Constantin Munene​—Ntshilobo tshia Buena-nkristo anyi?

Constantin, amperere muena Roma udi munkatshi mua bantu bakese bena mêna adi malu a kale malengeje ne muaku wa “Munene.” Bukua-buena-nkristo mbusakidile biambilu bu mudi “munsantu,” “mupostolo wa dikumi ne muisatu,” “munsantu udi mumue ne bapostolo,” ne ‘musungula ku Buludiki bua Nzambi bua kukumbaja dishintuluka ditambe bunene pa buloba bujima.’ Bilondeshile mmuenenu mukuabu wa malu, bamue badi bumvuija Constantin bu “udi ne makeji a mashi, mubipisha kudi malu mabi manene kaayi kubala ne mûle tente ne mashimi, . . . tshikokesha nkaya mubiamubi, mubunde bibawu bikuate buôwa.”

MBALONGESHE bantu bavule badi badiamba bena nkristo ne: Constantin Munene uvua umue wa ku benzedianganyi ba bimpe batambe kuenda lumu ba mu Buena-nkristo. Badi bamuangata bu mupikudi wa bena nkristo mu lutatu lua dikengeshangana dia bena Roma ne mubapeshi wa budikadidi bua ntendelelu. Kabidi, bantu bavule mbitabe ne: uvua mulondi wa lulamatu wa makasa a Yezu Kristo ne dijinga dikole dia kulubuluja tshisumbu tshia bena nkristo. Ekleziya Ortodokse wa ku Orient ne Ekleziya wa Copte mmibikile Constantin pamue ne mamuende Hélène, bu “bansantu.” Difesto diabu ndisekelela mu dia 3 Kabalashipu anyi bilondeshile kalandriye ka ekleziya mu dia 21 Lumungulu.

Constantin Munene uvua nganyi menemene? Uvua ne mudimu kayi mu dilubuluka dia Buena-nkristo bua panyima pa bapostolo? Kulekela malu a kale ne bashikuluji bandamuna nkonko eyi kudi kutamba kufila butoke.

Constantin bilondeshile malu a kale

Constantin, muana wa Constance Chlore, uvua muledibue mu Niš mu ditunga dia Serbie bu mu tshidimu tshia 275 B.B. Pakalua tatuende amperere wa provense ya ku Ouest kua Roma mu 295 B.B., yeye uvua uluangana mvita ku mâyi a Danube ku bulombodi bua Amperere Galère. Constantin wakapingana ku luseke lua tatuende ukavua pabuipi ne kufua mu Grande-Bretagne mu tshidimu tshia 306 B.B. Katupa kîpi panyima pa lufu lua tatuende, tshiluilu tshiakapesha Constantin muanzu wa amperere.

Tshikondo atshi, bantu bakuabu batanu bavua badiamba ne: bavua pabu ba-Auguste. Tshikondo tshia pankatshi pa 306 ne 324 B.B., tshivua tshikondo tshia mvita ya bena ditunga ya munanunanu, panyima patshi ke Constantin kushala nkayende Auguste. Ditshimuna mvita misangu ibidi diakapesha Constantin muaba kampanda mu malu a kale a Roma ne diakamuvuija mukokeshi umuepele wa Ampire wa Roma.

Mu 312 B.B., Constantin wakatshimuna muluishi wende Maxence mu mvita ya ku Tshilamba tshia Milvius pambelu pa Roma. Babingishi ba Buena-nkristo bakamba ne: mu diluangana adi, nkuruse mukunze wakamueneka muinshi mua dîba muikale ne miaku eyi ya mu Latin: In hoc signo vinces, mmumue ne: “Mu tshimanyinu etshi utshimune.” Badi bamba kabidi ne: mu tshilota kampanda, bavua bambile Constantin bua kuzola maleta abidi a kumpala a dîna dia Kristo mu tshiena-Greke pa ngabu ya biluilu biende. Kadi, muyuki eu kawena upetangana ne matuku adibu bamba ne: ke avua malu au menzeke. Munga mukanda udi wamba ne: “Kudi dibenga kupetangana pa bidi bitangila tshikondo tshijalame, muaba ne mumvuija a tshikena-kumona etshi.” Mu diakidila Constantin mu Roma, Tshipangu tshia batshipuita bampangano tshiakamuleja bu mfumu Auguste ne Pontifex Maximus, mmumue ne: muakuidi munene wa tshitendelelu tshia bumpangano tshia mu ampire.​—A History of Christianity.

