Ŋwɛi Yibaamɔ He Odaseyeli
KƐ Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ ni jɛ mumɔŋ lɛ ebaha wɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ taakɛ akɛha kɛjɛ shishijee lɛ, ni yɛ nɛkɛ eyibaamɔ yɛ naakpɛɛ gbɛ nɔ nɛɛ hewɔ lɛ, esa akɛ klɛŋklɛŋ lɛ wɔda Biblia lɛ Feelɔ lɛ shi. Shi ekolɛ Hebri Ŋmalɛi muu lɛ fɛɛ loo efai komɛi ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ ekomekomei 6,000 yɔɔ kɛ Kristofoi a-Hela Ŋmalɛi lɛ hu ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ ekomekomei 5,000 hu.
“Yehowa wiemɔ lɛ hiɔ shi kɛyaa naanɔ.” (1 Petro 1:25, New World Translation) Shi mɛni ji nɔ ni ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ nibii amli pɛilɔi eha ale yɛ e-Wiemɔ Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ yibaamɔ he?
Ani Niŋmaai Lɛ Ji Anɔkwale?
Ani Kristofoi a-Hela Ŋmalɛi lɛ amli niŋmaai lɛ ji anɔkwale? Eji anɔkwale diɛŋtsɛ, ni kɛ wɔsusu niŋmaai komɛi ni ehi shi kɛjɛ blema lɛ ahe lɛ, eko bɛ ni abaanyɛ akɛto he. Amaa anɔkwa sane nɛɛ nɔ mi yɛ wolo ni ji Auf den Spuren Jesu (Yɛ Yesu Nanemaa Hei Asɛɛ) , ni Gerhard Kroll ŋma lɛ mli. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ lɛ, niŋmalɔ lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ, papyri ekpaa pɛ abaa yi yɛ Hela jeŋ nilelɔ Aristotle (ni hi shi yɛ afii ohai ejwɛ D.Ŋ.B.) Iɛ niŋmaai lɛ fɛɛ mli, ni aŋmala enɛɛmɛi yɛ wɔ Ŋ.B. afii ohai nyɔŋma lɛ mli loo yɛ no sɛɛ. Plato (ni hi shi yɛ afii ohai ejwɛ D. Ŋ. B.) lɛ niŋmaai lɛ hi fioo fe enɛ. Enitsumɔi lɛ amli niŋmaai nyɔŋma ni aŋmala kɛjɛ afii ohai 13 lɛ mli lɛ yɔɔ Yɛ Herodotus (ni hi shi yɛ afii ohai enumɔ D.Ŋ.B.) lɛ gbɛfaŋ lɛ, papyrus woji aaafee 20 ni aŋmala yɛ ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ ni ji Ŋ.B. klɛŋklɛŋ afii oha lɛ mli kɛ agbɛnɛ esɛɛ mli yɔɔ. Enitsumɔi lɛ ahe saji ni akɛ niji ŋmala shwie shi lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ afii ohai nyɔŋma lɛ mli. Ní Josephus niŋmaai lɛ mli nɔ ni etsɛ fe fɛɛ lɛ jeɔ shishi kɛjɛɔ afii ohai 11 lɛ mli.
Nɔ ni tamɔɔɔ enɛ lɛ, Kristofoi a-Hela Ŋmalɛi (ni agbe naa yɛ Ŋ.B. klɛŋklɛŋ afii oha lɛ mli) lɛ mli niŋmaai lɛ fɛɛ ji nɔ ko ni afii ohai enyɔ lɛ niŋmaai ni abua naa lɛ yeɔ he odase kɛtsɔ afii ohai ejwɛ lɛ mli nɔ ni aŋmala ni yeɔ emuu lɛ nɔ. Taakɛ Kroll tsɔɔ lɛ, papyri nɛɛ 81 ni jɛ afii ohai 2 kɛbashi 7 lɛ mli yɔɔ, 266 ni akɛ niji eŋmala ni jɛ afii ohai 4 kɛbashi 10 lɛ mli, kɛ 2,754 ni akɛ niji ŋmala ni jɛ afii ohai 9 kɛbashi 15 lɛ mli, kɛ agbɛnɛ 2,135 ni abua naa tamɔ woji. Enɛɛmɛi fɛɛ yeɔ buaa wɔ ni wɔmaa Kristofoi a-Hela Ŋmalɛi lɛ anɔ mi akɛ amɛji anɔkwale. No hewɔ lɛ, hɛɛ, aye he odase diɛŋtsɛ.
Yohane Sanekpakpa Iɛ Fai Kukuji Komɛi Ni He Hiaa
Namɔ baakpa gbɛ akɛ eeena Biblia lɛ fa ko ni akɛ niji ŋmala ni he hiaa waa yɛ jwɛi ni bua shi mli? Ni kɛlɛ, jɛmɛ ji he ni ana Yohane Sanekpakpa lɛ Yoh yitso 18 lɛ fa ni he hiaa waa lɛ yɛ. Abale enɛ bianɛ akɛ John Ryland’s Papyrus 457(P52) , ni abaayi yɛ Manchester, England. Te fee tɛŋŋ ni abana enɛ, ni mɛni hewɔ ehe hiaa waa nakai lɛ?
