Cyrille Lukaris: Muntu wakangata Bible ne mushinga

Bivua dituku kampanda mu muvu wa luya mu 1638. Mu Mbuu wa Marmara pabuipi ne Constantinople (lelu Istanbul), tshimenga tshikulu tshia bukalenge bua ba-Ottoman (mu ditunga dia Turquie), balobi bakapapuka pakamonabu tshitalu tshileleme pa mâyi. Pakatshikenketabu pabuipi, bakatshina pakaluabu kumona ne: tshitalu atshi tshia muntu uvuabu bashipe pa kumufina mu dibodi tshivua tshia mfumu munene uvua ulombola Ekeleziya wa bena Ortodokse mu Constantinople. Eu mmushindu mubi wakafua Cyrille Lukaris, mutendeledi muende lumu wa mu lukama lua bidimu lua 17.

LUCARIS kakalala bidimu bia bungi to bua kumona muvua tshipatshila tshiende tshikumbana, tshipatshila tshia kupatula nkudimuinu wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke ya Buena-Kristo mu tshiena-Greke tshivua bantu bonso bakula. Tshipatshila tshikuabu tshivua natshi Lucaris, tshia kumona Ekeleziya wa bena Ortodokse upingana ku “malu mapepele a mu evanjeliyo,” katshiakakumbana patshi to. Muntu eu uvua nganyi? Mbipumbishi kayi biakapetaye mu madikolela ende au?

Mubungamija kudi dipanga dia mukanda

Cyrille Lukaris uvua muledibue mu 1572, mu tshimenga tshia Candie (lelu Héraklion) mu Crète, tshivua ku bukokeshi bua Venise. Bu muvuaye muntu wa lungenyi lua bungi, wakalongela tulasa ku Venise ne ku Padoue mu Italie ne pashishe wakendakana bikole mu ditunga adi ne mu matunga makuabu. Muvuabi bimutonde bikole bua makokangana avua pankatshi pa tusumbu tua munda mua ekeleziya, ne pakamonaye dishintuluka dia malu dia ku Mputu dimusankisha, uvua mua kuikala muye mu tshimenga tshia Genève, tshivua musangu au ku bukokeshi bua Calvin.

Pakayaye mu Pologne, Lucaris wakamona se: bena Ortodokse ba mu ditunga adi, bansaserdose ne bena kuitabuja ba tshianana bavua batekete mu nyuma bualu bavua bapange mukanda. Pakapinganaye ku Alexandrie ne ku Constantinople, wakanyingalala bikole pakasanganaye ne: nansha biakuidi (muaba uvuabu babadila Mifundu) bakavua babiumushe mu imue ekeleziya!

Mu 1602, Lucaris wakaya ku Alexandrie, kuakapinganaye pa muaba wa mulela wende, Mfumu Meletios, kuluaye mfumu wa ekeleziya. Pashishe wakatuadija kufundilangana mikanda ne bena teoloji ba bungi ba ku Mputu bavua basue kushintulula malu. Mu umue wa ku mikanda ayi, wakamba ne: Ekeleziya wa bena Ortodokse uvua ne bilele bia bungi bia dishima. Mu mikanda mikuabu, wakaleja muvuabi bikengela bua ekeleziya kupingajaye “malu mapepele a mu evanjeliyo” pa muaba wa bitabataba ne bua kulamata anu ku Mifundu nkayayi.

Biakatonda kabidi Lucaris bua muvua bantu bamona ne: malu a mu nyuma avua Batatu ba Ekeleziya babambila avua ne mushinga wa diatshimue ne mêyi a Yezu ne a bapostolo. Wakafunda ne: “Tshiena mua kuitaba kabidi bua kumvua bantu bamba ne: mumvuija a bilele bia bantu adi ne mushinga wa muomumue ne Mifundu.” (Matayo 15:6) Wakasakidila ne: ku diende dimona, ditendelela bimfuanyi mbualu budi bufikisha ku kabutu. Wakaleja kabidi ne: ditenda “bansantu” divua bu kupenda Mutuangaji: Yezu.​—1 Timote 2:5.

