Mizpah witnessed Samuel’s introducing Saul as Israel’s first king.—1 Sam. 10:17-25.

In the tenth century B.C.E. Mizpah was built up by Judean King Asa with materials from Ramah, a city that Israelite King Baasha had been forced to desert. (1 Ki. 15:20-22; 2 Chron. 16:4-6) Some three centuries later, in 607 B.C.E., the victorious Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar appointed Gedaliah as governor over the Jews remaining in the land of Judah. Gedaliah administered affairs from Mizpah. There the prophet Jeremiah took up residence. Also, surviving army chiefs and other Jews who had been scattered came to Mizpah. Governor Gedaliah, although having been forewarned, failed to exercise caution and was assassinated at Mizpah. Chaldeans and Jews with him there were likewise slaughtered. Thereafter sixty visiting men also met their death. The band of assassins, led by Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, took the rest of the people captive. Overtaken by Johanan the son of Kareah, Ishmael escaped with eight men, but the captives were rescued, later to be taken to Egypt.—2 Ki. 25:23-26; Jer. 40:5–41:18.

Following the Babylonian exile, men of Mizpah and the princes Shallun and Ezer shared in repairing the wall of Jerusalem.—Neh. 3:7, 15, 19.

4. A city E of the Jordan in Gilead (Judg. 10:17; 11:11, 29), perhaps the same place as the Mizpah mentioned at Hosea 5:1. Since Mizpah was the home of Jephthah, logically this would place the city in the territory of Manasseh in northern Gilead. (Compare Judges 10:17–11:1, 11, 34; 12:4, 5.) But its exact location is uncertain.

5. A city of Moab where David, while outlawed by King Saul, settled his parents. (1 Sam. 22:3) Mizpeh’s precise location cannot be established definitely. Some scholars believe it may be the same place as Kir of Moab. (Isa. 15:1) Others have presented Ruzm el-Mesrife (situated W-SW of modern Madeba [ancient Medeba]) as a possible identification.

MIZRAIM

(Mizʹra·im).

Listed second among the sons of Ham. (Gen. 10:6) Mizraim was the progenitor of the Egyptian tribes (as well as some non-Egyptian tribes) and the name came to be synonymous with Egypt. (Gen. 10:13, 14; 50:11) Thus, the word “Egypt” in English translations actually renders the Hebrew Mits·raʹyim (or Ma·tsohrʹ in a few cases, 2 Ki. 19:24; Isa. 19:6; 37:25; Mic. 7:12). The Tell el-Amarna letters of the late second millennium refer to Egypt as Misri, similar to the modern Arabic name for the land (Misr).

Many scholars hold that Mizraim is a dual form representing the duality of Egypt (that is, Upper and Lower Egypt), but this is conjectural. (See EGYPT, EGYPTIAN.) The names of Mizraim’s descendants are apparently plural forms: Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, Naphtuhim, Pathrusim, Casluhim and Caphtorim. (Gen. 10:13, 14; 1 Chron. 1:11, 12) For this reason it is usually suggested that they represent the names of tribes rather than individual sons. Although this is possible, it should be noted that there are other names that appear to be dual or plural in their construction, such as Ephraim, Appaim, Diblaim and Meshillemoth (Gen. 41:52; 1 Chron. 2:30, 31; Hos. 1:3; 2 Chron. 28:12), each obviously referring to only one individual.

MIZZAH

(Mizʹzah) [strong, firm].

A descendant of Esau through Reuel and a sheik of Edom. (Gen. 36:17; 1 Chron. 1:34-37) Mizzah was Esau’s grandson, as he is included among “the sons [or, “grandsons”] of Basemath, Esau’s wife,” who was Ishmael’s daughter and the mother of Reuel.—Gen. 36:2, 3, 10, 13.

MNASON

(Mnaʹson) [possibly, reminding].

