SAFFRON

The Hebrew word kar·kohmʹ, appearing only in The Song of Solomon (4:14), has usually been identified with the saffron-yielding crocus, Crocus sativus, a fall-blooming bulbous plant with grasslike leaves and purple flowers that is much like the common spring crocus. To produce just one ounce (c. 28 grams) of saffron, a deep orange-colored substance composed of the dried styles and stigmas of the flowers, about 4,000 blossoms are needed. When the flowers open, or shortly thereafter, the stigma and upper part of the style are removed and then dried. Saffron is used in coloring and flavoring foods and was formerly employed more extensively than now for dyeing cloth a yellow hue. It was also used medicinally and as a perfume.

The Hebrew term hhavats·tseʹleth, variously rendered “crocus,” “lily,” “rose” and “saffron” (compare AT, AV, Le, NW, Yg), likely refers to a bulbous plant. (Song of Sol. 2:1; Isa. 35:1) According to the Hebrew lexicographer Gesenius, hhavats·tseʹleth probably contains a root meaning “bulb,” and he considered “meadow saffron” to be the more exact equivalent for the original-language word. A Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon by Koehler and Baumgartner associates the word hhavats·tseʹleth with an Akkadian term meaning “stalk” and defines it as “asphodel,” a plant of the lily family.—See also the footnotes on The Song of Solomon 2:1 and Isaiah 35:1 in the New World Translation, 1957 and 1958 editions.