Badi basumbisha nkuasa wa bumfumu bua ekeleziya

Bua ngenyi ya Lucaris eyi ne bua muvuaye mukine Ekeleziya wa bena Katolike ka bena Lomo, ba-Jezuite ne bena Ortodokse bavua bitabe bua kudisangisha ne bena Katolike bakamukina ne kumukengesha. Nansha muvuabu bamuluisha, mu 1620 bakasungula Lucaris bua kuikalaye mfumu wa ekeleziya mu Constantinople. Mu tshikondo atshi bumfumu bua Ekeleziya wa bena Ortodokse buvua ku bukokeshi bua Bukalenge bua ba-Ottoman. Bena mbulamatadi wa ba-Ottoman bavua bumbusha bipepele mfumu wa ekeleziya ne bateka mukuabu pavuabu babakosa mishiku ne mfranga.

Baluishi ba Lucaris, nangananga ba-Jezuite ne bantu ba mu Katolike ka bena Lomo ba bukole bua bungi bavua bakuatshisha bakuabu buôwa, bena mu Tshisumbu tshia Dimuangalaja dia Ditabuja (Congregatio de Propaganda Fide), bakatungunuka ne kumushiminyina malu ne kumuyila mu tshifufu. Mukanda kampanda (Kyrillos Loukaris) udi wamba ne: “Bu muvuabu anu bakeba bua kukumbaja tshipatshila atshi, ba-Jezuite bakenza mudimu ne bintu bia mishindu yonso: dibembeshangana, dishiminyinangana malu, dilabidilangana, ne nangananga dikosa dia mishiku ke tshintu tshiakatamba kubambuluisha bua banene [ba mu Turquie] kubanyishabu.” Nenku, mu 1622 bakipata Lucaris, kumutumabu mu tshisanga tshia Rhodes. Grégoire wa ku Amasya ke wakasumba muanzu eu ku makuta 20 000 a bijanja. Kadi Grégoire wakapangila bua kufila makuta avuaye mulaye au, nenku Anthimus wa ku Andrinople wakasumba muanzu eu, pashishe e kuluaye kuulekela. Kadi bualu bua dikema, bakapingaja tshiakabidi Lucaris mu nkuasa wa bumfumu bua ekeleziya.

Bua musangu eu Lucaris uvua mupangadije bua kulongesha balombodi ba ekeleziya wa Ortodokse ne bena kuitabuja ba tshianana mukanda pa kupatula nkudimuinu wa Bible ne trakte ya malu a teoloji. Bua kukumbaja bualu ebu, wakalongolola bua mulopo wa ditunga dia Angleterre ambuluishe bua balue ne tshiamu tshia dipatula natshi mikanda ku Constantinople. Kadi, pakafika tshiamu etshi mu ngondo muisambombo, mu tshidimu tshia 1627, baluishi ba Lucaris bakamubanda ne: uvua wenza natshi malu a tshididi, ne ndekelu wa bionso bakatshinyangisha. Mpindieu Lucaris uvua ne bua kupatuisha mikanda ku biamu bia mu Genève.

Nkudimuinu wa Mifundu ya Buena-Kristo

Kanemu kakole kavua naku Lucaris bua Bible ne bua bukole budi nabu Bible bua kulongesha bantu kakamusaka bua kuenza bua muntu nansha wa tshianana kumvuaye bimpe mêyi adimu. Wakamona ne: muntu yonso wa patupu katshivua mua kumvua muakulu uvuabu bafunde ku nyuma mu maniskri a Bible mu tshiena-Greke tshia ntuadijilu to. Nenku mukanda wa kumpala uvua Lucaris mutume dîyi bua kufundabu uvua nkudimuinu wa Mifundu ya tshiena-Greke ya Buena-Kristo mu tshiena-Greke tshivua bantu bakula mu matuku ende. Maximus Callipolites, mudiambike uvua mulonge bikole, wakatuadija mudimu eu mu ngondo muisatu, mu tshidimu tshia 1629. Bena Ortodokse ba bungi bakangata dikudimuna Mifundu bu bualu butambe bubi, nansha mukavua babadi kabatshiyi bumvua bimpe mifundu ayi. Bua kubatalaja, Lucaris wakafundisha mifundu ya ntuadijilu ne ivuabu bakudimune tshikondo atshi mu milongo ku nseke mishilangane, ne kusakidila amu mumvuija makese. Bu muakafua Callipolites katupa kîpi pakafilaye bivuaye mufunde ku tshianza, Lucaris nkayende wakabalulula mifundu eyi bua kulongolola bilema. Bakapatula nkudimuinu au katupa kîpi kunyima kua lufu lua Lucaris mu 1638.