A native of Cyprus and “an early disciple.” Paul and those with him were to be entertained in Mnason’s home as the apostle returned from his missionary journey in c. 56 C.E. Some disciples from Caesarea accompanied Paul’s group on the way from Caesarea to Jerusalem, to bring them to Mnason.—Acts 21:15-17.

MOAB

(Moʹab) [possibly, from (her) father], Moabites (Moʹab·ites).

1. The son of Lot by his older daughter. Like his half-brother Ammon, Moab was conceived after Lot and his daughters left Zoar and began dwelling in a cave of the nearby mountainous region. Moab became the forefather of the Moabites.—Gen. 19:30-38.

2. The territory anciently inhabited by the Moabites was called “Moab” and also the “field(s) of Moab.” (Gen. 36:35; Num. 21:20; Ruth 1:2; 1 Chron. 1:46; 8:8; Ps. 60:8) Earlier the Emim had resided in this land but were apparently displaced by the Moabites. (Deut. 2:9-11; compare verses 18-22.) Toward the close of Israel’s wilderness wandering the territory of Moab appears to have extended from the torrent valley of Zered in the S to the torrent valley of Arnon in the N (a distance of some 30 miles [48 kilometers]), the Dead Sea forming the W boundary and the Arabian desert an undefined E boundary. (Num. 21:11-13; Deut. 2:8, 9, 13, 18, 19) Rising sharply from the Dead Sea, this region is chiefly a tableland slashed by gorges and has an average elevation of some 3,000 feet (900 meters) above the Mediterranean Sea. In ancient times it afforded pasture for vast flocks (2 Ki. 3:4) and supported vineyards and orchards. (Compare Isaiah 16:6-10; Jeremiah 48:32, 33.) Grain was also cultivated.—Compare Deuteronomy 23:3, 4.

There was an earlier period when the land of Moab extended N of the Arnon and included the “desert plains of Moab across the Jordan from Jericho.” (Num. 22:1) But sometime before the arrival of the Israelites, Amorite King Sihon annexed this region and the Arnon came to be Moab’s N boundary. (Num. 21:26-30; Judg. 11:15-18) The Ammonites also suffered defeat at the hands of Sihon and were pushed to the N and E. The territory conquered from both peoples by the Amorites formed a wedge between Moab and Ammon, and thus Moab came to be bounded by Amorite territory on the N and Edomite territory on the S. (Judg. 11:13, 21, 22; compare Deuteronomy 2:8, 9, 13, 14, 18.) At its greatest extent the territory of Moab was approximately sixty miles (97 kilometers) from N to S and twenty-five miles (40 kilometers) from E to W.—See map on page 70.

Probably because a part of Amorite territory had once belonged to Moab, it continued to be called the “land of Moab.” (Deut. 1:5) It was in this former Moabite territory that the Israelites encamped before crossing the Jordan. (Num. 31:12; 33:48-51) There a second census was taken of Israel’s able-bodied men from twenty years old upward. (Num. 26:2-4, 63) Also there divine commands and judicial decisions were received about Levite cities, cities of refuge and inheritance. (Num. 35:1–36:13) There Moses delivered his final discourses and concluded with Israel the covenant of the repeated law. (Deut. 1:1-5; 29:1) Finally Moses ascended Mount Nebo to view the Promised Land and then died. For thirty days Israel mourned Moses’ death on the desert plains of Moab.—Deut. 32:49, 50; 34:1-6, 8.

MOAB’S RELATIONSHIP TO ISRAEL

As descendants of Abraham’s nephew Lot, the Moabites were related to the Israelites. The languages of both peoples were very similar, as seen from the inscription on the Moabite Stone. Also, like the Israelites, the Moabites appear to have practiced circumcision. (Jer. 9:25, 26) Nevertheless, with few exceptions such as Ruth and King David’s mighty man Ithmah (Ruth 1:4, 16, 17; 1 Chron. 11:26, 46), the Moabites manifested great enmity toward Israel.

