Tshitupa tshisatu​—Mushindu wakatufikila Bible

BIRMANIE, mu 1824​—Banene ba basalayi ba mukalenge badi bafuma ku dikalakasa mu nzubu wa ba-misionere wa Adoniram ne Ann Judson, mbangate tshintu tshionso tshidibu bamone tshia mushinga. Kadi mbapangile tshiuma tshia mushinga mutambe bukole—​maniskri makudimuna a Bible avua Ann mujike mu musokoko muinshi mua buloba mu nzubu. Mukudimunyi Adoniram, mmulale panshi musuika ne nkanu mu buloko bûle tente ne tumue, mbamufunde bua dienza butentekedi. Mpindieu tshitalele ntshifuanyike kunyanga maniskri. Mmushindu kayi wa kuapandisha? Ann udi uatelela munda mua musamu mukole ne udi uupesha bayende mu buloko. Badi bakuba musamu eu, ne tshidi munda muawu tshidi tshilua tshitupa tshia Bible wa kumpala mu tshiena-Birmanie.

Bible mmumone mabika ne mala mu kupita kua bidimu. Mu nimero mishale, tuvua bakonkonone dikudimuna ne diabanya dia Bible kubangila ku dijika diende too ne ku ntuadijilu wa bidimu bia 1600. Mmunyi mudi Bible mumbuke kuine aku mufike too ne kutudi eku? Bantu bonso badiku mua kumupeta anyi? Mmudimu kayi udi Société Watch Tower muenze?

Ba-misionere ne Société ya Bible

Mu matunga mavule, bidimu bia 1600 ne bia 1700 bivua bia nyota mikole ya dibala dia Bible. Nangananga ditunga dia Angleterre ke divua dipete buenzeji bukole bua Bible mu tshikondo atshi. Bushuwa, miyuki ne malongesha bia mu Bible biakabuela mu ngenyi pabuipi ne ya muntu yonso wa mu ditunga adi, kubangila ku mukalenge too ne ku nsongalume mupushi wa tshikasu tshia ngombe. Kadi buenzeji bua Bible buakatangalaka bikole. Dîba adi Angleterre uvua ditunga dia bukole ne dia bungenda bunene ne dikale ne bumfumu mu matunga a bende, ne bamue bena Angleterre bakangata Bible kuyabu nende mu ngendu yabu. Ebi biakasa tshishimikidi tshia kampanye kakolesha ka Bible.

Ku ndekelu kua bidimu bia 1700, Bible wakasaka bamue bena Angleterre bua kuela meji bua majinga a mu nyuma a bantu ba mu matunga a kulekule a Ampire wa bena Grande-Bretagne. Kadi, diditatshisha edi kadivua kudi bonso nansha. Bena ekleziya bavule bavua bitabuja tshimana-kufunda, ne pa nanku bavua bamona bu disua dia Nzambi bua bamue bantu kabapanduki. Pavua William Carey, eu uvua ne bua kulua misionere, muenze muyuki wa dikema bua kusonsola bantu bua bakankamije bu-misionere mu Inde, muntu kampanda wakamutumina dîyi umukanyina ne: “Somba panshi we, nsongalume; pasua Nzambi kukudimuna bampangano, neenze nanku kakuyi diambuluisha diebe!” Nansha nanku, Carey wakasabuka ne mazuwa mutangile ku Inde mu 1793. Bidi bikemesha, wakakudimuna ndekelu wa bionso Bible mujima anyi bitupa biende mu miakulu 35 ya mu Inde.

Ba-misionere bakajingulula ne: tshia-mudimu tshiabu tshia nshindamenu tshivua Bible mu muakulu wa muaba au. Kadi, nnganyi uvua mua kupetesha Bible ya bungi? Bidi bikoka ntema, Mary Jones, nsongakaji wa bidimu 16 wa mu Pays de Galles, kayi mumanye, wakasaka kasumbu ka bantu badilongolole ku mudimu uvua ne bua kutangalaja Bible mu buloba bujima. Mu 1800, Mary wakenda ku makasa kutupu mutantshi wa kilometre 40 bua kusumba Bible wa tshiena-Galles kudi mfumu kampanda wa tshitendelelu. Uvua mulame mfranga yende munkatshi mua bidimu bisambombo, ne pakumvua Mary ne: bakavua basumbishe Bible yonso, wakadila, kudila kuamba kufuilaku. Luse kukuata bikole mfumu eu wa tshitendelelu, e kupeshaye Mary umue wa ku Bible yende yeye.

