N̄wed Oro Akasan̄a Didie Ọbọhọ Odu?
Mme uwetn̄kpọ eset ẹma ẹnyene mme oto-obot asua—ikan̄, mmọn̄, mfụt. Bible ikọbọhọke mme n̄kpọndịk ẹmi. N̄wetnnịm n̄kpọ aban̄ade nte enye akasan̄ade ọbọhọ nnama ini oro man akabade edi n̄wed oro awakde akan ke ererimbot edi n̄wọrọnda ke otu mme uwetn̄kpọ eset. Odot ẹnyene se ikande enyọn̄ enyọn̄ udọn̄ ẹban̄a mbụk oro.
MME andiwet Bible ikakapke mme ikọ mmọ ke itiat; mmọ ikonyụn̄ iwetke mmọ ke itiatn̄wed oro ẹbịghide. Mmọ nte an̄wan̄ade ẹkewet mme ikọ mmọ ke mme n̄kpọ oro ẹkemede ndibiara—n̄kukịp (emi ẹkedade eto Egypt emi ekerede ukem enyịn̄ oro ẹnam) ye n̄wed ikpa (emi ẹkedade mme ikpa unam ẹnam).
Nso iketịbe inọ mme akpasarade uwetn̄kpọ oro? Ekeme ndidi mmọ ẹma ẹtak ẹma ke Israel eset anyanini ko. Eyen ukpepn̄kpọ oro Oscar Paret anam an̄wan̄a ete: “Mbịtmbịt, mfụt, ye nsio nsio ndọn̄ ẹnen̄ede ẹsịn usụn̄ uwetn̄kpọ mbiba ẹmi [n̄kukịp ye ikpa] ke itiendịk ukem ukem. Nnyịn imọfiọk ito ifiọk n̄kpọntịbe eke usen ke usen nte babru, ye idem ọkpọsọn̄ ikpa, esibiarade mmemmem mmemmem ke an̄wa m̀mê ke mbịtmbịt ubet.”1
Edieke mme akpasarade oro mîdụhe aba, do ikọ mme andiwet Bible ẹkesan̄a didie ẹdu ẹdisịm eyo nnyịn?
Mme Osion̄o N̄wed Oro Ẹtịn̄de Enyịn Ẹketịm Ẹnịm
Ikebịghike ke ẹma ẹkewet mme akpasarade oro, ẹma ẹtọn̄ọ ndision̄o n̄wet ke ubọk. Ndision̄o N̄wed Abasi n̄wet ke akpanikọ ama akabade edi ubọkọkọ ke Israel eset. (Ezra 7:6; Psalm 45:1) Nte ededi, ẹkewet n̄ko mbon oro ẹkesion̄ode mi ke mme n̄kpọ oro ẹkemede ndibiara. Nte ini akade mbon efen oro ẹkewetde ke ubọk ẹkenyene ndida itie mmọemi. Ke ini mme akpasarade mîkodụhe aba, mbon oro ẹkesion̄ode ẹwet ẹma ẹkabade ẹdi isọn̄ ẹnọ mme uwetn̄kpọ ini iso. Ndifiak nsion̄o n̄wet ekedi n̄kpọ oro akakade iso ke ediwak isua ikie. Ndi ndudue mme osion̄o n̄wed ke ediwak isua ikie ẹmi ẹkebede ẹma ẹnen̄ede ẹkpụhọ mme uwetn̄kpọ Bible? Uyarade ọdọhọ baba.
Nta mme osion̄o n̄wed ẹma ẹnen̄ede ẹyak idem ẹsịn. Mmọ ẹma ẹnyene ntotụn̄ọ ukpono ẹnọ mme ikọ oro mmọ ẹkesion̄ode ẹwet. Mmọ ẹma ẹtịn̄ enyịn n̄ko. Ikọ Hebrew oro ẹkabarede “osion̄o n̄wed” edi so·pherʹ, emi etịn̄de aban̄a edibat ye ediwet. Ke ndinam an̄wan̄a nte mme osion̄o n̄wed ẹkenende, kere ban̄a mme Masorete.a Kaban̄a mmọ, eyen ukpepn̄kpọ oro Thomas Hartwell Horne anam an̄wan̄a ete: “Mmọ . . . ẹma ẹbat m̀mê ewe edi esịne-ufọt abisi ke Pentateuch [akpa n̄wed ition eke Bible], m̀mê ewe edi esịne-ufọt ikọ ke n̄wed kiet kiet, ndien m̀mê ikafan̄ ke abisi [Hebrew] kiet kiet odu ke ofụri N̄wed Abasi Usem Hebrew.”3
Ntem, mme enyene-usọ osion̄o n̄wed ẹma ẹda ediwak usụn̄ unam ndụn̄ọde. Man ẹfep edibe n̄kpọn̄ ọkpọkọm abisi kiet ke itien̄wed Bible, mmọ ẹma ẹka anyan ẹkesịm idịghe sụk edibat mme ikọ oro ẹkesion̄ode ẹwet edi mme abisi n̄ko. Kere ban̄a ọkpọsọn̄ ntịn̄enyịn oro emi akabuanade: Nte mbụk ọdọhọde mmọ ẹma ẹbat mme abisi kiet kiet ẹsịm 815,140 ke N̄wed Abasi Usem Hebrew!4 Utọ ifịk ifịk ukeme oro ama anam enye enen̄ede enen.