Before Israel’s entry into the Promised Land

The song of Moses about Jehovah’s destroying Egypt’s military might in the Red Sea indicated that news of this event would cause the “despots of Moab” to tremble. (Ex. 15:14, 15) That the Moabites did become fearful is indicated by their king’s denying Israel peaceful passage through his realm about forty years later. (Judg. 11:17) Because of a direct command from God, the Israelites, however, did not attack the Moabites but, upon coming to Moab’s southern boundary at the torrent valley of Zered, they skirted the territory of Moab. (Num. 21:11-13; Deut. 2:8, 9; Judg. 11:18) Although the Moabites did sell food and water to the Israelites (Deut. 2:26-29), “they did not come to [Israel’s] aid with bread and water.” (Deut. 23:3, 4) Evidently this means that the Moabites did not receive them hospitably and supply provisions without seeking gain.

Later, after crossing the torrent valley of Arnon, Israel was confronted by the Amorites under King Sihon, who had earlier seized Moabite territory N of the Arnon. Following their God-given victories over this ruler and also King Og of Bashan, the Israelites encamped on the desert plains of Moab. (Num. 21:13, 21–22:1; Deut. 2:24–3:8) The extensive Israelite camp frightened the Moabites and their King Balak, causing them to feel a sickening dread. Although making no claim to the former Moabite territory taken by the Israelites from the Amorites, Balak did fear for his realm. He therefore consulted with the older men of Midian and then sent messengers, older men of both Moab and Midian, to hire the prophet Balaam to come and curse Israel. (Num. 22:2-8; compare Judges 11:25.) In this way Balak ‘fought’ against the Israelites. (Josh. 24:9) Jehovah, however, caused Balaam to bless Israel and even to foretell Israel’s ascendancy over Moab. (Num. chaps. 23, 24; Josh. 24:10; Neh. 13:1, 2; Mic. 6:5) Next, at Balaam’s suggestion, Moabite and Midianite women were used to lure Israelite males into immorality and idolatry in connection with Baal of Peor. Many Israelites succumbed to this temptation, bringing Jehovah’s anger and death to 24,000 men. (Num. 25:1-3, 6, 9; 31:9, 15, 16) For failing to aid the Israelites with bread and water and then hiring Balaam to curse Israel, the Moabites were barred from coming into the congregation of Jehovah “even to the tenth generation.”—Deut. 23:3, 4; see AMMONITES (Intermarriage with Israelites).

In the time of the Judges

During the period of the Judges, the Moabites appear to have expanded their territory N of the Arnon and, in the reign of their King Eglon, occupied Israelite territory W of the Jordan at least as far as the “city of palm trees,” Jericho. (Judg. 3:12, 13; compare Deuteronomy 34:3.) Israel’s subservience to Moab continued for eighteen years until Ehud, a left-handed Benjamite, killed King Eglon while having a private audience with him. Ehud then led the Israelites against Moab, striking down about 10,000 Moabites and subduing them.—Judg. 3:14-30.

In this general period, when famine affected Judah, Elimelech, with his wife Naomi and their two sons, Mahlon and Chilion, emigrated to the more fertile land of Moab. There the sons married Moabite women, Orpah and Ruth. After the death of the three men in Moab and improvement of conditions in Israel, Naomi, accompanied by Ruth, returned to Bethlehem. There Boaz, a kinsman of Elimelech, married Ruth, who had abandoned the polytheism of the Moabites and had become a worshiper of Jehovah. Thus Ruth, a Moabitess, became an ancestress of David and therefore also of Jesus Christ.—Ruth 1:1-6, 15-17, 22; 4:13, 17.

Also in the time of the Judges, Israel began venerating the deities of the Moabites, doubtless including their god Chemosh. (Judg. 10:6; Num. 21:29; Jer. 48:46) For adopting such false worship of neighboring peoples the Israelites lost Jehovah’s favor and suffered at the hands of their enemies. (Judg. 10:7-10) As late as the time of Samuel, the last judge before the establishment of the monarchy, unfaithful Israel experienced harassment from the Moabites.—1 Sam. 12:9, 10.