Pashishe, mfumu eu wa tshitendelelu wakela meji bua bantu bakuabu ba bungi bavua bakeba Bible, ne wakayukila tshilumbu etshi ne balunda bende ba mu Londres. Tshipeta tshivua se: mu 1804, bakenza société wa British and Foreign Bible Society. Tshipatshila tshiende tshivua tshipepele: Kupetesha bantu Bible idi mua kumueneka mu muakulu wabu, mututa ku biamu “kakuyi note anyi diumvuija.” Mu diumbusha mumvuija ku mielelu, benji ba Société eu bavua batekemena bua kuepuka dikokangana pa malongesha. Kadi misangu mivule Société wa Bible eu uvua upanga kumvuangana bua Apokrife (mikanda kayiyi mienzeja ku spiritu), bua batismo wa kuina mu mâyi, ne bua dilongesha dia Busatu Bunsantu.

Musangelu wa mbangilu wakatangalaka ne lukasa luonso, ne pabuipi ne mu 1813, bavua benze société misanga mu Allemagne, mu Pays-Bas, mu Danemark, ne mu Russie. Mutantshi, kusakidilabu minga société ya Bible mu matunga makuabu. Pavua société ya kumpala ya Bible ileja bipatshila biayi, ivua yela meji ne: bantu bavule pa buloba bavua batumika anu ne miakulu minene mibala ku minu. Kayivuaku miele meji ne: miakulu eyi ivuaku binunu ne binunu! Bakudimunyi bakese ke bavua bamanye tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Greke bua kumona mua kukudimuna diakamue mu muakulu wa mu muaba au. Pa nanku, pavua société wa British and Foreign Bible Society ufila mfranga bua nkudimuinu mivule, bakudimunyi misangu ya bungi bavua bimanyikila mudimu wabu pa nkudimuinu wa King James Version wa mu muakulu wa Anglais.

Ntatu ya mukudimunyi umue

Bivule bia ku bidi mu Bible mmiyuki milonda ne mifuanu mishindamene pa malu a ku dituku ne ku dituku. Ebi bidi bimuvuija mupepele bua kukudimuna kupita muvuabi mua kuikala bu yeye mufunda mu miaku mibuitshidile ya nkindi. Kadi, bikavua anu bidizole ne: madikolela a kumpala a ba-misionere avua apatula imue misangu ngandamuinu idi ikondakaja ne ya tuseku. Tshilejilu, nkudimuinu umue wakapesha bantu ba mu tshitupa kampanda tshia mu Inde lungenyi lua se: Nzambi mmuntu udi ne mubidi mufikuluke. Muaku mutumika nawu bua kuleja “wa mu diulu” mu tshiambilu tshia “Tatu wa mu diulu” uvua umvuija ne: “muikale ne mubidi (dikala) wa diulu”​—diulu dietu didi dimueneka edi!

Pa bidi bitangila bipumbishi bia bakudimunyi, Adoniram Judson wakafunda mu 1819 ne: ‘Patudi tulonga muakulu mutumika nawu kudi bantu ba mu lunga luseke lua buloba, udi ne tuludi tua nsuikilu ya miaku tuikale tuonso anu tupiatupia, ne maleta ne miaku bionso bikale kabiyiku ne difuanangana ne muakulu mukuabu utukadi bumvue; patudi katuyi ne nkonga-miaku anyi muandamunyi, petu bikale ne bua kumvua tshintu kampanda tshia muakulu au kumpala kua tuetu kunyemena kudi mulongeshi wa muaba au​—uvua mudimu mukole be!’ Ne mudimu wa bakudimunyi bu mudi Judson wakenzeja bikole bua Bible kumuenekaye.​—Tangila karte mu dibeji dia 12.

Ann Judson wakambuluisha bayende mu mudimu mukole wa dikudimuna. Kadi dîku dia Judson diakapeta ntatu kayiyi anu ya mu mudimu wa dikudimuna. Pakapulumunabu Adoniram ne kumuelabu mu buloko kudi banene ba basalayi ba mukalenge, Ann uvua muikale ne difu. Ne dikima dionso, munda mua ngondo 21, wakasengelela banene ba mbulamatadi aba ba tshikisu bua kulekelabu bayende. Lutatu alu lukole pamue ne disama biakamukebela mukodi ku mubidi. Mutantshi kaunengi panyima pa bamane kulekela Adoniram, mukajende Ann wa bukitu pamue ne muanabu mutekete wa bakaji kufuabu mubidi kapia. Adoniram wakabungama bikole. Nansha nanku, wakanyemena kudi Nzambi bua kupeta bukole ne wakatungunuka ne dikudimuna, kujikijaye Bible wa mu tshiena-Birmanie mu 1835. Pine apu, makokangana makuabu a muinshimuinshi bua Bible avua enda adiunda.

