebukadnezar, imfumu ya Babiloni.”¹⁶ Ifyebo fimbi ifyabapo filondolola ifyo umweshi na maplaneti yambi fyaikele nga kulinganya ku fyo intanda shalekanalekana na mabumba ya shiko na fyo fyaikele. Na kabili balilembapo iciilisha cimo ica mweshi icacitike. Abasoma batila ifya mu muulu fyaikele muli uyu musango mu 568/567 B.C.E., icingalola mu kuti wali mwaka walenga 18 uwa kuteka kwa kwa Nebukadnesari II, ilyo aonawile Yerusalemu mu 587 B.C.E. Lelo bushe ifyo ifi fya mu muulu fyaikele kuti fyalosha fye kuli uyu mwaka wa 568/567 B.C.E. epela?

Pali ici cipaapatu balilanda pa ciilisha ca mweshi ico pa numa ya kupenda basangile ukuti cacitike pa bushiku bwalenga 15, mu mweshi wa bena Babiloni uwalenga butatu uwa Simanu. Cishinka ukuti iciilisha e ko cali muli yu wine mweshi, mu mwaka wa 568 B.C.E., kabili ubu bushiku bwalingene na 4 July (ukulingana na kalenda ya kwa Julian). Lelo imyaka 20 iyabangilileko, iciilisha na cimbi calicitike pa 15 July, mu 588 B.C.E.¹⁷

Nga ca kutila umwaka wa 588 B.C.E.,e wali uwalenga 37 uwa kuteka kwa kwa Nebukadnesari II, ninshi umwaka wakwe uwalenga 18 kuti waba ni 607 B.C.E., ulya wine na Baibolo yalanda ukuti e lyo Yerusalemu bayonawile! (Moneni charti pe samba.) Lelo bushe kwaliba ubushininkisho na bumbi ubwaba pa cipaapatu ca VAT 4956 ubulanga ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 607 B.C.E.?

Ukulunda pa ciilisha tulandilepo kale, pali ifi fipaapatu balilanda ne ncende shalekanalekana 13 apabelele umweshi, e lyo na shimbi 15 apabelele amaplaneti. Ifi basangile filondolola ifyo umweshi nelyo amaplaneti fyaikele nga kulinganya ku fyo intanda shimo nelyo amabumba ya shiko shaikele.¹⁸ E lyo kabili basangile ukuti pa kati ka kutula no kuwa kwa kasuba, na pa kutula no kuwa kwa mweshi, paleba ama-awala 8.^18a

Pa mulandu wa kucetekela sana ifyo umweshi wenda ku kwishibilako inshita, abafwailisha ifintu baceeceetele imyendele 13 iya mweshi iyalembelwe pa cipaapatu ca VAT 4956. Baceeceetele ifyaba pali ici cipaapatu ukubomfya programu ya pa kompyuta iilanga ifyo ifya mu muulu fyaikele pa nshita imo.¹⁹ Finshi basangile ilyo baceeceetele ifi fipaapatu? Nangu ca kutila ukupenda fyonse ifi te kuti kutufishe mu mwaka wa 568/567 B.C.E., imyendele yonse 13 iya mweshi yena yalilingene ne fyo bapendele pa fyo ifya mu muulu fyaikele imyaka 20 iyabangilileko, e kutila mu mwaka wa 588/587 B.C.E.

Mu kabokoshi kali pali lino line ibula, nabalangilila pamo apo balanda ukuti e po umweshi wabelele, ifyumfwana sana no mwaka wa 588 B.C.E. ukucila uwa 568 B.C.E. Muli laini yalenga butatu pali cilya cipaapatu ca VAT 4956, balilemba apo umweshi wabelele mu nshita ya bushiku pa “bushiku bwalenga 9 [mu mweshi wa Nisanu].” Abasoma ababalilepo ukusosa ukuti ici cacitike mu 568 B.C.E. (ukulingana ne cipaapatu ca astronomical -567) basumine ukuti ici cali ni pa bushiku bwa “Nisanu 8, te pa Nisanu 9.” Pa kuti abasoma balange ukuti ca cine ici cacitike mu 568 B.C.E., batile, bakalemba wa lyashi balufyenye fye pa kulemba “9” mu nshita ya kulemba “8.”²⁰ Lelo laini yalenga butatu muli VAT 4956, ilanga ukuti ifyo umweshi waikele fyacitike pa Nisanu 9 mu 588 B.C.E.²¹

Ukwabula no kutwishika, ifingi ifya maplaneti ifyalembwa pali VAT 4956, filingana no mwaka wa 588 B.C.E. ukuti e mwaka walenga 37 uwa kuteka kwa kwa Nebukadnesari II. Kanshi ici cilomfwana bwino no mwaka wa 607 B.C.E. ukuti e mwaka Yerusalemu bayonawile, nge fyo Baibolo yalanda.

