Helo

Ubulondoloshi: Ishiwi “helo” lilasangwa mu mabupilibulo ayengi aya Baibolo. Mu fikomo fimo fine amabupilibulo yambi yabelengwa ukuti “inshishi,” “icalo ca bafwa,” na fimbipo. AmaBaibolo yambi yalemba fye amashiwi ya lulimi lwa kubalilapo ayapilibulwa inshita shimo ukuti “helo”; uko e kuti, yalumbulula yene mu kuba na makalata yamo aya alphabet yesu lelo ayasha amashiwi ayabulwo kupilibulwa. Mashiwi nshi ayo? Sheʹohlʹ ya ciHebere ne lyalingana na lyene ilya ciGreek haiʹdes; ayalosha, te ku cifulo ca kushiikwako cimo, lelo ku nshishi ya cinkumbawile iya mutundu wa muntu uwafwa; na kabili; geʹen·na ya ciGreek ibomfiwa nge cilangililo ca bonaushi bwa ciyayaya. Nangu cibe fyo, monse mu Kristendomu na mu mabutotelo ayengi ayashili ya bwina Kristu casambilishiwa ukuti helo cifulo cikalwamo ne fibanda kabili umo ababifi, pa numa ya mfwa, bakandwa (kabili bamo basumina ukuti ici caba pamo no kulungulushiwa).

Bushe Baibolo ilangilila nampo nga abafwa balakumanya ukukalipwa?

Luk. Mil. 9:5, 10: “Aba mweo bantu abaishibo kuti bakafwa, lelo abafwa bantu abashaishiba kantu nangu kamo, . . . Conse ico iminwe yobe yasanga ica kucita, cita ku maka yobe; pantu takuli ica kucita nangu ca kwelenganya nangu kwishiba nangu mano ku [Sheol,*, NW] uko uleya.” (Nga tabeshiba nangu kamo, ukwabulo kutwishika tabomfwa kukalipwa.) (*“Sheol,” AS, RS, NE, JB; “inshishi,” KJ, Kx; “helo” Dy; “icalo ca bafwa,” TEV.)

Amalu. 146:4: “Wafumo [mupashi, NW] wakwe, abwelela ku mushili wakwe, ubushiku bulya bwine yaloba amatontonkanyo* yakwe” (*“Amatontonkanyo,” KJ, 145:4 muli Dy; “amapange,” JB; “amapekanyo,” RS, TEV.)

Bushe Baibolo ilangilila ukuti umweo ulapusunsuka imfwa ya mubili?

Esek. 18:4, NW: “Umweo* uubembuka—e ukafwa.” (*“Umweo,” KJ, Dy, RS, NE, Kx, “umuntu,” JB; “umuntu,” TEV.)

“Imfundo ya ‘mweo,’ ukupilibula icabako umupwilapo lwa ku mupashi, icishimoneka, icapaatuka ukufuma ku ‘mubili,’ . . . tayabamo mu Baibolo.”—La Parole de Dieu (Paris, 1960), Georges Auzuo, Profesa wa Malembo Yashila, Rouen Seminary, France, ibu. 128.

“Nelyo cingatila ishiwi lya ciHebere nefesh [mu Malembo ya ciHebere] ilingi line lyapilibulwa ‘umweo,’ te kuti cibe icalungikwa ukubelenga muli lyene ubupilibulo bwa ciGreek. Nefesh . . . tayabala ayelenganishiwa pamo nge cibomba mu kuibela ukufuma ku mubili. Mu Cipingo Cipya ishiwi lya ciGreek psyche ilingi line lipilibulwa pamo ngo ‘mweo’ lelo na kabili talilingile ukumfwikwa apo pene ukukwata ubupilibulo ubo ishiwi lyakwete ku ba maele aba ciGreek. Ilingi line lipilibula ‘ubumi,’ nelyo ‘amaka,’ nelyo, pa nshita shimo, ‘umwine wine.’”—The Encyclopedia Americana (1977), Vol. 25, ibu. 236.

Bantu ba musango nshi baya ku helo wa mu Baibolo?

Bushe Baibolo isoso kuti ababifi baya ku helo?

Amalu. 9:17, KJ: “Ababifi bakatwalwa mu helo,* ne nko shonse ishalaba Lesa.” (*“Helo,” 9:18 muli Dy; “imfwa,” TEV: “icifulo ca bafwa,” Kx; “Sheol,” AS, RS, NE, JB, NW.)

Bushe Baibolo na kabili ilasosa ukuti abalungama balaya ku helo?

