“Mukalenge-mukaji wa nsuki mifiike wa mu tshipela tshia Sulia” — TSHIBUTSHILU TSHIA MIKANDA TSHIA KU ENTERNETE tshia Watchtower

“Mukalenge-mukaji wa nsuki mifiike wa mu tshipela tshia Sulia”

MUBIDI wende uvua mukunzubile, menu ende avua matoke bu manona, mêsu ende avua mafiike ne engelela. Uvua mulonge bikole ne uvua ne dimanya dia bungi dia miakulu. Bavua bamba bua mukalenge-mukaji eu muluanganyi wa mvita ne: uvua ne meji a bungi kupita mukalenge-mukaji Cléopâtre ne pamu’apa uvua kabidi muimpe mumue nende. Bua dikima divuaye nadi bua kukandamena bukokeshi bua buloba bujima buvuaku mu tshikondo tshiende, wakakumbaja mudimu muleja mu milayi ya mu Mifundu. Yeye mumane kufua mutantshi mule, bafundi bakamutumbisha ne bazodi bakamuzola muimpe mene kupita muvuaye. Mufundi wa tusala wa mu siekele wa 19 wakamumvuija bu “mukalenge-mukaji wa nsuki mifiike wa mu tshipela tshia Sulia.” Mukaji eu uvuabu batambe kutumbisha uvua Zénobie—mukalenge-mukaji wa mu tshimenga tshia Palmyre tshia mu ditunga dia Sulia (Syrie).

Mmunyi muakapeta Zénobie lumu? Nnsombelu kayi wa malu a tshididi wakamufikisha ku diangata bumfumu? Ntshinyi tshitudi mua kuamba pa ngikadilu wende? Ne mmudimu kayi wa mu milayi uvua mukalenge-mukaji eu mukumbaje? Tshia kumpala tangila muaba udi muanda eu wenzekela.

Tshimenga ku muelelu wa tshipela

Palmyre, tshimenga tshia Zénobie, tshivua mutantshi wa kilometre 210 ku Nord-Est kua Damaseke, ku mukalu wa ku Nord kua Tshipela tshia mu Sulia, muaba udi mikuna ya mu Lebanona ipueka mu tshibandabanda. Tshimenga etshi tshia tshitalela munkatshi mua tshipela tshivua pabuipi ne pankatshi pa Mbuu wa Méditerranée uvua ku Ouest kuatshi ne Musulu wa Efelata ku Est. Mukalenge Solomo uvua mua kuikala mutshimanye mu dîna dia Tademô, muaba uvua wa mushinga mukole bua diakalenga dia bukalenge buende bua tubingila tubidi: bu tshitudilu tshia biluilu bua kukuba mikalu ya ku Nord ne bu muaba wa mushinga mukole uvua utuangaja njila wa mu bimenga mutu bena ngendu bendela. Nenku, Solomo ‘wakasa Tademô mu tshipela.’—2 Kulondolola 8:4.

Muyuki wa bidimu tshinunu biakalonda bukokeshi bua Mukalenge Solomo kawena wakula bua Tademô to. Bikala Tademô uvua Palmyre bushuwa bu mutubu bamba, lumu luende luakatuadija kuvula kunyima kua Sulia mumane kulua muaba wa bukubi wa provense wa Ampire wa bena Roma mu 64 K.B.B. Richard Stoneman udi wamba mu mukanda wende kampanda ne: “Palmyre uvua ne mushinga kudi Roma mu nsombelu ibidi: wa malu a mpetu ne a mvita.” Bu muvua tshimenga etshi tshia mabuè tshikale mu njila munene wa bungenda uvua utuangaja Roma ne Mesopotamia ne Est, bavua bapitshilamu ne bintu bia kusumbisha bia bena kale—bia kulengeja nabi biakudia bifume mu Insulinde, swa mufume mu ditunga dia Chine, ne bikuabu bintu bia ku Pelasa, Mesopotamia wa Kuinshi ne mu matunga a Méditerranée. Roma uvua upetela diambuluisha ku dibuela dia bintu ebi mu ditunga.—Palmyra and Its Empire—Zenobia’s Revolt Against Rome.