[Akabokoshi ne Fikope pe bula 26]

FINSHI FYALEMBWA PA CIPAAPATU CA VAT 4956?

Mulandu nshi cacindamina ukwishiba? Laini yalenga butatu pali ici cipaapatu itila, “pa bushiku bwalenga 9 mu nshita ya bushiku” mu mweshi wa kubalilapo (Nisanu/Nisani), “umweshi waiminine umukono umo pa ntanshi ya lutanda lwa ß Virginis.” Lelo mu 1915, Neugebauer na Weidner balembele pa mwaka wa 568 B.C.E. (uwingatufisha mu mwaka wa 587 B.C.E. uo batila e mo Yerusalemu bayonawile) ukuti “umweshi waiminine umukono umo pa lutanda lwa ß Virginis pa bushiku bwa Nisani 8, te pa Nisani 9.” Lelo nga twapendele ukufuma apo umweshi wabelele pa Nisani 9, mu 588 B.C.E., kuti twafika mu mwaka wa 607 B.C.E. ilyo Yerusalemu bayonawile.

Bushe ni pa 9 nelyo ni pa 8?

(1) Nge fyo icikope cilelanga, icishibilo ca 9 ica bena Akkadia cilemoneka.

(2) Ilyo Neugebauer na Weidner balepilibula, balyalwile apo balembele “9” no kulembapo “8.”

(3) Ni pali futunoti fye e palelangilila ukuti mu fyalembwa fya kubalilapo balembelepo “9.”

(4) Na mu fyo bapilibula mu ciGerman balembapo “8.”

(5) Mu fyo Sachs na Hunger basabankenye mu 1988, balibwekeshepo “9” nga filya fine calembelwe pa kubala.

(6) Lelo mu fyalembwa fya ciNgeleshi mwena taba-alwile, baleti apalembelwe “9,” “palingile ukuba: 8.”

[Abatusuminishe]

bpk/Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB/Olaf M. Teßmer

16. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Volyumu I, icalembele Abraham J. Sachs, icaishilepwishishiwa no kupitulukwamo na Hermann Hunger, ica mu 1988, ibula 47.

17. Babylonian Eclipse Observations From 750 BC to 1 BC, icalembele Peter J. Huber na Salvo De Meis, ica mu 2004, ibula 186. Ukulingana na VAT 4956, ici ciilisha cacitike pa 15 mu mweshi wa butatu uwa bena Babiloni, icilanga ukuti umweshi wa Simanu watendeke inshiku 15 ilyo kushilaba iciilisha. Nga ca kuti iciilisha caliko pa 15 July, 588 B.C.E. ukulingana na kalenda ya kwa Julian, ninshi ubushiku bwa kubalilapo muli uyu mweshi kuti waba ni 30 June/1 July, 588 B.C.E. Ici kuti capilibula ukuti umwaka upya watendeke mu mweshi wa kubalilapo uwa bena Babiloni (Nisanu) imyeshi ibili mu kubangilila, pa May 2/3. Nga kukonka ifyo cifwile ukuba ilyo kwali ici ciilisha, umwaka walingile ukutendeka pa April 3/4, lelo VAT 4956 muli laini yalenga 6 yatila balilundileko umweshi na umbi pa numa ya mweshi walenga 12 (Addaru, uwa kulekelesha) uwa mwaka wafumineko. (Pa cipaapatu palembwa ati: “Ubushiku bwa 8 mu mweshi wa XII₂.”) Ici calengele umwaka ukutendekela pa May 2/3. Kanshi ubushiku ici ciilisha cacitikilepo mu 588 B.C.E. bwalilingana sana ne fyalembwa pa cipaapatu.