Dikokangana didi dijingila Bible

Mu bidimu bia 1800 muakenzeka dikokangana dinene mu malu a nsombelu ne a tshididi, imue misangu Bible muikalamu ne mudimu munene. Tshilejilu, nansha muvua Société wa Bible wa bena Russie mutuadije mudimu ku bulami bua Amperere ne Ekleziya Ortodokse wa bena Russie, ndekelu wa bionso bakashipa ne bakakandika Société eu. (Baluishi ba Société au bakavua bamane kuosha binunu bivule bia Bible bu tshidimu tshijima kumpala.) Bamfumu ba Ekleziya Ortodokse mpindieu bakakeba ne lukunukunu luonso bua kujikija tshivua bena nkristo ba kumpala bamane kutuadija ne musangelu wonso​—dimuangalaka dia Bible miaba yonso. Mu siekele wa 19 balombodi bena Ortodokse bakasuminyina bamba ne: Bible uvua uteka bukokeshi bua Ekleziya ne bua Mbulamatadi mu njiwu. Kabiyi muvuabi bindila, bena nshintulukilu wakajuka mu malu a tshididi bakalua kumona Bible, ki mbu njiwu kudi makokeshi, kadi, bu tshia-mvita tshia Ekleziya ne tshia Mbulamatadi bua kulama bantu bikale bakokela. Bible uvua muluisha ku nseke yonso ibidi!

Mu bidimu biakalonda muakamueneka kabidi buluishi buvule “bua meji” bujudila Bible. Mu 1831, Charles Darwin wakenza luendu ne mazuwa a mâyi luakafikisha ku dilongesha diende dia didimenena. Mu 1848, Marx ne Engels bakapatula mukanda wa Communist Manifesto, udi uleja Buena-nkristo bu tshia-mudimu tshia dikengeshangana natshi. Kabidi mu tshikondo atshi, bakonkononyi banene bakela mpata pa bujalame bua Mifundu ne bulelela bua miyuki ya bantu batela mu Bible​—nansha wa Yezu muine! Kadi bamue bena meji bakajingulula mashimi a malongesha avua abenga Nzambi ne Bible, ne bakakeba njila ya bushikuluji bua kushindika mushindu udi Bible muikale mukanda wa kueyemena. Umue wa ku bantu aba uvua Konstantin von Tischendorf, muena Allemagne wa tshipedi tshia miakulu.

Bintu bisokolola bidi biambuluisha bua kujadika mifundu ya mu Bible

Tischendorf wakenza luendu ku Moyen-Orient wenda ukeba maniskri a kale a Bible, muikale ne ditekemena dia kujadika mifundu ya ku ntuadijilu ya mu Bible. Mu 1859, tshidimu tshine tshiakapatula Darwin mukanda wende (The Origin of Species), Tischendorf wakapeta tshivua tshimanyike bu kopi wa kalekale wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke ya Buena-nkristo mu nzubu kampanda wa badiambike kuinshi kua Mukuna wa Sinayi. Mukanda eu mmumanyike bu Codex Sinaïticus, ne bumue bavua baupatule bidimu bu 50 kumpala kua Jérôme kujikijaye La Vulgate mu Latin. Nansha mutshidibu bakula bua diumbusha diende dia codex eu mu nzubu wa badiambike, Tischendorf wakamupatula, pa kumuvuija nenku mukanda udi bashikuluji mua kupeta bipepele.a