Mu 313 B.B., Constantin wakalongolola malanda a didisanga ne Amperere Licinius, mukokeshi wa provense ya ku Est. Ku diambuluisha dia Dipangadika dia ku Milan, bakafila pamue budikadidi bua ntendelelu ne manême a muomumue kudi bisumbu bionso bia bitendelelu. Kadi, bashikuluji bavule ba malu a kale badi bapepeja mushinga wa mukanda eu, bamba ne: uvua patupu mukanda wa pa tshibidilu wa mu mudimu wa mbulamatadi kadi kauvua mukanda wa pa buawu wa kudi amperere uvua uleja dishintulula ngenzelu wende mu malanda ende ne Buena-nkristo.

Mu bidimu bikese biakalonda, Constantin wakatshimuna Licinius, muluishi wende wa ndekelu uvua mushale ne kuluaye mukokeshi kayi kutua mutshi mu bulongolodi bua bena Roma. Mu 325 B.B., pavuaye kayi muanji kutambula, wakalombola tshipangu tshinene tshia kumpala tshia mu ka-bujima tshia ekleziya wa “bena nkristo,” tshiakapisha Buena-Arius ne kulongolola mêyi a mitabuja a mushinga adibu babikila ne: Mêyi a ditabuja a ku Nicée (Credo de Nicée).

Constantin wakakuatshika disama dia lufu mu tshidimu tshia 337 B.B. Pakavuaye pabuipi ne lufu, wakatambula, ne pashishe kufuaye. Kunyima kua lufu luende Tshipangu tshia batshipuita tshiakamuteka munkatshi mua nzambi ya bena Roma.

Mudimu wa bitendelelu mu ngenzelu wa Constantin

Muikale wakula bua mmuenenu mutangalake uvua nende ba-amperere bena Roma ba mu siekele muisatu ne muinayi bua bitendelelu, mukanda wa Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous (Muyuki wa ditunga dia Grèce) udi wamba ne: “Nansha pavua aba bakasomba mu nkuasa wa bu-amperere kabayi ne kusua kuondoke bu eku mu malu a Nzambi, bua kusankisha ngelelu wa meji uvua mutangalake mu bantu, bakabimona bia dikuatshisha bua kupesha bitendelelu muaba wa mushinga mu ndongoluelu wa tshididi tshiabu, bua kupesha bienzedi biabu ngikadilu wa buena-Nzambi.”

Bushuwa, Constantin uvua muntu uvua mudiakaje ku malu a mu tshikondo tshiende. Ku mbangilu kua mudimu wende, uvua ujinga dikuatshisha kampanda “dia kudi Nzambi,” ne nzambi ya bena Roma ikavua yenda ijimija bukole kayivua mua kuenza nunku. Ampire eu, pamue ne tshitendelelu tshiende ne ndongoluelu mikuabu, uvua mutangile ku tshibungubungu, ne bavua bakengela tshintu kampanda tshishilangane ne tshidi tshifila makanda bua kumukolesha. Tshibungu tshia Hidria tshidi tshiamba ne: “Constantin uvua mutabalele nangananga Buena-nkristo bualu buvua buambuluishe ki ng’anu ditshimuna diende kadi diakajilula dia ampire wende. Ekleziya ya bena nkristo ivua isanganyibua miaba yonso yakalua bikuatshishi biende mu malu a tshididi. . . . Uvua mudinyungulule ne banene ba ekleziya ba mu tshikondo atshi . . . , ne wakalomba bua kulamabu buobumue buabu katakata.”

Constantin uvua wela meji ne: bitendelelu bia “bena nkristo”​—nansha muvuabi bitontolodi ne binyanguke bikole tshikondo atshi—​bavua mua kutumika nabi biakane bu bukole budi bufila muoyo ne buobumue bua kuambuluisha ngenzelu wende munene wa dikokesha dia ampire. Mu diangata ngenyi ya nshindamenu ya Buena-nkristo butontolodi bua kupeta dikuatshisha mu dilubuluja bipatshila biende bia malu a tshididi, wakapangadija bua kusangisha bantu mu tshitendelelu tshimue tshia “bantu bonso,” anyi tshia buloba bujima. Bakapesha bilele ne mafesto bia bampangano mêna a “Buena-nkristo.” Ne bakapesha bamfumu ba bitendelelu “bena nkristo” muanzu, mafutu ne buenzeji bia bakuidi bampangano.