Mu malu a busalayi, provense wa Sulia wakambuluisha bu muaba uvua kauyi mvita pankatshi pa matunga avua aluishangana: dia Roma ne dia Pelasa. Musulu wa Efelata wakatapulula Roma ne muena mutumba wende wa ku Est munkatshi mua bidimu 250 bia kumpala mu Bikondo Bietu ebi. Palmyre uvua dinsambu dia tshipela, ku Ouest kua tshimenga tshia Dura-Europos ku musulu wa Efelata. Pakajingululabu ne: tshivua muaba wa mushinga mukole, ba-amperere ba mu Roma bu mudi Hadrien ne Valérien bakaya mu Palmyre. Hadrien wakasa nzubu mikuabu milengele mu tshimenga etshi ne wakafila mapa a bungi ne kalolo. Valérien wakafuta muntu muende lumu wa mu Palmyre, dîna diende Odénath, bayende wa Zénobie, mu dimupesha muanzu, mu 258 B.B. bu mfumu wa mu Roma bualu uvua mutshimune bena Pelasa, ne uvua mudiundishe mikalu ya Ampire wa Roma too ne mu Mesopotamia. Zénobie wakakumbaja mudimu wa mushinga pakangata bayende bukokeshi. Mufundi wa malu a kale Edward Gibbon wakafunda ne: “Dipatula bipeta bimpe dia Odénath divua disuikila nangananga ku budimu ne dikima kabiyi kufuanyikija bia [Zénobie].”

Mu tshikondo atshi, Mukalenge Sapor wa Pelasa wakapangadija bua kutontolola bukokeshi bua Roma ne kujadika bumfumu buende ku bukole ku mutu kua provense yonso ya kale ya mu Pelasa. Bu muvuaye ne tshiluilu tshia dikema, wakaya mutangile ku Ouest, kukuataye bimenga bia Roma bivua basalayi batudile, tshia Nisibis ne tshia Carrhae (Halana), ne kutungunukaye ne dibutula Sulia wa ku Nord ne Kilikia. Amperere Valérien wakadivuila nkayende bua kulombola basalayi bende mu diluangana ne baluishi, kadi bakamutshimuna ne kumukuatabu kudi bena Pelasa.

Odénath wakamona se: tshivua tshikondo tshiakanyine bua kutumina mukokeshi wa bena Pelasa mapa a mushinga mukole ne mukenji wa ditalala. Mukalenge Sapor wakatuma dîyi ne ditambisha dionso bua kuimanshabu mapa au mu musulu wa Efelata ne kuambaye bua balue ne Odénath kumpala kuende bu muntu mukuata mu mvita ulomba dimulekela. Pakumvuabu nanku, bena mu Palmyre bakasangisha tshiluilu tshia batambakanyi ba mu tshipela ne basalayi ba Roma bavua bashale ne kutuadijabu dibundula bena Pelasa bavua bapingana tshianyima bua musangu eu. Bu muvua baluanganyi ba mu tshipela babaluisha misangu ne misangu, basalayi ba Sapor—batshiokesha kudi mvita ne bujitu bua bintu bivuabu bapawule—kabavua ne makanda a kuluangana kabidi ne bavua benzejibue bua kunyema.

Bua kuleja dianyisha dia muvuaye mutshimune Sapor, Gallien, muana wa Valérien muikale kabidi mumupinganyi, wakapesha Odénath muanzu wa ngovena wa ku Est kuonso (corrector totius Orientis). Mu bungi bua matuku, Odénath wakadipesha muanzu bu “mukalenge wa bakalenge.”