Beni afii oha lɛ jeɔ shishi lɛ, shitsalɔi tsa papyrus woji fufuji babaoo ko, ni woji ni aŋmala, woji ni tsɔɔ shika ni nine eshɛ nɔ, faikpamɔ he woji, mɛi akanemɔ he woji kɛ woji sɔrɔtoi babaoo yɛ maŋ ni ji Oxyrhynchus ni yɔɔ El Faiyûm ni yɔɔ Mizraim lɛ kpokpaa lɛ nɔ lɛ sɛɛ. Aŋmala enɛɛmɛi ateŋ nɔ ni fa yɛ Hela wiemɔ mli ni abaa enɛ yi afii ohai babaoo yɛ shia ni egbi mli.
Afi 1920 mli ni John Rylands Library ni yɔɔ Manchester lɛ na hegbɛ akɛ amɛaabua enɛɛmɛi anaa. Afii nyɔŋma-kɛ-ejwɛ sɛɛ lɛ, woloŋlelɔ C. H. Roberts ni kwɛɔ nɛkɛ woji kukuji nɛɛ amli lɛ bana wiemɔi komɛi ni tamɔ nɔ ni ele jogbaŋŋ. Kwɛ miishɛɛ ni ena kɛ enaa ni kpɛ ehe beni eyoo akɛ amɛjɛ Yohane yitso 18, kuku 31 kɛyashi 33 lɛ fai komɛi ni aŋmala yɛ kuku lɛ fa ko hiɛ kɛ Yoh 18 kukuji 37 kɛ 38 hu yɛ efa lɛ sɛɛ lɛ. Nɛkɛ papyrus woji kukuji nɛɛ bafee Kristofoi a-Hela Ŋmalɛi ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ mli nɔ ni etsɛ fe fɛɛ ni ana. Aŋmala yɛ Hela niŋmaai agboi amli ni aje eŋmalamɔ shishi kɛjɛ wɔ Ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ Beaŋ afii ohai enyɔ lɛ klɛŋklɛŋ fa lɛ shishijee mli.
Kukuji lɛ kɛlɛ feɔ waotalɔi 3.5 ni elɛɛmɔ hu waotalɔi 2.5. Te fee tɛŋŋ ni anyɛ atsɔɔ nɛkɛ papyrus nɛɛ be lɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ nakai lɛ? Titri lɛ kɛtsɔ gbɛ ni atsɔ nɔ aŋmala enɔ nibii lɛ he nikasemɔ ko ni ale akɛ paleography lɛ nɔ. Nii ni akɛ niji ŋmalaa lɛ fɛɛ tsakeɔ fiofio yɛ afii lɛ amli, ni nɛkɛ tsakemɔi nɛɛ ji nɔ ni tsɔɔ afii abɔ ni nɔ ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ eye, kɛ tɔmɔi bibii komɛi yɛ afii amli yɛ esɛɛ loo ehiɛ. No hewɔ lɛ wolokpo muu lɛ fɛɛ ni akɛ niji ŋmala ni kukuji ni wɔwieɔ he nɛɛ ji efa bibioo ko lɛ ji nɔ ko ni belɛ aŋmala yɛ be ni bɛŋkɛ shishijee Sanekpakpai ni Yohane diɛŋtsɛ kɛ eniji ŋmala lɛ he. Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ gbɛ ni ka teŋ lɛ baanyɛ afee afii 30 loo 40 pɛ. Wɔbaanyɛ wɔna nɔmimaa hu akɛ sɛɛ mli niŋmalalɔi tsakeee Yohane sane lɛ, ejaakɛ nibii ni aŋmala yɛ kukuji ni ana lɛ anɔ lɛ kɛ niŋmalamɔi ni abana yɛ sɛɛ mli afii lɛ amli lɛ kpaa gbee kwraa.
Dani aaana enɛ lɛ, no mli lɛ mɛi ni wieɔ shiɔ lɛ ewie akɛ Yohane Sanekpakpa lɛ jeee Yesu bɔfo nɛɛ sane diɛŋtsɛ ni ekɛ eniji ŋmala shi moŋ sɛɛ mli be ko dani aŋmala, kɛmiiya afii ohai enyɔ lɛ naagbee. Nɔ ni tamɔɔɔ nakai lɛ, anaa faŋŋ kɛjɛɔ nɛkɛ kukuji nɛɛ amli akɛ Yohane Sanekpakpa lɛ yɛ Mizraim yɛ Ŋ.B. afii ohai enyɔ lɛ klɛŋklɛŋ fa lɛ mli, jeee akɛ wolokpo ko ni akota kɛkɛ, shi moŋ akɛ wolokpo muu diɛŋtsɛ ni agbeleɔ ebaafai. Kwɛ bɔ ni eyɔɔ naakpɛɛ ha akɛ wolo loo papyrus kukuji loo fufuji ni tamɔ nɔ ni ehe ehiaaa nɛɛ aaaha mɛi ni wieɔ shiɔ lɛ alilɛii aaakpɛtɛ amɛdaaŋ ni amɛmua amɛnaa!