Muikale ukeba diumvuangana dia bitendelelu bua tubingila tua malu a tshididi, Constantin wakakokesha ne lukasa luonso mmuenenu yonso miabuluke, kayi muimanyine pa malongesha a bulelela, kadi pa dianyisha dia tshi-bungi tshia bantu. Makokangana makole pa malongesha mu ekleziya wa “Buena-nkristo” mutambe kuabuluka akamupesha mpunga wa kuelamu dîyi bienze bu se: uvua mutuangaji “muteka kudi Nzambi.” Ku malanda ende ne balondi ba Donat mu Afrike wa ku Nord ne balondi ba Arius mu tshitupa tshia ku Est kua ampire, wakasokolola ne lukasa luonso ne: ditabijijangana kadivua dikumbane bua kuenza tshitendelelu tshikole ne tshikongakane.a Wakunguija tshipangu tshia kumpala tshia katshia ne katshia tshia ekleziya mujima bua kuteta kujikija dikokangana dikebesha kudi Arius.​—Tangila kazubu “Constantin ne Tshipangu tshia ku Nicée.”

Paul Johnson, mushikuluji wa malu a kale udi wamba bua Constantin ne: “Kamue ka ku tubingila tuende tunene kavuaye muitabile Buena-nkristo kavua mua kuikala ka se: buvua bupeshe Constantin ne Mbulamatadi mushindu wa kukontolola ngenzelu ya Ekleziya pa malongesha.”

Wakaluaku muena nkristo anyi?

Johnson udi uleja ne: “Constantin kavuaku mulekele ntendelelu wa dîba ne wakalama tshimfuanyi tshia dîba pa makuta ende a bijanja.” Mukanda wa Catholic Encyclopedia udi wamba ne: “Constantin wakaleja dianyisha dia muomumue bua bitendelelu bionso bibidi. Bu muvuaye pontifex maximus, wakatabalela ntendelelu muenyi ne wa bampangano ne wakakuba manême ende.” Tshibungu tshia Hidria tshidi tshiamba ne: “Constantin kavuaku mulue muena nkristo nansha,” ne tshidi tshisakidila ne: “Eusèbe wa ku Césarée, wakafunda malu a nsombelu wende, udi wamba ne: wakalua muena nkristo pakavuaye pa kukula muoyo. Muanda eu kawena utuisha nansha, bualu dituku dia muladilu wa batismo wende, [Constantin] uvua mupeshe Zeus mulambu bualu uvua kabidi ne muanzu wa Pontifex Maximus.”

Too ne dituku dia lufu luende mu 337 B.B., Constantin uvua anu ne muanzu wa bampangano wa Pontifex Maximus, mfumu munene wa malu a bitendelelu. Bua batismo wende, mbia meji bua kuebeja ne: Uvua mudianjidila kudi dinyingalala dia bushuwa ne dikudimuna dia mutshima, bu mudibi bilombibue mu Mifundu anyi? (Bienzedi 2:38, 40, 41) Divua dinyibua mu mâyi ne mubidi mujima bu tshimanyinu tshia didilambula dia Constantin kudi Yehowa Nzambi anyi?​—Fuanyikija ne Bienzedi 8:36-39.

“Mmunsantu” anyi?

Mukanda wa Encyclopædia Britannica udi wamba ne: “Constantin uvua ne bukenji bua kumubikilabu Munene bua malu avuaye muenze kadi ki mbua tshivuaye nansha. Bushuwa padibu bamuteta bilondeshile ngikadilu wende, udi umue wa ku bantu badi kabayi batambe kukumbana ku bonso badi bapeshibue mufidi muleji ngikadilu eu [Munene] mu bikondo bia kale anyi bia lelu.” Ne mukanda kampanda udi utumanyisha ne: “Kuvua luapolo ya kumpala ya ngikadilu wende wa tshimvundu ne tshikisu tshiende mu dikuata tshiji. . . . Kavua ne kanemu nansha kakese bua muoyo wa muntu . . . Nsombelu wende wakalua kunyanguka bikole pakakolaye.”​—A History of Christianity.

Kakuyi mpata Constantin uvua ne milandu ya bungi mu bumuntu buende. Munga mukebuludi wa malu a kale udi wamba ne: “ngikadilu wende uvua misangu mivule kabingila ka dibunda diende dia bibawu.” (Tangila kazubu “Mulongo wa bantu bashipa mu dîku dia bamfumu.”) Mu mukanda wende kampanda (History of Europe) H. Fisher, mushikuluji wa malu a kale, udi wamba ne: Constantin kavua “muena nkristo nansha.” Malu menzeke kaena amuleja bu muena nkristo mulelela uvua muluate “bumuntu bupiabupia” ne uvuabu mua kusangana muikale ne mamuma a spiritu munsantu wa Nzambi​—dinanga, disanka, ditalala, muoyo-mule, bulenga, buimpe, ditabuja, bupole-malu ne didikanda.​—Kolosai 3:9, 10; Galatia 5:22, 23, NW.

Bipeta bia madikolela ende

Bu muvuaye Pontifex Maximus mumpangano​—ne nenku muikale mfumu wa tshitendelelu mu Ampire wa Roma—​Constantin wakateta kukoka bepiskopo ba ekleziya mutontolodi ku luseke luende. Wakabapesha mianzu ya bumfumu ne ya lumu, ne bubanji bu banene ba tshitendelelu tshia Mbulamatadi wa bena Roma. Mukanda kampanda udi witaba ne: “Bamue bepiskopo, bafofomija kudi bulenga bua lubanza, bakaya mene kule kutamba pa kusamuna amperere muenze bu muanjelu wa Nzambi, bu muntu wa tshijila, ne pa kuamba mêyi a tshiprofete a ne: neakokeshe mu diulu bu Muana wa Nzambi.”​—Catholic Encyclopedia.

Pavua Buena-nkristo butontolodi buanyishibue kudi mbulamatadi wa malu a tshididi, buakalua bua mu bulongolodi ebu menemene, bua mu ndongoluelu eu wa malu a panu, ne buakasesuka ku malongesha a Yezu Kristo. (Yone 15:19; 17:14, 16; Buakabuluibua 17:1, 2) Bu tshipeta, “Buena-nkristo” buakasambakana ne malongesha pamue ne bilele bia dishima​—Busatu Bunsantu, dibenga kufua dia anyima, inferno wa kapia, mpurgatoriyo, masambila menzela bafue, ditumika ne minzadi, mpingu, bimfuanyi ne bikuabu.​—Fuanyikija ne 2 Kolinto 6:14-18.

Ekleziya kabidi wakapiana lungenyi lua kuikala ne bumfumu bukole kudi Constantin. Bashikuluji ba Bible, Henderson ne Buck badi bamba ne: “Bupepele bua Evanjeliyo buvua bunyanga, bakabuejamu bilele ne mikiya bia lutambishi, bakapesha balongeshi ba Buena-nkristo lumu ne mafutu bia ku mubidi, ne nangananga bakandamuna Bukalenge bua Kristo mu bukalenge bua mu bulongolodi ebu.”

Buena-nkristo bulelela budi penyi?

Malu menzeka kale adi asokolola bulelela budi busokome kunyima kua “bunene” bua Constantin. Pamutu pa kuikalabu bujadika kudi Yezu Kristo, Mfumu wa tshisumbu tshilelela tshia bena nkristo, Bukua-buena-nkristo budi mu bualabale kampanda tshipeta tshia mayele a bena tshididi ne ngenzelu ya muinshimuinshi ne ya budimu ya amperere mumpangano. Mbitambe kuakanyina mudi Paul Johnson, mushikuluji wa malu a kale webeja ne: “Ampire uvua mudifile kudi Buena-nkristo anyi, peshi Buena-nkristo buvua buende masandi ne ampire?”