Yobo 14:13, Dy: “[Yobo apepele ukuti:] Ni ani alensuminisha ici, ukuti mwingancingilila mu helo,* no kumfisa ukufikila ubukali bwenu bukapite, no kunsontela inshita lintu mukanjibukisha?” (Lesa umwine asosele ukuti Yobo aali “muntu wa mpomfu kabili uwatambalala, uutiina Lesa kabili uwatalukako ku bubi.”—Yobo 1:8.) (*“Inshishi,” KJ, “icalo ca bafwa,” TEV; “Sheol,” AS, RS, NE, JB, NW.)

Imil. 2:25-27, KJ: “Davidi asosa ukukuma kuli wene [Yesu Kristu], . . . Pa mulandu wa kuti tamwalekele umweo wandi mu helo,* nangu kuleka Uwa Mushilo wenu ukumona ukubola.” (Icishinka ca kuti Lesa “talekele” Yesu mu helo cilangilila ukuti Yesu aali mu helo, nelyo Hades, mu kucepako pa nshita imo, bushe te ifyo?) (*“Helo,” Dy; “imfwa,” NE; “icifulo ca bafwa,” Kx; “icalo ca bafwa,” TEV; “Hades,” AS, RS, JB, NW.)

Bushe uuli onse kuti afuma muli helo wa mu Baibolo?

Ukus. 20:13 14, KJ: “Bemba alekelemo abafwa abali muli wene; ne mfwa na helo* fyalekeleko abafwa abali muli fyene: kabili bapingwilwe umuntu umo umo umwabele milimo yabo. Ne mfwa na helo fyapooselwe muli bemba wa mulilo” (E co abafwa bakalubulwa ukufuma mu helo. Mona na kabili ukuti helo te cimo cine na bemba wa mulilo lelo akapooswa muli bemba wa mulilo.) (“*Helo,” Dy, Kx; “icalo ca bafwa,” TEV; “Hades,” NE, AS, RS, JB, NW.)

Mulandu nshi kwabela icimfulumfulu ukukuma ku cintu Baibolo isosa pa lwa helo?

“Icimfulumfulu cikalamba no kukanaumfwikisha fyalilengwa ukupitila muli bakapilibula ba mu kubangilila mu kupilibula lyonse Sheol wa ciHebere na Hades ya ciGreek na Gehenna kwi shiwi helo. Ukulemba amashiwi nga fintu yaba kuli bakapilibula ba kulembwa kwapitulukwamo ukwa Baibolo takwakumanina ku kulengo kumfwika ici cimfulumfulu ne mfundo shalubana.”—The Encyclopedia Americana (1942), Vol. XIV, ibu. 81.

Bakapilibula balisuminisha ifisumino fya pa lwabo ukubelebesha umulimo wabo mu cifulo ca kuba abakonkesha mu kupilibula kwabo ukwa mashiwi ya lulimi lwa kutendekelako. Ku ca kumwenako: (1) King James Version ipilibula sheʹohlʹ pamo nga “helo,” “inshishi” ne “cilindi”; haiʹdes mulya ipilibulwa ponse pabili nga “helo” ne “nshishi”; geʹen·na na yo ipilibulwa nga “helo.” (2) Today’s English Version ipilibula mu kukanayalule shiwi haiʹdes pamo nga “Hades” na kabili ipilibula lyene nga “helo” na “icalo ca bafwa.” Lelo pa mbali ya kupilibula “helo” ukufuma kuli haʹdes ibomfya uko kupilibula kumo kwine kuli geʹen·na. (3) The Jerusalem Bible ipilibula mu kukanayalule shiwi haiʹdes imiku mutanda, lelo mu fipande fimbi ipilibula lyene nga “helo” ne “calo ca pa nshi.” Na kabili ipilibula geʹen·na pamo nga “helo,” nga fintu icita kuli haiʹdes mu fifulo fibili. Muli ifyo ubupilibulo bwine ubwa mashiwi ya kubalilapo bwalifimbilikishiwa.

Bushe kwalibako ukukandwa kwa ciyayaya ku babifi?

