LUTATU: Papirise ne biseba ke bintu bia kumpala bivua bafundi ba Bible benze nabi mudimu bua kufundilapu ne kutentuilapu.a (2 Timote 4:13) Mmushindu kayi uvua bintu ebi biambuluishe bua Bible kanyanguki?

Papirise ivua ipandika, mekala anyanguka, ne iteketa lukasa. Richard Parkinson ne Stephen Quirke bamanyi ba malu a mu Ejipitu badi bamba ne: “Dibeji didi pamuapa mua kusunsuka ne kushala lupuishi. Pavuabu balama mivungu anyi bayijika, ivua mua kunyanguka peshi kubola ne tshitalela ne bavua mua kuyidia kudi mpuku anyi bishi, nangananga kudi musuasua.” Pavuabu bapeta imue papirise, bavua bayanyika pa munya mukole anyi bayiteka pa tshitalela tshikole, kuenza nunku kuvua kuyinyanga ne lukasa.

Biseba bivua bikole kupita papirise, kadi bivua pabi binyanguka bobu benza nabi mudimu bibi anyi babiteka ku munya mukole anyi pa mashika makole.b Biseba ebi bavua babidia pabi kudi tuishi. Mukanda kampanda wa kale udi wamba ne: “Bivua bikole bua mifundu ya kale kubenga kunyangukayi.” (Everyday Writing in the Graeco-Roman East) Bu Bible yeye munyanguke, mukenji wende uvua pawu ujimina.

MUA KAPANDUKA BIBLE: Mikenji ya bena Yuda ivua ilomba mfumu yonso bua ‘adifundile mukanda wa mikenji,’ mikanda ya ntuadijilu itanu ya mu Bible. (Dutelonome 17:18) Bualu bukuabu, batentudi bapiluke bakenza maniskri a bungi, kuenzabi bua ne: mu bidimu 100 bia kumpala, Mifundu Minsantu ikale mu nsunagoga, mu Isalele mujima nansha too ne kule ku Makedoniya! (Luka 4:16, 17; Bienzedi 17:11) Mmushindu kayi uvua maniskri a kale mafike ku dipanduka too ne lelu?

Philip Comfort mumanyi wa Dipungila Dipiadipia udi wamba ne: “Bena Yuda bavua bamanyike muvuabu bela mivungu ya Mifundu Minsantu mu milondo bua kuyilama.” Bidi bimueneka ne: bena Kristo bakatungunuka pabu ne tshilele atshi. Ke bua tshinyi, bakapeta amue maniskri a Bible a kale mu milondo ya dîma, mikuabu mijika too ne mu mbuebue ne muinshi mua buloba too ne mu miaba miume.

TSHIPETA: Kukadi bidimu bipite pa 2 000, maniskri binunu ne binunu a bitupa bia Bible adiku too ne lelu. Kakuena mukanda mukuabu wa kale udi ne maniskri a bungi a kale bu Bible to.

LUTATU: Bena malu a tshididi ne bamfumu ba bitendelelu ba bungi bakalongolola bua kuluisha mukenji wa mu Bible. Misangu ya bungi bakenza mudimu ne bukokeshi buabu bua kukandika bantu bua kabikadi ne Bible, kabamupatudi anyi kabamukudimunyi to. Tukonkononayi bilejilu bibidi:

• Bu mu bidimu bia 167 kumpala kua Yezu: Mukalenge Antiochus Epiphanes uvua musue kuenzeja bena Yuda bua kuitaba ntendelelu wa bena Greke, wakatuma dîyi bua babutule Mifundu Minsantu yonso ya tshiena Ebelu. Mufundi wa malu a kale diende Heinrich Graetz wakafunda ne: Bantu bende “bavua bapanda ne buosha mivungu ya Mikenji miaba yonso ivuabu bayipeta ne bakashipa bantu bonso bavua bapetela bukole ne busambi pavuabu bayibala.”

• Mu bidimu bia 1500: Bamue bamfumu ba tshitendelelu tshia Katolike bakafika munda bualu bena kuitabuja bavua balongesha malu avua mu Bible pamutu pa kulongesha bilele bia Katolike, muntu yonso uvua ne mikanda mikuabu ya mu Bible pa kumbusha mukanda wa Misambu uvua mu Latin, bavua bamuamba ne: mmutontolodi. Bamfumu ba tshitendelelu kampanda bakenzeja bantu babu bua “badienzeje bikole ne lulamatu luonso, ne bakebe bakebulule batontolodi, bakebe mu nzubu yonso ne nzubu ya muinshi mua buloba mudi bantu badibu bamona bu badi ne mikanda ya mu Bible. Mu nzubu yonso muvuabu bapeta mutontolodi bavua ne bua kumushipa.”