[Akrabatsa ni yɔɔ baafa 31]
PAPYRUS
PAPYRUS (kwɛɛ nii ko ni tamɔ adai loo gala) kwɛɔ yɛ ŋmɔtɔ mli loo hei ni nui tara titri yɛ faai ni hoɔ blɛoo tamɔ Nilo faa lɛ atoi. (Hiob 8:11) Akɛ papyrus woji nɛɛ tsu nii akɛ nɔ ni aŋmalaa nii yɛ nɔ yɛ mra be mli tamɔ yɛ Abraham gbii lɛ amli. Yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ, ehe nitsumɔ bahe shi akɛ blema Mizraim nitsumɔi titrii lɛ ateŋ ekome. Yɛ efeemɔ mli lɛ, amɛtsɔɔ gbɛ ni yɔɔ mlɛo kwraa nɔ. Ajieɔ kwɛɛ nii nɛɛ amli nii yɛŋ lɛ ni afolɔɔ lɛ kakadaji bibii ashwieɔ shi, ni akɛ ekrokomɛi hu bleɔ ekrokomɛi anɔ kɛfoɔ mli ni akɛ ama kpɛtɛɔ. Anyɛmɔɔ nɔ ni akotaa lɛ afeɔ lɛ tamɔ wolo, akaa yɛ hulu nɔ, kɛkɛ lɛ akɛ ŋshɔnaa ŋoŋoi loo shwuɔ wui esha hiɛ. Abaanya akɛ woji nɛɛ atsara ni afee lɛ woji ni akota lɛ kokloo, ni eko fɛɛ eko kɛlɛ shɛɔ kɛjɛ ninetalɔi 14 kɛmiiya ninetalɔi 20, eyɛ mli akɛ ana eko ni abaa yi ni ekɛlɛ shɛɔ ninetalɔi 133. Yɛ gbɛ kroko hu nɔ lɛ, abaanyɛ afee lɛ baai ni akota ni efee tamɔ wolokpo muu diɛŋtsɛ, tamɔ woji ni akɛ niji ŋmalaa nɔ ni ehe gbɛi yɛ mra be mli Kristofoi abei lɛ amli lɛ.
[Akrabatsa ni yɔɔ baafa 31]
PARCHMENT KƐ VELLUM
AFII ohai enumɔ lɛ mli Alexandrine Codex, ni ji shishijee niŋmaai ni akɛ niji ŋmala ni ji Biblia muu lɛ fɛɛ lɛ ateŋ ekome lɛ, aŋmala yɛ vellum nɔ. Mɛni ji nɛkɛ nii nɛɛ, ni esoro enɛ yɛ parchment he yɛ mɛɛ gbɛ nɔ?
Ajɛ blema bei amli tɔɔ ni afee parchment nɛɛ kɛjɛ gwantɛŋ hewolo, abotia hewolo loo tsina bi hewolo mli. Ashɛɔ tsɔi lɛ kɛjɛɔ hewolo lɛ nɔ ni afɔɔ he, kɛkɛ lɛ akpa mli akala yɛ tsei anɔ koni egbi (Okɛto 2 Timoteo 4:13 he.) Beni shɛɔ wɔ Ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ Beaŋ afii ohai etɛ kɛ ejwɛ lɛ mli Iɛ, no mli Iɛ akɛ sɔrɔtofeemɔ eba kooloi ahewolo nɛɛ nɔ ni hi kɛ nɔ ni ehiii tsɔ mli, ni abale nɔ ni nɔ yɔɔ kpɔikpɔi lɛ akɛ parchment, kɛ nɔ ni yɔɔ trotro lɛ akɛ vellum. Yɛ vellum lɛ gbɛfaŋ lɛ, tsina bii aloo abotia bii aloo tsina bi loo gwantɛŋ bii ni ashrake amɛ lɛ ahewolo akɛfeɔ. Anyɛɔ akɛfeɔ wolo ni yɔɔ fɛtɛfɛtɛ ni yɔɔ trotro hu ni yɛɔ ni anyɛɔ aŋmaa woji ni he hiaa yɛ nɔ aahu kɛyashi be mli ni afee woji akalamɔ tsɔne lɛ, ni no ha wolo diɛŋtsɛ bafee nɔ ni jarai waaa tsɔ ni ehi hu lɛ.