Nte ededi, mme osion̄o n̄wed ikananake ndudue. Ndi uyarade ndomokiet odu nte ke, kpa ye edision̄o n̄wet ke ediwak isua ikie, udọn̄ikọ Bible omodu ke uduot oro ẹkemede ndiberi edem?
Ọkpọsọn̄ Isọn̄ Kaban̄a Mbuọtidem
Eti ntak odu ndinịm ke akpanikọ nte ke Bible ebe esịm eyo nnyịn nte enende. Uyarade esịne mme uwetn̄kpọ oro ẹkedade ubọk ẹwet oro ẹsụk ẹdude—se iwakde isịm ofụri m̀mê mme ikpehe N̄wed Abasi Usem Hebrew n̄kpọ nte 6,000 ye n̄kpọ nte N̄wed Abasi Usem Greek 5,000. Uwetn̄kpọ N̄wed Abasi Usem Hebrew oro ẹkefiọhọde ke 1947 oro owụtde adan̄a nte N̄wed Abasi oro ẹkesion̄ode ẹwet enende esịne ke otu mmọemi. Ọtọn̄ọde ke ini oro ẹkot enye “akakan edifiọhọ uwetn̄kpọ oro ẹfiọhọde ke eyomfịn.”5
Ke adan̄aemi ekekpemede otuerọn̄ esie ke ntọn̄ọ ntọn̄ọ isua oro, akparawa ekpemerọn̄ Bedouin kiet ama okụt aba ekperede Inyan̄ Inụn̄. Enye ama okụt ediwak otu mbat, ekese ẹdide ukpọk. Nte ededi, ke kiet ke otu otu oro, emi ẹkefakde inua ọsọn̄, enye ama okụt ikpan̄wed emi ẹkedade linen ẹbọp ye ntịn̄enyịn onyụn̄ esịne ofụri n̄wed Isaiah eke Bible. Ikpan̄wed oro ẹketịmde ẹnịm edi emi atahade mi ama owụt idiọn̄ọ ke ẹma ẹdiọn̄. Akparawa ekpemerọn̄ emi ikọfiọkke ke ikpan̄wed eset oro imọ ikakamade ke ubọk ke akpatre oyomụm ntịn̄enyịn ofụri ererimbot.
Nso ekenen̄ede edi akpan n̄kpọ aban̄a uwetn̄kpọ emi? Ke 1947 mme mbịghi-n̄kan ofụri uwetn̄kpọ usem Hebrew ẹkebịghi ẹfiak edem ẹkesịm n̄kpọ nte ọyọhọ isua ikie duop E.N. Edi ikpan̄wed emi ama ebịghi afiak edem ekesịm ọyọhọ isua ikie iba M.E.N.b—adade se ibede tọsịn isua kiet ebịghi akan.c Nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹma ẹnen̄ede ẹnyene udọn̄ ndifiọk nte mme uwetn̄kpọ ẹmi ẹmende udomo ye mme uwetn̄kpọ oro ẹkesion̄ode ẹwet ke ata ukperedem.