Nansha muvua Lucaris ne budimu, bepiskopo ba bungi bakabenga nkudimuinu au ne tshimvundu tshikole. Dinanga divua nadi Lucaris bua Dîyi dia Nzambi diakatamba kumuenekela mu mêyi a mbangilu a nkudimuinu au wa Bible. Wakafunda ne: Mifundu yoyi mikale mu muakulu udi bantu bakula, idi “mukenji mushême wa mu diulu udibu batupeshe.” Wakabela bantu “bua bamanye ne bibidilangane ne malu onso adi mu [Bible]” ne kuambaye ne: kakuena mushindu mukuabu wa kulonga “bimpe malu adi atangila ditabuja . . . adi malama mu Evanjeliyo wa tshijila wa kudi Nzambi.”​—Filipoi 1:9, 10.

Ne mêyi mashile Lucaris wakadiula bantu bavua bakandika dilonga dia Bible, ne aba bavua babenga dikudimuna dia mifundu ya ku ntuadijilu, wamba ne: “Tuetu tuakula anyi tubala kadi katuyi tumvua, tudi anu bu bantu bela mêyi mu lupepele.” (Tangila 1 Kolinto 14:7-9.) Bua kujikija mêyi ende a mbangilu, wakafunda ne: “Panudi nuenu bonso nubala Evanjeliyo eu munsantu wa kudi Nzambi mu muakulu wenu, enzayi bua nupete malu mimpe adimu, . . . ne Nzambi anutokeshile njila bua nuenu kufika ku tshidi tshimpe.”​—Nsumuinu 4:18.

Dijadikila bantu Ditabuja

Kunyima kua yeye mumane kutuma dîyi bua kubangabu kukudimuna Bible, Lucaris wakenza bualu bukuabu buvua buleja dikima. Mu tshidimu tshia 1629 wakapatuila ku Genève mukanda wa: Dijadikila bantu Ditabuja. Uvua mêyi ende nkayende a mitabuja avuaye wela meji ne: Ekeleziya wa bena Ortodokse uvua mua kuitaba. Bilondeshile mukanda wa Ekeleziya wa bena Ortodokse (angl.), Dijadikila bantu adi “didi dimanyina panshi malongesha a bena Ortodokse a buakuidi ne mianzu minsantu, ne didi kabidi dileja mudi dinemekela bimfuanyi ne dibila bansantu bikale ditendelela mpingu.”

Mukanda eu wa Dijadikila bantu Ditabuja udi ne tunungu 18. Kanungu kawu kibidi kadi kamba ne: Mifundu mmifundisha kudi Nzambi ne idi ne bukokeshi bupite bua ekeleziya. Kadi kamba kabidi ne: “Tudi tuitabuja ne: Nzambi ke udi mutupeshe Mifundu Minsantu . . . Tudi tuitabuja ne: bukokeshi bua Mifundu Minsantu budi ku mutu kua bukokeshi bua Ekeleziya. Kuikala balongesha kudi Spiritu Munsantu nkushilangane bikole ne kuikala balongesha kudi muntu.”​—2 Timote 3:16.

Kanungu ka muanda-mukulu ne ka dikumi tudi tushindika ne: Yezu Kristo ke Mutuangaji, Muakuidi Munene ne Mfumu wa tshisumbu umuepele udiku. Lucaris wakafunda ne: “Tudi tuitabuja ne: Mukalenge wetu Yezu Kristo mmusombe ku dia balume dia Tatuende ne Udi utuakuila, udi wenza yeye nkayende mudimu wa muakuidi munene ne wa mutuangaji mulelela udi muakanyine.”​—Matayo 23:10.