18. Icitabo ca Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Reports Regarding the Discussions of the Royal Saxonian Society of Sciences at Leipzig); Volyumu 67; May 1, 1915; mu cipande citila “Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II” (An Astronomical Observer’s Text of the 37th Year Nebuchadnezzar II), icalembele Paul V. Neugebauer na Ernst F. Weidner, amabula 67-76, kwaba incende shalekanalekana 13 apabelele umweshi nga kulinganya ku lutanda nelyo amabumba ya ntanda. Balilanda na pa ncende shalekanalekana 15 apabelele amaplaneti. (Amabula 72-76) Nangu ca kutila icishibilo ca mweshi icaba pa cipaapatu cilamoneka fye bwino bwino, ifishibilo fimbi ifya mashina ya maplaneti na apo yabelele tafimoneka bwino bwino. (Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy—Astrology, icalembelwe na David Brown, ica mu 2000, amabula 53-57) Ici calenga ukuti abantu balelanda ifyalekanalekana no kulatunganya fye apabelele amaplaneti. Apo umweshi walishibikwa bwino ifyo wenda, ici kuti calenga baishiba apo ifya mu muulu fimbi fyabela ifyo balandapo pali VAT 4956 ifya-ampana no mweshi, ne nshita fyabelelepo.

18a. Ifi ifiputulwa (“lunar threes”), fiputulwa fya kupiminako inshita, ku ca kumwenako ukutendekela pa kuwa kwa kasuba ukufika ku kuwa kwa mweshi pa bushiku bwa kubalilapo mu mweshi e lyo ne nshita shimbi shibili mu mweshi umo wine. Abasoma balibomfya ifi fiputulwa ku kwishibilako apo isonde, umweshi, na kasuba fibela kabili balipanga na macharti ya kwishibilako inshita fibelapo. (“The Earliest Datable Observation of the Aurora Borealis,” icalembele F. R. Stephenson na David M. Willis, icaba muli Under One Sky—Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East, icapitulwikwemo na John M. Steele na Annette Imhausen, ica mu 2002, amabula 420-428) Pa kwishiba ifi fiputulwa, aba ku kale balekabila ukubomfya umusango umo uwa nkoloko. Lelo ukubomfya inkoloko te lyonse kwaleba ukwalungama. (Archimedes, Volyumu 4, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, “Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers,” icalembele John M. Steele, ica mu 2000, amabula 65-66) Lelo ukupenda inshita ukubomfya imyendele ya mweshi ukulinganya ku maplaneti yambi kwaleba ukwalungika ukucila ukubomfya inkoloko.

19. Baceeceetele ukubomfya programu ya pa kompyuta iya basambilila ifya maplaneti iyo beta ati TheSky6™. E lyo baliceeceetele na kabili ukubomfya programu imbi iyakwata sana amaka iya Cartes du Ciel/Sky Charts (CDC) na programu imbi iya kwishibilako inshiku iyafumine kuli ba U.S. Naval Observatory. Pa mulandu wa kuti abantu balondolola ifishibilo fyalembwa pa fipaapatu mu nshila shalekanalekana, ifyalembelwe pali ifi fipaapatu tabafibomfeshe pa kwishibilako inshita.

20. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Reports Regarding the Discussions of the Royal Saxonian Society of Sciences at Leipzig); Volyumu 67; May 1, 1915; “Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II, (-567/66)” (An Astronomical Observer’s Text of the 37th Year Nebuchadnezzar II), icalembele Paul V. Neugebauer na Ernst F. Weidner, ibula 41

21. Muli laini yalenga butatu pali VAT 4956 palembwa ati: “Umweshi waiminine umukono umo pa ntanshi ya lutanda lwa ß Virginis.” Mu fyo baceeceetele ifyo tulandilepo, basondwelele ukuti pa Nisanu 9, e lyo umweshi waiminine amadigri 2°04ʹ ku ntanshi ya lutanda e lyo na 0° pe samba ya lutanda lwa ß Virginis. Apo umweshi wabelele ifi ni pa Nisanu 9 mu 588 B.C.E.

[Charti pe bula 25]

(Nga mulefwaya ukumona ifi, moneni muli magazini)

BUSHE ICIPAAPATU CA VAT 4956 CILANGA UKUTI YERUSALEMU BAYONAWILE MU 587 B.C.E. NELYO MU 607 B.C.E.?

◼ Pali ici cipaapatu balembapo ifyo amaplaneti yaikele e lyo ne ciilisha ca mweshi icacitike mu mwaka walenga 37 uwa kuteka kwa Mfumu Nebukadnesari II.

◼ Nebukadnesari II aonawile umusumba wa Yerusalemu mu mwaka walenga 18 uwa kuteka kwakwe.—Yeremia 32:1.

610 B.C.E. 600 590 580 570 560

◼ Icipaapatu ca VAT 4956 cilalanga bwino ukuti Yerusalemu bayonawile mu 607 B.C.E.