Ke ndụn̄ọde kiet, nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹma ẹmen ọyọhọ ibuot 53 eke Isaiah ke Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄ ẹdomo ye mme uwetn̄kpọ Masorete oro ẹkesion̄ode ẹwet tọsịn isua kiet ke ukperedem. N̄wed oro A General Introduction to the Bible, anam mme utịp ndụn̄ọde oro an̄wan̄a ete: “Ke otu ikọ 166 oro ẹdude ke Isaiah 53, abisi efụteba kpọt ke ẹnyene eyịghe ẹban̄a. Abisi duop ke otu ẹmi ẹdi sụk se iban̄ade edibọp ikọ, emi mîtụkke se ikọ ọwọrọde. Abisi inan̄ efen ẹdi n̄kpri ukpụhọde ke ido uwetn̄kpọ, utọ nte se iyịride mme ikọ. Abisi ita ẹsụhọde ẹsịne ikọ oro ‘un̄wana,’ emi ẹdiande ke Isa 53 ufan̄ikọ 11, inyụn̄ inen̄ekede itụk se ikọ ọwọrọde akamba akamba. . . . Ntem, ke ibuot kiet emi enyenede ikọ 166, ikọ kiet kpọt (abisi ita) ke ẹnyene eyịghe ẹban̄a ke tọsịn isua kiet eke edision̄o mfiak nsion̄o ẹma ẹkebe—ndien ikọ emi inen̄ekede ikpụhọ se udọn̄ikọ ọwọrọde.”7
Prọfesọ Millar Burrows, emi akadade mme ikpan̄wed oro anam n̄kpọ ke ediwak isua, ke odụn̄ọrede se idọn̄ọde ke mmọ, ama edisịm ukem ubiere oro: “Ẹkeme ndidọhọ ke ediwak ke otu ukpụhọde oro ke ufọt . . . ikpan̄wed Isaiah ye mme uwetn̄kpọ Masorete ẹdi ndudue eke edision̄o n̄wet. Ke ẹsiode mmọemi ẹfep, n̄wọrọnda n̄kemuyo odu, ke ofụri ofụri, ye mme itien̄wed oro ẹkụtde ke mme uwetn̄kpọ ntọn̄ọ ntọn̄ọ eyo ntatenyịn. Utọ n̄kemuyo oro ke uwetn̄kpọ oro enen̄erede ebịghi ntre ọnọ uyarade oro enyenede nsọn̄ọ nte ke uwetn̄kpọ eset enen ke ofụri ofụri.”8
Ẹkeme n̄ko ndinọ “uyarade oro enyenede nsọn̄ọ” mban̄a edision̄o oro ẹkesion̄ode N̄wed Abasi Usem Greek ẹwet. Ke uwụtn̄kpọ, edifiọhọ eke ọyọhọ isua ikie 19 oro ẹkefiọhọde Ikpan̄wed Sinai, kpa uwetn̄kpọ ediye ikpaunam ebịghide afiak edem ekesịm ọyọhọ isua ikie inan̄ E.N., ama an̄wam ndisọn̄ọ nte mme uwetn̄kpọ N̄wed Abasi Christian Usem Greek oro ẹkesion̄ode ẹwet ke ediwak isua ikie ke ukperedem ẹkenende. Ubak ikpan̄wed n̄kukịp eke Gospel John, emi ẹkefiọhọde ke ikpehe obio ukara Faiyūm, Egypt, ebịghi afiak edem ekesịm akpa ikpehe ọyọhọ isua ikie iba E.N., emi osụhọrede akan isua 50 tọn̄ọ ẹkewet akpasarade esie. Ẹketịm enye ẹnịm ke ediwak isua ikie ke utatan oro asatde. Uwetn̄kpọ oro odu ke n̄kemuyo ye enyeoro ẹkụtde ke mme uwetn̄kpọ eke ata ukperedem.9
Uyarade ke ntem ọsọn̄ọ ete ke mme osion̄o n̄wed, ke akpanikọ, ẹma ẹnen̄ede ẹnen. Nte ededi, mmọ ẹma ẹnam mme ndudue. Idụhe uwetn̄kpọ ndomokiet oro mînyeneke ndudue—esịnede Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄ eke Isaiah. Kpa ye oro, nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹma ẹkeme ndikụt nnyụn̄ nnen̄ede mme utọ edikpụhọde n̄kpọn̄ akpasarade oro.
Ndinen̄ede Ndudue Mme Osion̄o N̄wed
Ndusụk ẹkpedọhọ owo 100 ẹda ubọk ẹsion̄o ata anyan uwetn̄kpọ ẹwet. Nte eyịghe mîdụhe ke nsụhọde n̄kaha ndusụk mme osion̄o n̄wed ẹkpenam ndudue. Nte ededi, kpukpru mmọ ikpanamke ukem ndudue. Edieke afo ekpemende idem 100 oro odomo ye ata ntịn̄enyịn, afo ekpekeme ndikụt mme ndudue onyụn̄ ọfiọk nte akpasarade uwetn̄kpọ ekenen̄erede etie, idem edieke akanam afo mûkwe enye.