Kanungu ka 12 kadi kamanyisha ne: ekeleziya udi mua kupambuka, kutupakana pa kuangata bualu bua dishima bu bulelela, kadi butoke bua spiritu munsantu budi mua kumusungila ku diambuluisha dia midimu mikole ya basadidi ba lulamatu. Mu kanungu ka 18, Lucaris udi wamba ne: mpurgatoriyo mbualu bufuikakaja patupu. Wakaleja ne: “Mbiumvuike patoke ne: katuena mua kuitaba lungenyi lufuikakaja lua Mpurgatoriyo nansha.”

Mu mêyi a ku ndekelu kua mukanda eu wa Dijadikila bantu Ditabuja mudi imue nkonko ne mandamuna. Mu tshitupa etshi, Lucaris udi ushindika bangabanga ne: muena kuitabuja yonso udi ne bua kubala Mifundu, ne bidi ne njiwu padi muena Kristo kayi ubala Dîyi dia Nzambi. Pashishe udi usakidila ne: bidi bikengela kuepuka Mikanda idi kayiyi mifundisha ku nyuma.​—Buakabuluibua 22:18, 19.

Lukonko luinayi ludi nunku: “Mmunyi mutudi ne bua kuangata Bimfuanyi?” Lucaris udi wandamuna ne: “Mifundu ya Tshijila ya kudi Nzambi mmitulongeshe, idi yamba patoke ne: ‘Kuena ne bua kudienzela lupingu, anyi tshimfuanyi tshia tshintu tshionso tshidi muulu mu diulu, anyi tshidi panshi pa buloba; kuena ne bua kubikukuila, peshi kuena ne bua kubitendelela to; [Ekesode 20:4, 5]’ bualu tudi ne bua kutendelela anu Mufuki ne Muenji wa diulu ne buloba, ne anu Yeye ke utudi ne bua kukukuila, kadi ki ntshifukibua kampanda nansha. . . . Ditendelela [bimfuanyi] ne dibikuatshila mudimu, bu mudibi bikandika . . . mu Mifundu Minsantu, tudi tubibenga, bua katuikadi tuapua muoyo bafuanyike kutendelela mekala, ne bintu bisonga anyi bizola ne bifukibua, pamutu pa kutendelela Mufuki ne Muenji wa bintu.”​—Bienzedi 17:29.

Nansha muvua Lucaris kayi mua kujingulula bimpe malu onso avuabu batupakane mu tshikondo atshi tshia mîdima ya mu nyuma,a wakenza madikolela adi makanyine kalumbandi bua kupitshisha bukokeshi bua Bible kumpala kua malongesha a ekeleziya ne bua kulongesha bantu malu adi mu Bible.

Diakamue kunyima kua dipatula mukanda wende eu, bakajudila kabidi Lucaris buluishi bukole. Mu tshidimu tshia 1633, Cyrille Contari, muakuidi munene wa ku Beloya (lelu Alep), muluishi wa menemene wa Lucaris ne uvuabu batua nyama ku mikolo kudi ba-Jezuite, wakakeba bua kumvuangana ne ba-Ottoman bua bamusumbishe muanzu wa bumfumu bua ekeleziya. Kadi tshipatshila atshi katshiakakumbana bualu Contari kavua ne mushindu wa kufuta makuta au to. Lucaris wakashala ne muanzu au. Tshidimu tshiakalonda, Athanase wa ku Tesalonike wakafuta makuta 60 000 a bijanja bua kupeta muanzu au. Ke kumbushabu kabidi Lucaris. Kadi mu ngondo umue patupu, bakamubikila ne kumupingajilabu muanzu wende. Dîba adi Cyrille Contari ukavua mukumbaje makuta 50 000 a bijanja. Musangu eu bakipata Lucaris, kumutumabu ku Rhodes. Kunyima kua ngondo isambombo, balunda bende bakamupetela mushindu wa kumupingaja mu muanzu wende.

Kadi mu tshidimu tshia 1638, ba-Jezuite ne binabu bena Ortodokse bakafunda Lucaris bamba muvuaye usua kutonkola Bukalenge bua ba-Ottoman. Musangu eu mfumu wa ditunga wakatuma dîyi bua bamushipe. Bakakuata Lucaris ne mu dia 27 Kashipu 1638, bakaya nende mu buatu bukese benze bu bavua bamuipata mu ditunga. Katupa kîpi buatu bumane kufika munkatshi mua mâyi, bakamushipa pa kumufina mu dibodi. Bakajiika tshitalu tshiende ku muelelu kua mâyi, pashishe bakalua kutshiumbula ne kutshimanshabu mu mâyi. Bakalua kutshiangula kudi balobi ne pashishe balunda bende bakamujiika.