Zénobie udi ukeba kuenza ampire

Mu 267 B.B., munkatshinkatshi mua mudimu wende, Odénath ne muanende uvua mua kumupingana bakashipibua. Mbimueneke ne: muana wa muanabu ke uvua mudisombuele. Zénobie wakapingana pa muaba wa bayende, bualu muanende wa balume utshivua mupuekele bikole. Mulengele mpala, muipatshidi wa lumu, mumanye kulombola midimu, muibidile dituma basalayi ku mvita pavuabu ne bayende ukavua mufue, ne wakula miakulu ya bungi kakuyi lutatu, Zénobie wakenza bua bantu bende bamunemeke ne bamutue nyama ku mikolo. Kadi kabuvua bualu butekete kudi ba-Bédouin nansha. Zénobie uvua musue kulonga ne bamanyi ba mukanda ba bungi bavua bamunyunguluke. Cassius Langinus, umue wa ku bantu bavua bamupesha mibelu uvua muena nkindi ne ngamba-malu munene—wakamba muvuaye muikale “tshibutshilu tshia dimanya.” Mufundi Stoneman udi uleja ne: “Mu bidimu bitanu bia kunyima kua lufu lua Odénath . . . Zénobie uvua mumanyike kudi bantu bende bu mukalenge-mukaji wa ku Est.”

Ku luseke lumue lua teritware wa Zénobie kuvua Pelasa, ukavuabu batekeshe yeye ne bayende, ne ku lukuabu luseke kuvua Roma uvua mutangile ku dikuluka. Bua nsombelu ivua mu Ampire wa Roma tshikondo atshi, mufundi wa malu a kale J. M. Roberts udi wamba ne: “Siekele muisatu uvua . . . tshikondo tshivua tshienza buôwa bua Roma ku mikalu ya ku Est ne ya ku Ouest kabidi, tshikondo tshipiatshipia tshia mvita ya bena ditunga ne dikokangana bua kupinganangana mu nkuasa bivua bituadije. Ba-amperere makumi-abidi ne babidi (pa kumbusha balumbidi) bakashintulukangana mu nkuasa.” Ku lukuabu luseke, mukalenge-mukaji muena Sulia, uvua mukalenge mujalame bimpe muikale ne bukokeshi buonso mu bukalenge buende. Stoneman udi wamba ne: “Bu muvuaye utabalela bua se: ampire eyi ibidi [wa bena Pelasa ne wa bena Roma] ikale ne bukole bukumbanangane, wakakeba bua kuenza ampire muisatu uvua mua kuyikokesha yonso ibidi.”

Mu 269 B.B. ke muakamueneka mushindu bua Zénobie kudiundishaye makokeshi ende bu mukalenge, pavua muntu kampanda uvua ufuilakana bukokeshi ne Roma mujuke mu Ejipitu. Tshiluilu tshia Zénobie tshiakaya ne lubilu lukole mu Ejipitu, kuzazatshi ntomboji eu, ne kuangatatshi ditunga. Udimanyisha bu mukalenge-mukaji wa Ejipitu, wakapatula makuta a bijanja mu dîna diende. Musangu au bukalenge buende buakalabala kumbukila ku musulu wa Nil too ne ku Efelata. Mu tshikondo etshi tshia muoyo wende, wakafika ku diangata muaba wa ‘mukalenge wa ku Sud’ udibu bakule bualu buende mu Bible mu mulayi wa Danyele, bualu dîba adi bukalenge buende buvua bukokesha tshitupa tshia ku Sud tshia ditunga dia Danyele. (Danyele 11:25, 26) Wakakuata kabidi tshitupa tshinene tshia Asia Mukese.

Zénobie wakakolesha ne wakalengeja Palmyre, tshimenga tshiende tshikulu mu mushindu wa se: tshiakalua mumue ne bimenga binene bia mu Roma. Tshivua ne bungi butshinka bua bantu bapite pa 150 000. Tshimenga etshi tshivua tshiûle ne nzubu ya mbulamatadi milenga, ntempelo, madimi, makunji, ne mabue mibaka, munda mua lupangu lua tshijengu lua bimanu luvuabu bamba ne: luvua lua bunene bua kilometre 21. Ntanda mienza ne milongo ya makunji malengeja tshiena-Greke a bule bua metre mapite pa 15—bungi butue ku 1 500—avua mele mulongo ku njila munene. Mu tshimenga muvua mûle mpingu mijima ne ya bitupa ya bilobo ne ya babanji ba muoyo muimpe. Mu 271 B.B., Zénobie wakenzeja mpingu ibidi, luende ne lua bayende ukavua mufue. Ku muelelu kua tshipela, Palmyre uvua ubalakana bu tshilengejilu.