Bu baluishi ba Bible bamubutule, mukenji wende uvua mua kuikala mujimine.

MUA KAPANDUKA BIBLE: Mukalenge Antiochus wakenzela kampanye kende anu mu Isalele, kadi bena Yuda bakenza bisa mu miaba mishilashilangane. Bamanyi badi batshinka ne: mu bidimu lukama bia kumpala, bena Yuda bia pa lukama makumi asambombo kabavua basombele mu Isalele to. Mu nsunagoga, bena Yuda bavua balame Mifundu Minsantu, tuambe ne: ivuabu balue kuenza nayi mudimu kudi ndelanganyi yabu yakalonda, ne kudi bena Kristo kabidi.​—Bienzedi 15:21.

Munkatshi mua bidimu bia 1500, bantu bavua banange Bible bakatantamena buluishi ne dikima ne kutungunukabu ne kukudimuna Bible ne kumutentula. Nansha kumpala kua kuenzabu mashinyi a dipatula mikanda munkatshi mua bidimu bia 1500, bitupa bia Bible bivua mua kuikalaku mu miakulu ya bungi mipite pa 33. Panyima pa matuku, bakakudimuna Bible ne kumupatula mu mushindu uvuabi kabiyi bianji kuenzeka to.

TSHIPETA: Nansha muvuaku buluishi bufumina kudi bamfumu ba bukole ne balombodi ba bitendelelu babi, Bible ke mukanda udibu babanye bikole ne udibu bakudimune bikole kupita mikanda mikuabu yonso. Bible mmuambuluishe mikenji ne miakulu ya amue matunga, too ne nsombelu ya bantu ba bungi.

LUTATU: Lutatu bu mudi dibola ne buluishi kabivua bibutule Bible to. Kabidi, bamue batentudi ne bakudimunyi bakateta bua kushintulula mukenji wa mu Bible. Imue misangu pamutu pa bobu kuenza malu mu diumvuangana ne Bible, bakateta bobu kuenza bua ne: Bible apetangane ne bilele biabu. Tukonkonone bimue bilejilu:

• Muaba wa kutendelela: Pankatshi pa siekele muinayi ne muibidi kumpala kua Yezu, bafundi ba Pantateke wa bena Samaleya bakabueja panyima pa Ekesode 20:17 miaku eyi: “in Aargaareezem. Ne muaba eu newasapu tshioshelu tshiebe.” Nunku bena Samaleya bakatekemena bua Mifundu Misantu ibatue nyama ku mikolo bua mudimu wabu wa dibaka ntempelo pa “Aargaareezem” anyi pa Mukuna wa Gerizime.

• Dilongesha dia busatu bunsatu: Bidimu bishadile ku 300 panyima pa Bible mumane kujika, mufundi kampanda uvua witaba dilongesha dia busatu bunsatu wakasakidila mu 1 Yone 5:7 mêyi aa: “mu diulu, Tatu, dîyi ne nyuma muimpe: ne bintu bisatu ebi bidi tshintu tshimue.” Tshiambilu etshi katshivua mu mifundu ya ntuadijilu to. Mumanyi wa malu a mu Bible diende Bruce Metzger udi uleja ne: “katshia anu ku siekele muisambombo bakatungunuka ne kupeta mêyi aa misangu ne misangu mu maniskri a mu Latin wa kale ne mu wa Vulgate.”

• Dîna dia Nzambi: Pakatelabu lubuku lua bena Yuda bu bukole buabu, bakudimunyi ba Bible ba bungi bakangata dipangadika dia kumbusha dîna dia Nzambi mu Mifundu Misantu. Pa muaba wa dîna edi bakapingaja mianzu bu mudi “Nzambi” anyi “Mukalenge,” mianzu idibu benza nayi mudimu mu Bible bua kuleja ki nganu Mufuki kadi nansha bantu kabidi, bintu bia ntendelelu wa dishima wa ne Diabolo​—Yone 10:34, 35; 1 Kolinto 8:5, 6; 2 Kolinto 4:4.a