Mat. 25:46, KJ: “Aba bakafumapo, bakaya ku kulimunwa kwa muyayaya [“ukutemwako,” Int; ciGreek, koʹla·sin]: lelo abalungama bakaya ku bumi bwa muyayaya.” (The Emphatic Diaglott ibelengwo kuti “ukuputulwako” mu cifulo ca “kulimunwa.” Futunoti alondolola ukuti: “Kolasin . . . yafumishiwa kuli kolazoo, iilangilila, 1. Ukuputulako; pamo ngo kuteme misambo ya miti, ukusaila. 2. Ukushinshibika, ukutalalika. . . . 3. Ukukanda, ukulimuna. Ukuputulako umuntu ukufuma ku bumi, nelyo sosaite, nelyo fye ukushinshibika, kumonwa ngo kukanda;—e ico e kwafuma uku kubomfya kwa mampalanya ukwe shiwi. Ubupilibulo bukalamba bwalipokelelwa, pa mulandu wa kuti bumfwana mu kucilapo ne cilundwa ca cibili ica sentensi, muli ifyo ukubakilila amaka no kuyemba kwa kucilanya. Abalungama baya ku bumi, ababifi ku kuputulwako ukufuma ku bumi, nelyo ku mfwa. Mona 2 Tes. 1.9.”)

2 Tes. 1:9, RS: “Bakacula ku kukandwa kwa bonaushi bwa muyayaya* no kufumishiwa ku kubapo kwa kwa Shikulu no kufuma ku bukata bwa maka yakwe.” (*“Uboni bwa muyayaya,” NAB, NE; “bakalufya ku ciyayaya,” JB; “ukubasenuka ku kukandwa kwa ciyayaya,” Kx; “ukukandwa kwa ciyayaya mu bonaushi,” Dy.)

Yuda 7, KJ: “Pamo fye nga fintu Sodomu na Gomora, ne misumba yashingulukako mu musango umo wine, ukuipeela abene kuli bucilende, no kukonko mubili uweni, baimikwa nge ca kumwenako, ukucula icilandushi ca mulilo wa ciyayaya.” (Umulilo uwaonawile Sodomu na Gomora walekele ukwaka amakana ya myaka ayapitapo. Lelo ukwambukila kwa ulya mulilo kwaliba ukwatwalilila; imisumba tayakuulwa cipya cipya. Ubupingushi bwa kwa Lesa, nangu cibe fyo, tabwalwishishe iyo misumba fye lelo na bekashi ba iko ababipa. Icacitike kuli bene caba ca kumwenako ca kusoka. Pali Luka 17:29, Yesu asosa ukuti ‘balyonawilwe’; Yuda 7 alango kuti ubonaushi bwali ubwa ciyayaya.)

Cinshi caba ubupilibulo bwa ‘kulungulushiwa kwa muyayaya,’ ukwaloshiwako mu Kusokolola?

Ukus. 14:9-11; 20:10; KJ: “Ngo muntu apepe ciswango ne cimpashanya ca ciko, no kupokelelo lulembo pa mpumi yakwe napamo pa cisansa cakwe, wene akanwako umwangashi wa cipyu ca kwa Lesa, uwaitilwa uushasakaniwe mu lukombo lwa bukali bwakwe; kabili akalungulushiwa ku mulilo na ku libwe lya mingu ku cinso ca bamalaika ba mushilo na ku cinso ca Mwana wa mpaanga; ne cushi ca kulunguluka [ciGreek, basa·ni·smou,] kwabo cilenina umuyayaya umuyayaya; kabili tabakwete ukutusha akasuba no bushiku, abapepe ciswango ne cimpashanya ca ciko, na bonse abapokelelo lulembo lwe shina lya ciko.” “Ne Ciwa icalebalufya capooselwe muli bemba wa mulilo kabili wa libwe lya mingu, umuli ne ciswango na kasesema wa bufi, ku kulungululwa akasuba no bushiku umuyayaya umuyayaya.”

Cinshi caba ‘ukulunguluka’ uko aya malembo yalosha? Cili icamonekesha ukuti pa Ukusokolola 11:10 (KJ) ukuloshako kwalicitwa kuli ‘bakasesema abalungulwishe abo bekala pe sonde.’ Ukulunguluka kwa musango yo kufuma ku kusansalika kwa kucenda ku bukombe ubo abo bakasesema babilisha. Pa Ukusokolola 14:9-11 (KJ) bakapepa ba “ciswango ne cimpashanya ca ciko” ifya cilangililo basoswa ‘ukulungulushiwa ku mulilo na ku libwe lya mingu.’ Ici te kuti ciloshe ku kulunguluka kwa butuntulu pa numa ya mfwa pa mulandu wa kuti “abafwa bantu abashaishiba kantu nangu kamo.” (Luk. Mil. 9:5) Lyene, cinshi cibalenga ukukumanya ukulunguluka kwa musango yo ilintu bacili aba mweo? Caba kubilisha ku babomfi ba kwa Lesa ukwa kuti bakapepa ba “ciswango ne cimpashanya ca ciko” bakakumanya imfwa ya cibili, iyaimininwako kuli “bemba wa mulilo kabili wa libwe lya mingu.” Icushi, icayampana no bonaushi bwabamo mulilo, cilanina ku ciyayaya pa mulandu wa kuti ubonaushi bukaba bwa muyayaya kabili tabwakabale abulabwa. Lintu Ukusokolola 20:10 kusoso kuti Ciwa ali no kukumanya ‘ukulunguluka umuyayaya umuyayaya’ muli “bemba wa mulilo kabili wa libwe lya mingu,” cinshi cintu cipilibula? Ukusokolola 21:8 (KJ) kusosa mu kulengama ukuti “bemba uulepya ku mulilo ne libwe lya mingu” apilibula “imfwa ya cibili.” E co Ciwa “ukulungulushiwa” mulya ku ciyayaya cipilibula ukuti takwakabe kwilulukwa kuli wene; akashinshibikwa ku ciyayaya, mu cishinka imfwa ya muyayaya. Uku kubomfya kwe shiwi “ukulunguluka” (ukufuma ku lya ciGreek baʹsa·nos) kucinkulako umo ulwa kubomfiwa kwa liko pali Mateo 18:34, apo ishiwi limo line ilya ciGreek lyabomfiwa kuli ‘kalinda wa cifungo.’—RS, AT, ED, NW.