Ntempelo wa Dîba uvua umue wa ku nzubu mitambe buimpe ya mu Palmyre ne kakuyi mpata uvua ne muaba wa mushinga mu malu a ntendelelu mu tshimenga atshi. Pamu’apa, Zénobie pende uvua utendelela nzambi uvua mufuanangane ne nzambi dîba. Kadi Sulia wa mu siekele muisatu uvua ditunga dia bitendelelu bia bungi. Mu tshitupa tshivua Zénobie ukokesha muvua bavua badiamba muvuabu bena Kristo, bena Yuda, bena lubuku lua mitoto ne batendeledi ba dîba ne ngondo. Uvua ne mmuenenu kayi bua mishindu mishilangane ya ntendelelu ivua mu bukalenge buende? Mufundi Stoneman udi wamba ne: “Mukokeshi wa meji kakulengulula bilele bionso bidi bimueneka biakanyine kudi bantu bende to. . . . Bavua bela meji ne: . . . banzambi bavua basangisha pamue ku luseke lua Palmyre.” Bidi bimueneka ne: Zénobie uvua witaba bitendelelu bikuabu. Kadi banzambi bavua bushuwa “basangisha pamue ku luseke lua Palmyre anyi?” Ntshinyi tshivua tshindile Palmyre ne “mukokeshi [wende] wa meji” mu matuku atshivua kumpala?

Amperere ‘udi uleja muoyo wende mukole’ bua kuluisha Zénobie

Mu tshidimu tshia 270 B.B., Aurélien wakalua amperere wa Roma. Biluilu biende biakafika ku dipata ne ku dinyoka bantu bavuabu bela meji ne: mbashadile ba ku Nord. Mu 271 B.B.—musangu au muikale tshimfuanyi tshia ‘mukalenge wa ku Nord’ wa mu mulayi wa Danyele—Aurélien ‘wakaleja muoyo wende mukole bua kuluisha mfumu wa ditunga dia ku manda,’ uvua muikale Zénobie. (Danyele 11:25a, MMM) Aurélien wakatuma diakamue bamue ba ku basalayi bende mu Ejipitu ne wakalombola tshiluilu tshiende tshinene mutangile ku Est, kupitshila ne mu Asia Mukese.

Mukalenge wa ku Sud—bukokeshi bulombola kudi Zénobie—‘wakaleja bukole’ bua kuluisha Aurélien ‘ne tshiluilu tshinene ne tshikole’ ku bulombodi bua ba-jenerale babidi, Zabada ne Zabai. (Danyele 11:25b, MMM) Kadi Aurélien wakangata Ejipitu ne pashishe kutumaye basalayi mu Asia Mukese ne mu Sulia. Bakatshimuna Zénobie ku Émèse (mpindieu Homs), ne wakapingana ku Palmyre.

Pavua Aurélien mujingile Palmyre, Zénobie wakanyema ne muanende wa balume batangile ku Pelasa ne ditekemena dia kupeta diambuluisha, bena Roma bakabakuata ku Musulu wa Efelata. Bena mu Palmyre bakitaba bua se: mbatshimune tshimenga tshiabu mu 272 B.B. Aurélien wakaleja muoyo muimpe kudi bantu bavua basombelamu, kusangishaye mushiki munene wa bintu bipawula, pamue ne lupingu lua mu Ntempelo wa Dîba, ne kuyaye ku Roma. Amperere Aurélien kakashipa Zénobie to, wakamubueja mu luendu luende lua butshimunyi mu Roma mujima mu 274 B.B. bua kuikalabu bamubandila. Wakapitshisha matuku ende avua mashale a muoyo bu mamu muende lumu ne wa kunemeka wa mu Roma.