MUA KAPANDUKA BIBLE: Tshia kumpala, nansha muvua bamue batentudi ba Bible kabayi bamutabalela anyi mene kabayi ne bujalame, kadi bakuabu ba bungi bavua bobu ne dimanya dia bungi ne bikale ne ntema ya bungi. Pankatshi pa siekele muisambombo ne wa dikumi panyima pa Yezu, Bamasorete bakatentula Mifundu ya tshiena Ebelu, ne kuyipatulabu mu tshidibu babikila ne: mifundu ya masorete. Bavua bamba muvuabu babala miaku ne maleta bua bilema kabibuedi to. Muaba uvuabu basangana bilema mu mifundu mimpe ivuabu benza nayi mudimu, bavua babifunda ku mielelu ya mabeji. Ba masorete bakabenga bua kushintulula mifundu ya mu Bible. Mulongeshi mukuabu diende Moshe Goshen-Gottstein, wakafunda ne: “Buabu bobu, kushintulula mifundu idi mu Bible kuvua bualu bubi butambe.”

Tshibidi, maniskri a bungi lelu eu adi bushuwa ambuluisha bamanyi ba malu a mu Bible bua kumona bilema. Tshilejilu, bamfumu ba bitendelelu bakalongesha mu bidimu bia kale ne: Nkudimuinu wabu wa mu Latin udi ne mifundu ya Bible milelela. Kadi, mu 1 Yone 5:7, bakabueja miaku ya dishima anu mutukadi baleje ku ntuadijilu kua tshiena-bualu etshi. Bilema ebi biakabuela too ne mu Nkudimuinu wa King James mu Anglais. Kadi pakapetabu maniskri makuabu, akaleja tshinyi? Bruce Metzger wakafunda ne: “Mêyi adi mu 1 Yone 5:7 kaena mu maniskri a nkudimuinu ya kale to (Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, Ethiopic, Arabic, Slavonic), pakumbusha Latin.” Bu tshipeta, nkudimuinu miakajilula ya King James ne Bible mikuabu mmiumbushe biambilu bia mashimi abi.

Maniskri a kale mmalejaku ne: mukenji wa mu Bible uvua mulama bimpe anyi? Pavuabu bapete mivungu ya mu Mbuu Mufue mu 1947, bamanyi bavua mua kufuanyikija mifundu ya Masorete ya mu tshiena Ebelu ne ivua mu mifungu ya Bible ivuabu bafunde katshia bidimu tshinunu biapita. Muntu kampanda wa mu kasumbu ka bafundi ba Mivungu ya mu Mbuu Mufue wakalua kukoma ne: muvungu umue “ke udi ufila tshijadiki tshidi katshiyi kuela mpata tshia ne: batentudi bena Yuda bavua balame mifundu ya Bible bimpe menemene ne lulamatu luonso mu bule bua bidimu bipite pa tshinunu.”

Nzubu wa Chester Beatty wa dilamina mikanda wa mu Dublin mu Irlande wakasangisha papirise ivua isua kupetangana ne mukanda onso wa Mifundu ya tshiena Greke ya bena Kristo too ne maniskri a mu siekele muibidi panyima pa Yezu, tuambe ne: anu bu bidimu bitue ku 100 panyima pa Bible yonso mumane kujika. Mukanda kampanda udi wamba ne: “Nansha muvua Papirise misakidile malu mapiamapia mimpe mu malu masunguluke avuabu bafunde, ivua kabidi mileje muvuayi mijalame pavuayi ilonda malu a kale a mfundilu wa Bible.”​—The Anchor Bible Dictionary

TSHIPETA: Pamutu pa kunyanga mêyi a mu Bible, bidimu ne bungi bua maniskri a Bible mbiakaje bushuwa mêyi a mu Bible. Bua malu adi atangila Mifundu ya tshiena Greke ya bena Kristo, Sir Frederic Kenyon wakafunda ne: “Kakuena mukanda mukuabu wa kale nansha umue udi ne bijadiki bia bungi ne bia kale bu Bible to. Kakuena mumanyi udi ne lungenyi luimpe nansha umue udi mua kuela mpata ne: mifundu itudi nayi mmijalame menemene to.” Bua Mifundu ya tshiena Ebelu, mumanyi mukuabu diende William Henry Green wakafunda ne: “Tudi mua kuamba kakuyi dikokangana ne: kakuena mukanda mukuabu wa kale nansha umue udi mufike kutudi ne bujalame bua mushindu eu to.”