Bualu maniskri a Sinaïticus avua munkatshi mua maniskri a kale a mu muakulu wa ku ntuadijilu, kaavua anu masokolole patupu ne: Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke ivua mishale anu mijima kayiyi mishintuluke, kadi akambuluisha kabidi bashikuluji bua kusokolola bilema bivua bidifinye mu maniskri akalonda pashishe. Tshilejilu, mvese udi wakula bua Yezu mu 1 Timote 3:16 mu Sinaïticus udi wamba ne: “Yeye uvua mumuenesha patoke mu mubidi.” Pa muaba wa “yeye,” tshi-bungi tshia maniskri mamanyike a musangu au tshiakaleja mfundilu wa tshikoso bua “Nzambi,” muenza pa kushintulula kakese muaku wa tshiena-Greke mukudimuna ne: “yeye.” Kadi, bakavua benze Sinaïticus bidimu bivule kumpala kua maniskri onso makuabu a tshiena-Greke kuakulawu bua “Nzambi.” Nenku akasokolola ne: kuvua kumueneke dinyanguka dia mifundu dia pashishe, dibueja patoke bua kubingisha dilongesha dia Busatu Bunsantu.

Kubangila mu tshikondo tshia Tischendorf, maniskri makuabu mmapatuke. Lelu’eu, bungi busanga bua maniskri mamanyike a Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu mbufike ku 6 000, ne bua maniskri a Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke mbupite pa 13 000. Dikonkonona pa kufuanyikija maniskri aa ndifikishe ku mifundu ya mu muakulu wa ku ntuadijilu itudi mua kueyemena ne muoyo mujima. Bu muakabileja mushikuluji F. F. Bruce ne: “Ngandamuinu mishilangane . . . kayena ne buenzeji pa malu a mushinga a bulelela anyi a ditabuja ne bibidilu bia Buena-nkristo.” Nansha muvua dikudimuna dia Bible mu miakulu mikuabu ditungunuka, mmunyi muvua dimanya edi dikolesha mua kukuatshisha bantu?

Société Watch Tower ne Bible

Mu 1881 kasumbu kakese ka balongeshi ne balongi ba Bible bena muoyo umue kakenza tshiakalua pashishe Société Watch Tower. Diambedi, bavua babanya Bible mienza kudi société mikuabu ya Bible, pamue ne Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke ya Tischendorf. Kadi pabuipi ne 1890, bakaditua diakamue mu dipatula dia Bible, pa kufila mfranga bua kupeta bungi kampanda bua nkudimuinu ya Bible ya kumpala. Mu 1926 Société wakatuadija kututa Bible ku bikuminu bia mikanda biende nkayende. Kadi dijinga dia nkudimuinu wa lelulelu divua dienda dimueneka. Bavuaku mua kubueja dimanya dipetela ku bintu bisokolola ne ku bushikuluji bua mu siekele mushale mu Bible mupepele kumvua, ne udi muntu yonso mua kupeta anyi? Bikale ne tshipatshila etshi, bena Société bakalongolola mu 1946 bua kupatula nkudimuinu mupiamupia wa Mifundu.

Nkudimuinu umue, miakulu ya bungi

Komite wa bakudimunyi muenza ne bena nkristo bela manyi bakumbane uvua mulongolola bua kupatula Les Saintes Écritures​—Traduction du monde nouveau mu Anglais. Bakamupatula mu volime isambombo kubangila mu 1950 too mu 1960, pa kutuadija ne Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke ya Buena-nkristo. Kubangila mu 1963 mbamukudimune mu minga miakulu 27, ne mikuabu ya bungi idi mu njila. Bipatshila bia miakulu mikuabu bidi bikale bia muomumue ne mu Anglais. Tshia kumpala: nkudimuinu udi ne bua kuikala mujalame, muikale pabuipi bikole ne ngenyi ya ku ntuadijilu. Diumvuija kadiena ne bua kuikala dikonyangaja bua kudiakajangana ne ngumvuilu kampanda wa malongesha. Tshibidi: mudi ne bua kuikala diumvuangana dia miaku, nkudimuinu muikale ulamata ku ngandamuinu kampanda wa muaku munene wonso bilondeshile mudi mvese idi kumpenga yanyisha. Dienza nenku didi diambuluisha mubadi bua kumona mudi bafundi ba Bible benze mudimu ne miaku misunguluke. Tshisatu: nkudimuinu udi ne bua kuikala mu mishindu yonso wa ku muaku ku muaku kakuyi dibuitshidija dia diumvuija. Diandamuna ku muaku ku muaku didi dipesha mubadi mushindu mupepele wa kusemena pabuipi ne bimanyinu bia miakulu ya ku ntuadijilu ne ngenzelu ya ngenyi misanga. Ne tshinayi: nkudimuinu udi ne bua kuikala mutekete bua bantu bashadile bamubale ne bamumvue.

Mfundilu mulenga wa ku muaku ku muaku wa Les Saintes Écritures​—Traduction du monde nouveau mu Anglais udi upepeja dimukudimuna mu miakulu mikuabu. Bua tshipatshila etshi, tusumbu tua bakudimunyi tua Société tudi tuenza mudimu mpindieu ne programe mibandile ya ordinatere bua kuenza mudimu wabu ne lukasa ne kuuvuija mutambe kujalama. Ndongoluelu eu udi wambuluisha bakudimunyi bua kusangisha liste ya miaku ya mu muakulu wabu idi yumvuangana ne muaku wonso munene wa mu Anglais. Udi kabidi ubapesha mushindu wa kulonga ngandamuinu ya Anglais ya muaku wonso wa mu tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Greke udi mu Bible.

Kukudimuna biangatshile ku Anglais, pamutu pa kuenza mudimu diakamue biangatshile ku tshiena-Ebelu ne tshiena-Greke, kudi ne diambuluisha dia bungi. Pa kumbusha dikepesha dia dîba dia dikudimuna, kudi kufila mushindu wa kupeta diumvuangana divule dia biambilu mu miakulu yonso. Bua tshinyi? Bualu mbitambe kupepela bua kukudimuna musangu umue biangatshile ku muakulu wa mpindieu kuela mu mukuabu muakulu, pamutu pa kukudimuna biangatshile ku muakulu wa kale ne kuela mu miakulu kabukabu ya mpindieu. Mene, bakudimunyi badi mua kuebeja bantu badi bakula miakulu ya mpindieu kadi kabena mua kuebeja bakudimunyi ba miakulu mitumika nayi kukadi binunu bia bidimu.

Lumu luimpe bua matunga onso

Bivule bitambe bivua mua kufundibua pa bidi bitangila balume ne bakaji ba mukaba badi bambuluishe bua kuvuija Bible mukanda mutambe kutangalaka bikole pa buloba. Munkatshi mua siekele mivule, mbatute ku biamu Bible mitue ku miliyare inayi pamue ne bitupa biende mu miakulu mipite pa binunu bibidi, miakula kudi bantu bapite bia pa lukama 90 pa buloba bujima!

Bible wakadianjila kuamba bua dimanyisha dia buloba bujima dia Bukalenge bua Nzambi mu matuku etu aa. Bua muanda eu, mbitoke se: Yehowa Nzambi nkayende mmulombole bantu bua kuvuija mpindieu Bible mukanda udibu mua kupeta miaba yonso. (Matayo 13:47, 48; 24:14) Bakudimunyi ne bapatudi ba Bible bena muoyo mukole ba kale bakamba kujimija bintu bionso bua kutupesha Dîyi dia Nzambi​—mpokolo umuepele wa butoke bua mu nyuma mu bulongolodi ebu bua mîdima mu malu a nsombelu. Tshilejilu tshiabu tshikusake bua kubala, kutumikila, ne kuleja Dîyi edi ne dishindika dia muomumue diakalejabu pabu. Eyowa, dituku dionso, petela dikuatshisha dia tshishiki ku Bible wa kueyemena uudi nende mu bianza biebe!​—Yeshaya 40:6-8.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Tablo mu dibeji 12]

Didiunda mu dikudimuna dia Bible

(Bua kumona malu bimpe, tangila mu mukanda)

Bungi bua miakulu

1 Bena Yuda badi babanga kukudimuna Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu mu tshiena-Greke bu mu 280 K.B.B.

12 Jérôme udi ujikija La Vulgate mu Latin bu mu 400 B.B.

35 Gutenberg udi ujikija Bible wa kumpala mukuma ku biamu bu mu 1455

81 Société wa British and Foreign Bible Society mmuenza mu 1804

Bungi butshinka bua miakulu ku tshidimu

522

1900

600

700

800

900

1 049

1950

1 100

1 200

1 300

1 471

1970

2 123

1996

2 200

2 300

2 400

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Mikanda: Christianity Today, United Bible Society

[Mêyi a dianyisha mu dibeji 9]

Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1995 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 8]

Bakasuika Judson ne kuyabu nende ku bukole

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Tshiangatshila mu mukanda wa Judson the Hero of Burma, mufunda kudi Jesse Page

[Bimfuanyi mu dibeji 10]

Tischendorf wakapandisha maniskri a mushinga ku nzubu eu wa badiambike kuinshi kua Mukuna wa Sinayi

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.