Ukem ntre, kpukpru mme osion̄o Bible ikanamke ukem ndudue. Ye ataata ediwak tọsịn uwetn̄kpọ Bible ẹdude idahaemi ndida nnam ndụn̄ọde edimen ndomo, nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹdụn̄ọrede uwetn̄kpọ ẹmekeme ndifiọk mme ndudue, ẹbiere nte ẹkekotde ke akpasarade, ẹnyụn̄ ẹwet mme edinen̄ede oro oyomde. Nte utịp utọ ndụn̄ọde ntịn̄enyịn oro, nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹdụn̄ọrede uwetn̄kpọ ẹmesion̄o mme uwụtn̄kpọ uwetn̄kpọ ke mme akpasarade usem ẹdi. Mme nsiondi uwetn̄kpọ eke usem Hebrew ye eke Greek oro ẹnamde ọfọn mi ẹda mme ikọ oro ẹtịmde ẹnyịme ke ofụri ofụri nte se idide akpasarade, ediwak ini ẹwetde mme ukpụhọde m̀mê mme usụn̄ edikot efen ke mme ikọ idakisọn̄ oro ẹkemede ndidu ke ndusụk uwetn̄kpọ. Nsiondi oro nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹdụn̄ọrede uwetn̄kpọ ẹnamde ọfọn mi ẹdi se mme andikabade Bible ẹdade ẹkabade Bible ẹsịn ke mme usem eyomfịn.
Ntre ke ini afo emende edikabade Bible eyomfịn, ofụri ntak odu ndinyene mbuọtidem nte ke mme uwetn̄kpọ usem Hebrew ye eke Greek emi enye ọkọn̄ọde esịne ikọ akpasarade mme andiwet Bible ke n̄wọrọnda nnennen usụn̄.d N̄wetnnịm n̄kpọ aban̄ade nte Bible ọkọbọhọde odu ye edida ubọk nsion̄o mfiak nsion̄o n̄wet ke ediwak tọsịn isua enen̄ede edi n̄wọrọnda. Sir Frederic Kenyon, andise n̄kpọ mban̄a Itie Ubon N̄kpọeset Britain ke anyanini, ke ntre ama ekeme ndidọhọ ete: “Ẹkeme ndisọn̄ọ ntịn̄ nte ke mme akpan n̄kpọ oro ẹdude ke uwetn̄kpọ Bible ẹtịm ẹnen . . . Owo ikemeke nditịn̄ emi mban̄a n̄wed eset efen ekededi ke ererimbot.”10
[Mme Ikọ idakisọn̄]
a Mme Masorete (ọwọrọde “Nta ke Ido Edinam”) ẹkedi mme osion̄o N̄wed Abasi Usem Hebrew ẹmi ẹkedude uwem ke ufọt ọyọhọ isua ikie itiokiet ye ikie duop E.N. Ẹkot mme uwetn̄kpọ oro mmọ ẹkesion̄ode ẹwet mme uwetn̄kpọ Masorete.2
b M.E.N. ọwọrọ “Mbemiso Eyo Nnyịn.” E.N. owụt “Eyo Nnyịn,” ẹwakde ndikot A.D., adade ọnọ Anno Domini, ọwọrọde “ke isua Ọbọn̄.”
c Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, eke Emanuel Tov, ọdọhọ ete: “Ye un̄wam udomo carbon 14, ẹnịm usenọfiọn̄ 1QIsaa [Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄ eke Isaiah] idahaemi ke ufọt 202 ye 107 MEN (usenọfiọn̄ ẹmekde ẹtiene usụn̄ uwetn̄kpọ eset: 125-100 MEN) . . . Usụn̄ edimek usenọfiọn̄ nnọ uwetn̄kpọ eset ẹtịn̄de ẹban̄a mi, emi ẹma ẹkenam n̄kọri ke mme isua ndondo emi, oro onyụn̄ ayakde ẹnọ akpan usenọfiọn̄ ọkọn̄ọde ke edimen mbiet ye idaha mme abisi ndomo ye mme n̄kpọ en̄wen utọ nte okụk oro ẹwetde usenọfiọn̄ ye mme mbuwed, omowụt idemesie nte ukeuke usụn̄ oro ẹkemede ndiberi edem.”6
d Nte ededi, mme akabade n̄wed kiet kiet ẹkeme ndinyene iwụk mîdịghe ẹnana iwụk ke edisọn̄ọ oro mmọ ẹsọn̄ọde ẹyịre ke mme akpasarade uwetn̄kpọ usem Hebrew ye Greek.
[Ndise ke page 8]
Mme enyene-usọ osion̄o n̄wed ẹketịm Bible ẹnịm
[Mme ndise ke page 9]
Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄ eke Isaiah (ẹwụt ataata ndise) ekpere ndidi ata ukem ye mme uwetn̄kpọ Masorete emi ẹkesion̄ode ẹwet tọsịn isua kiet ke ukperedem