Dilongesha ditudi mua kupeta

Mumanyi kampanda wa mianda udi wamba ne: “Katuena ne bua kulengulula muanda wa se: tshimue tshia ku bipatshila binene bia [Lucaris] tshivua tshia kutokesha ne kubandisha dimanya mukanda dia bena kuitabuja ne bamfumu ba ekeleziya wende, dimanya divua dikepe menemene mu bidimu abi bia 1500 ne ku ntuadijilu kua bidimu bia 1600.” Bipumbishi bia bungi biakapangisha Lucaris bua kukumbaja tshipatshila tshiende. Bakamumbusha mu nkuasa wa bumfumu bua ekeleziya misangu itanu. Bidimu 34 kunyima kua lufu luende, tshipangu tshia bamfumu ba ekeleziya tshiakenzeka mu Yelushalema tshiakamba muvua mitabuja ende mikale abengangana ne malongesha a ekeleziya. Bakamba ne: “ki mmuntu yonso udi ne bua kubala [Mifundu] to, kadi anu bantu badi batangilatangila mu malu mondoke a nyuma kunyima kua bamane kukebulula malu makumbanyine mu mikanda,” mbuena kuamba ne: anu bamfumu ba ekeleziya bavuabu bamona ne: mbamanye mukanda.

Musangu eu kabidi, baludiki ba ekeleziya bakapangisha madikolela menza bua tshisumbu tshiabu tshia mikoko kupetatshi Dîyi dia Nzambi. Ne tshikisu tshionso bakapuwisha dîyi divua dileja bimue bilema bia malongesha abu avua kaayi a mu Bible. Bakajadika muvuabu kabayi banyisha budikadidi bua ntendelelu ne bulelela. Bia dibungama, lungenyi elu ndutungunuke ne kumueneka too ne lelu’eu mu mishindu mishilangane. Mbualu budi butuvuluija tshidi tshienzeka padi ngenyi mibi mifila kudi bamfumu ba bitendelelu ibenga bua bantu kuikalabu ne budikadidi bua kuela meji ne bua kuakula.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Lungenyi lunene lua mu dibeji 29]

Lucaris wakenza madikolela adi makanyine kalumbandi bua kupitshisha bukokeshi bua Bible kumpala kua malongesha a ekeleziya ne bua kulongesha bantu malu adi mu Bible

[Kazubu/​Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 28]

Lucaris ne Kodekse wa Alexandrinus

Kodekse wa Alexandrinus, maniskri a Bible a mu lukama lua bidimu luitanu B.B., ntshimue tshia ku bintu bia mushinga mukole mu Tshilaminu tshia Mikanda tshia mu Grande-Bretagne. Ku mabeji onso 820 avua kodekse eu mua kuikala nawu ku ntuadijilu, nkushale mabeji 773 adibu balame.

Pavua Lucaris muikale mfumu wa ekeleziya mu Alexandrie ku Ejipitu, uvua ne mushiki wa mikanda. Pakaluaye mfumu wa ekeleziya mu Constantinople, wakayaku ne Kodekse wa Alexandrinus. Mu tshidimu tshia 1624 wakamupesha mulopo wa Angleterre mu Turquie bu dipa bua Mukalenge James I wa mu Angleterre. Kunyima kua bidimu bisatu, yeye pende wakamupesha Mukalenge Charles I wakamupingana.

Mu tshia 1757 bakapesha ditunga dia Grande-Bretagne Tshilaminu tshia Mikanda tshia Mukalenge, ne mpindieu mbateke kodekse eu mulenga bua bantu kuikalabu bamumona mu Nzubu wa John Ritblat mu Tshilaminu tshipiatshipia tshia Mikanda tshia mu Grande-Bretagne.

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Gewerbehalle, Vol. 10

Mu The Codex Alexandrinus in Reduced Photographic Facsimile, 1909

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 26]

Bib. Publ. Univ. de Genève