Badi babutula tshimenga tshia mu tshipela

Ngondo mikese panyima pa Aurélien mumane kuangata Palmyre, bena mu Palmyre bakashipa bisumbu bia basalayi bena Roma bavuaye mushiyemu. Pakumvua Aurélien lumu lua ditomboka edi, diakamue wakatumina basalayi bende dîyi bua kupinganabu, ne musangu eu bakadisombuela pa kushipa bantu mushindu mukuate buôwa. Aba bakapanduka ku dishipangana edi kadiyi luse bakaya nabu mu bupika. Bakasunsula ne kubutula tshimenga etshi tshia diambu kakuyi kabidi mushindu wa kutshilongolola. Nenku tshimenga etshi tshinene tshivua ne bantu bibanda bipueka tshiakalua muatshi mua kale—‘Tademô mu tshipela.’

Pavua Zénobie muluishe Aurélien ne dikima, kabayi bamanye yeye ne Amperere Aurélien bakangata miaba ya ‘mukalenge wa ku Sud’ ne ‘mukalenge wa ku Nord,’ kukumbajabu tshitupa tshia mulayi mufunda mu tunungu tua bungi kudi muprofete wa Yehowa bidimu bu 800 kumpala. (Danyele, nshapita 11) Bu muvua Zénobie ne bumuntu buvua bukoka ntema, bantu ba bungi bavua bamukatshila. Kadi, tshivua ne mushinga mutambe bunene tshivua mudimu wende mu dikala tshimfuanyi tshia bukokeshi budianjila kuamba mu mulayi wa Danyele. Bukokeshi buende kabuakanenga bidimu bipite pa bitanu to. Palmyre, tshimenga tshikulu tshia bukalenge bua Zénobie, udi lelu’eu anu musoko patupu. Nansha Ampire wa bukole wa bena Roma wakateketa kukadi mutantshi mule, kushila makalenge adiku lelu muaba. Ntshinyi tshikale matuku atshilualua a makokeshi aa? Dikumbana dilelela dia milayi ya mu Bible didi dileja tshiafikila makokeshi aa.—Danyele 2:44.

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Bumpianyi bua Zénobie

Pakapinganaye ku Roma mumane kutshimuna Zénobie, mukalenge-mukaji wa Palmyre, Amperere Aurélien wakibakila dîba ntempelo. Wakatekamu mpingu ya nzambi-dîba ivuaye mufume nayi mu tshimenga tshia Zénobie. Mu diela nseka pa mianda yakalua kuenzeka, tshikandakanda kampanda tshidi tshiamba ne: “Ku malu onso avua Aurélien muenze, budi butambe kunenga budi pamu’apa dijadika dia difesto dia ku tshidimu dia dimueneka dia dîba, padidi dipatuka mu muvu wa hiver (solstice), mu dia 25 Tshisua-munene tshidimu tshia 274 mu Tshikondo tshia Mukalenge. Pakitaba ampire wa Roma Buena-Kristo, bakateka diledibua dia Yezu dituku edi bua bantu bavua basankidila mafesto a kale batambe kuitaba ntendelelu mupiamupia. Ndungenyi ludi lukemesha, bua se: bantu badi basekelela Nowele nangananga bualu bua buenzeji bua Amperere-mukaji Zénobie.”—History Today.

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(Bua kumona malu bimpe, tangila mu mukanda)

MBUU WA MÉDITERRANÉE

SULIA

Antiokia

Émèse (Homs)

PALMYRE

Damaseke (Damas)

MESOPOTAMIA

Efelata

Carrhae (Halana)

Nisibis

Dura-Europos

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Lutanda: Michael Nicholson/Corbis

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Tshijanja tshia Roma tshidi pamu’apa tshileja mpala wa Aurélien

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Ntempelo wa dîba wa mu Palmyre

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The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck

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Mukalenge-mukaji Zénobie wakula ne basalayi bende

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Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Queen Zenobia Addressing Her Soldiers, Samuel H. Kress Collection, Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington

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Tshimfuanyi tshienza kudi: Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Queen Zenobia Addressing Her Soldiers, Samuel H. Kress Collection, Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington