Footnote
a In 711 C.E., Arab and Berber armies entered Spain, and within seven years most of the peninsula came under Muslim rule. Within two centuries, the city of Córdoba became the largest and probably the most cultured city in Europe.
a In 711 C.E., Arab and Berber armies entered Spain, and within seven years most of the peninsula came under Muslim rule. Within two centuries, the city of Córdoba became the largest and probably the most cultured city in Europe.