During the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon

Difficulties with the Moabites continued for years afterward. Israel’s first king, Saul, victoriously warred against them. (1 Sam. 14:47) Since the Moabites would therefore have regarded Saul as an enemy, understandably the king of Moab was agreeable to having the parents of David, a man whom Saul had outlawed, dwell at Mizpeh in Moab.—1 Sam. 22:3, 4.

Later, when David himself ruled as king, there also was warfare between Israel and Moab. The Moabites were completely subdued and paid tribute to David. Apparently at the end of the conflict two-thirds of Moab’s fighting men were put to death. It seems that David had them lie down on the ground in a row and then measured this row to determine the two-thirds to be put to death and the one-third to be preserved alive. (2 Sam. 8:2, 11, 12; 1 Chron. 18:2, 11) Possibly in the course of the same conflict, Benaiah the son of Jehoiada “struck down the two sons of Ariel of Moab.” (2 Sam. 23:20; 1 Chron. 11:22) David’s decisive victory over the Moabites fulfilled Balaam’s prophetic words uttered over 400 years earlier: “A star will certainly step forth out of Jacob, and a scepter will indeed rise out of Israel. And he will certainly break apart the temples of Moab’s head and the cranium of all the sons of tumult of war.” (Num. 24:17) Also apparently with reference to this victory, the psalmist spoke of God’s regarding Moab as his “washing pot.”—Ps. 60:8; 108:9.

David’s son Solomon, however, disregarded God’s law and married Moabite women who had not become worshipers of Jehovah. To please them Solomon built a high place to their god Chemosh. Not until some three centuries later, during Josiah’s reign, was this high place made unfit for worship.—1 Ki. 11:1, 7; 2 Ki. 23:13.

After the division of the kingdom until the Judean exile

Sometime after the secession of Israel from Judah the Moabites appear to have regained territory N of the Arnon. On the black basalt stele known as the Moabite Stone, Moab’s King Mesha speaks of Israel’s King Omri as taking possession of the region of Medeba. Since the tableland of Medeba was in the territory of Reuben (Josh. 13:15, 16), Israel had apparently lost this area to the Moabites so that Omri later had to recapture it.

Evidently Moab remained under Israelite control during the reigns of Kings Omri and Ahab. But following the death of Ahab, Moab’s King Mesha, who “paid to the king of Israel a hundred thousand lambs and a hundred thousand unshorn male sheep,” revolted. (2 Ki. 1:1; 3:4, 5) The Moabite Stone memorializes this revolt. If correctly identified as being the same places mentioned in the Bible, eleven of the cities that King Mesha claims as subject to or captured or (re)built by him were definitely in Israelite territory N of the Arnon. These cities are Dibon, Ataroth, Aroer, Kiriathaim, Nebo, Baal-meon (Num. 32:34, 37, 38), Medeba, Bamoth-baal, Beth-baal-meon, Jahaz (Josh. 13:9, 17-19) and Bezer.—Josh. 20:8.

Unlike Mesha’s propagandistic inscription, the Scriptures report that the Moabites suffered humiliating defeat. Enlisting the aid of King Jehoshaphat of Judah and the king of Edom in putting down the Moabite revolt, Jehoram (who became king of Israel about two years after Ahab’s death) marched against Moab from the S, by way of the wilderness of Edom. But the allied armies and their animals almost perished for lack of water. The prophet Elisha’s aid was then sought and, in fulfillment of his prophecy that Jehovah would help on account of Jehoshaphat, the torrent valley became filled with water. The next morning the reflection of the sun upon the water made it look like blood to the Moabites. Wrongly concluding that the allied armies had slaughtered one another, the Moabites abandoned all caution and came to the Israelite camp, only to be put to flight. As the