Cinshi caba ‘Gehena wa mulilo’ uo Yesu alosesheko?

Ukulosha kuli Gehena kumoneka imiku 12 mu Malembo ya Bwina Kristu aya ciGreek. Imiku isano yalundanishiwa mu kulungatika no mulilo. Bakapilibula bapilibula inumbwilo ya ciGreek geʹen·nan tou pyrosʹ pamo ngo “mulilo wa helo” (KJ, Dy), “imililo ya helo” (NE), “icilindi ca mulilo” (AT) no “mulilo wa Gehena” (NAB).

Ilyashi lya kale: Umupokapoka wa Hinomu (Gehena) wali ku nse ya fibumba fya Yerusalemu. Pa nshita imo caali cifulo ca kupepa kwa tulubi, ukusanshako ukupeela abana amalambo. Mu mwanda wa myaka uwa kubalilapo Gehena alebomfiwa ngo mwakocele fisoso fya mu Yerusalemu. Ifitumbi fya nama fyalepooswa mu mupokapoka ku kupwishishiwa mu mulilo, umo sulfur, nelyo ilibwe lya mingu, lyalesanshiwa ku kwafwilisha ukoca. Na kabili imibili ya ntalamisoka shaputunkanishiwe, abalangulwikwe abashawaminwa kushiikwa mu nshishi ya cibukisho, balepooswa mu Gehena. Muli ifyo, pali Mateo 5:29, 30, Yesu alandile ulwa “mubili onse” ukupooswa mu Gehena. Nga ca kuti umubili wapooselwe mu mulilo waleaka lyonse walipwishishiwe, lelo nga ca kuti waponene pa lutwe lwa mupokapoka washika umunofu wa uko uwalebola waleingililwa ne mititi yalimo lyonse, nelyo iŋonyo. (Marko 9:47, 48) Abantunse abatuntulu tabalepooswa mu Gehena; e co tacali cifulo ca kulungulukilako mu butuntulu.

Pali Mateo 10:28, Yesu asoka bakomfwa bakwe ‘ukutiina uwingonaula fyonse [umweo] no mubili mu Gehena.’ Cinshi cintu ico cipilibula? Mona ukuti tapaba kulumbulwa kwa kulunguluka mu mulilo wa Gehena; ukucila, asosa ulwa ‘kutiina uwingonaula mu Gehena.’ Pa kulosha ku “mweo” mu kuibelako, Yesu pano alekomaila pa kuti Lesa kuti aonaula ifilolelo fyonse ifya bumi ifya muntu; muli ifyo takwabe subilo lya kubuushiwa kuli wene. E co, ukuloshako kuli ‘Gehena wa mulilo’ kwakwata ubupilibulo bumo bwine pamo nga “bemba wa mulilo” uwa mu Ukusokolola 21:8, ukukulumbula, ubonaushi, “imfwa ya cibili.”

Cinshi cintu Baibolo isosa ukuba ukukanda pa lubembu?

Rom. 6:23: “Icilambu ca lubembu ni mfwa.”

Pa numa ya mfwa ya umo, bushe nalyo line alaba pe samba lya kukandwa pa membu shakwe?

Rom. 6:7: “Uwafwa . . . naupwo mulandu wa lubembu.”

Bushe ukulungulusha kwa ciyayaya ukwa babifi kulomfwana no buntu bwa kwa Lesa?