Aba bonso badi basue kulamata bushuwa ku Buena-nkristo bukezuke badi mua kupeta diambuluisha bua kujingulula ne kudisangisha ne tshisumbu tshilelela tshia bena nkristo matuku etu aa. Bantemu ba Yehowa pa buloba bujima mbasue kuambuluisha bikole bantu ba mitshima milulame bua kumanyabu Buena-nkristo bulelela ne kutendelela Nzambi mu mushindu udiye wanyisha.​—Yone 4:23, 24.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Kazubu mu dibeji 28]

Constantin ne Tshipangu tshia ku Nicée

Mmudimu kayi wakenza Constantin, Amperere uvua kayi mutambule, mu Tshipangu tshia ku Nicée? Munga mukanda udi wamba ne: “Constantin nkayende wakalombola tshipangu etshi, uludika miyuki ne disuminyina dionso . . . Batshingisha bikole kudi amperere eu, bepiskopo bonso, pa kumbusha anu babidi, bakatua biala pa mukanda wa mêyi a ditabuja, bavule ba kudibu bakatua nangananga bua tshimfula muoyo.”​—Encyclopædia Britannica.

Kunyima kua ngondo ibidi ya dikokangana dikole pa malu a ntendelelu, mumpangano eu muena tshididi wakelamu dîyi ne kukosa tshilumbu pa kutua ku tshia aba bavua bamba ne: Yezu uvua Nzambi. Kadi mbua tshinyi? Mukanda wa Une brève histoire de la doctrine chrétienne (Angl.) udi wamba ne: “Mu mushindu wa nshindamenu Constantin kavua ne bujinguludi nansha bukese bua nkonko ivuabu bela mu dilongesha dia bena teoloji wa bena Greke to.” Tshivuaye mumvue ntshia se: ditapuluka dia ntendelelu divua ne njiwu bua ampire wende, ne uvua mupangadije bua kukolesha ampire wende.

Pa bidi bitangila mukanda wa ndekelu mufunda ku Nicée ne dianyisha dia Constantin, tshibungu tshia Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous (Muyuki wa ditunga dia Grèce) tshidi tshiamba ne: “Udi uleja kalèngu [ka Constantin] bua malu a malongesha, . . . disuminyina diende dia mutshima mupape mu diteta mu mishindu yonso bua kuakajilula buobumue mu ekleziya, ne ndekelu dishindika diende dia se: bu muvuaye ‘muepiskopo wa badi pambelu pa ekleziya,’ uvua ne dîyi dia ndekelu pa bidi bitangila malu onso a ntendelelu.” Spiritu wa Nzambi uvuaku mua kuikala mufile diambuluisha mu mapangadika aa mangata mu tshipangu atshi anyi?​—Fuanyikija ne Bienzedi 15:28, 29.

[Kazubu mu dibeji 29]

Mulongo wa bantu bashipa mu dîku dia bamfumu

Muinshi mua mutu wa bualu eu, tshibungu tshia Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous (Muyuki wa ditunga dia Grèce) tshidi tshiumvuija tshidiwu ubikila ne: “bibawu bia muendi mu dîku bibunda kudi Constantin.” Katupa kîpi panyima pa mumane kujadika bumfumu buende, wakapua muoyo mua kusanka bua bivuaye mukumbaje mu mushindu kauyi mutekemena ne wakalua kumanya njiwu ivua mimunyunguluke. Bua muvuaye muntu kayi dikosela katshi ne pamu’apa musaka kudi balabididi, wakatuadija diambedi kuelela muipu wende Licinianus​—muana wa Auguste nende uvuaye mumane kushipa meji mabi—​bu muluishi. Dishipibua diende divua dilonda kudi lufu lua muan’abute wa Constantin, Crispus, uvua mushipa kudi Fausta, mukaji wa tatuende bualu uvua umueneka bu uvua upangisha bana bende bua kupetabu bukokeshi buonso.

Ndekelu wa bionso tshienzedi etshi tshia Fausta tshivua kabingila ka lufu luende lukuate buôwa. Bidi bimueneka ne: Hélène Augusta, uvua ne buenzeji kudi muanende Constantin too ne ku ndekelu, uvua mubuelakane mu dishipangana edi. Mpampakenu kayiyi ya meji ivua misangu mivule ilombola Constantin yakafikisha kabidi ku dishipa dia bavule ba ku balunda bende ne bena diende. Mukanda kampanda udi ukoma ne: “Dishipa​—katuyi tuamba bua dishipangana—​dia muanende mulela ne mukajende didi dileja ne: kakuvua buenzeji bua mu nyuma buvua bumulenge mu Buena-nkristo.”​—History of the Middle Ages.

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Bakatumika ne tshibumba etshi tshia tshijengu mu Roma bua kutumbisha Constantin

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Musée du Louvre, Paris