Yer. 7:31: “[Abena Yuda ba busangu] nabakuulo musansama wa kwa Tofete uuli mu mupokapoka wa kwa Ben-hinomu, ku koca abana babo abaume na bana babo abanakashi mu mulilo, ico nshasosele, kabili tacaimine mu mutima wandi.” (Nga ca kuti tacabalile aciima mu mutima wa kwa Lesa, mu kushininkisha tabomfya icintu ca musango yo pa cipimo cikalamba.)

Icilangililo: Cinshi wingatontonkanya ulwa mufyashi uwashinshika ukuboko kwa mwana wakwe pa mulilo ku kumukanda pa ncitilo yaluba? “Lesa kutemwa.” (1 Yoh. 4:8) Bushe kuti acita ico umufyashi wa buntunse uwa muntontonkanya walungama ashingacita? Mu kushininkisha iyo!

Ku cintu Yesu asosele pa lwa muntu wa fyuma na Lasaro, bushe Yesu asambilishe ukulunguluka kwa babifi pa numa ya mfwa?

Bushe ubulondoloshi, pali Luka 16:19-31, bwa cine cine nelyo cilangililo fye ca cintu cimbi? The Jerusalem Bible, mu kulembwa kwa pe samba, isumina ukuti “mulumbe mu musango wa lushimi ukwabula ica kuloshako ku muntu mu lyashi lya kale ilili lyonse.” Nga bwakonkwa mu cine cine, kuti capilibula ukuti abo baipakisha ukusenamina kwa bulesa bonse kuti balinga pa cifuba ca muntu umo, Abrahamu; ukuti amenshi pa nsongo ya munwe te kuti yalengwo kuuma ku mulilo wa mu Hades; ukuti itoni fye lya menshi kuti lyaletako ukwilulukwa kuli umo uulecula mulya. Bushe ico cumfwika icabamo kupelulula kuli iwe? Nga bwali ubwa cine cine, kuti bwapinkana ne mbali shimbi isha Baibolo. Nga ca kuti Baibolo yali iipilikana muli iyo nshila, bushe uwatemwa icine kuti aibomfya nge cishinte ca citetekelo cakwe? Lelo Baibolo taiipilika iine.

Cinshi cintu umulumbe upilibula? “Umukankala” emininako abaFarise. (Mona icikomo 14.) Umupushi Lasaro aiminineko abantuuntu fye abasuulilwe ku baFarise lelo abalapile no kuba abakonshi ba kwa Yesu. (Mona Luka 18:11; Yohane 7:49; Mateo 21:31, 32.) Imfwa yabo na yo yali iya cimpashanya, ukwimininako ukwaluka mu mibele. Muli ifyo abasuulilwe kale baishile mu cifulo ca kusenamina kwa bulesa, na balemoneka kale abasenaminwa balikenwe kuli Lesa, ilintu balelungulushiwa ku bukombe bwa bupingushi ubwalepeelwa na abo bantu basuulile kale.—Imil. 5:33; 7:54.

Cinshi caba intulo ya kusambilisha kwa mulilo wa helo?

Mu fisumino fya bena Babiloni ba pa kale na bena Ashuri “icalo ca pe samba . . . cacitilwe cikope nge cifulo caisulamo ukutiinya, kabili citangililwa na balesa ne fibanda fya maka yakalamba no bukatu.” (The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Boston, 1898, Morris Jastrow, Jr., ibu. 581) Ubushinino bwa mu kubangilila ubwa lubali lwa mulilo ulwa helo wa mu Kristendomu lusangwa mu butotelo bwa Egupti wa pa kale (The Book of the Dead, New Hyde Park, N.Y., 1960, mu kuba ne mitendekele kuli E. A. Wallis Budge, amabu. 144, 149, 151, 153, 161) BuBuddah, ububwelela ku numa ku nshiku sha mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 6 B.C.E., mu kupita kwa nshita bwabele ulubali lwa bahelo bonse babili uwakaba no watalala. (The Encyclopedia Americana, 1977, Vol. 14, ibu. 68) Ukulengwa kwa helo ukwalangililwa mu macalici ya ciKatolika mu Italy kwalilonshiwa ku ntulo ya mu Etruria.—La civiltà etrusca, (Milan, 1979), Werner Keller, ibu. 389.

Lelo intulo ya cine cine iya ici cifundisho cisaalula Lesa ilacilapo. Imfundo sha bukatu ishalundanishiwa no kulunguluka kwa helo shicito lwambo kuli Lesa kabili shatula ku wa lwambo mukalamba wa kwa Lesa (Ciwa, ishina ilipilibula “Uwa lwambo”), umo uo Yesu Kristu aitile “wishi wa [bufi].”—Yoh. 8:44.