Nkene Ombiimbeli ya thiki kutse

Nonando opu na mboka ya li ya hala okuhulitha po Ombiimbeli, otu yi na sigo onena, oshinima shoka tashi kumitha lela. Oya li ya pu okunyolwa konima yomimvo dha konda pe 1 900 nasha dha ka pita. Petameko oya li ya nyolwa koombapila ndhoka dha longwa miihenguti yomanenge nosho wo kiipa yiinamwenyo, iinima mbyoka hayi vulu okuyonuka po nuupu. Oya li wo ya nyolwa momalaka ngoka haga popiwa owala kaantu aashona kunena. Shimwe ishewe, aapangeli yamwe nosho wo aawiliki yomalongelokalunga, oya li taya kambadhala ya hanagule po Ombiimbeli.

KONYALA aantu ayehe muuyuni oye shi Ombiimbeli. Mbela oshe ende ngiini, opo yi hupe noyi kale po, sigo opethimbo lyetu? Natu tale kiinima iyali tayi landula.

Oya kala nokunyolwa, tayi tapwa iikando niikando

Aaisraeli mboka ya li ya pewa omanyolo gOmbiimbeli gopetameko, oya li ya pungula nawa oondhingambo ndhoka dhonale, nongele tadhi kulupa oya li haya nyola po oompe taya tapa mwaandhoka oonkulu. Oshinima shoka oya li haye shi ningi iikando niikando. Pashiholelwa, aakwaniilwa yaIsraeli oya li ya lombwelwa ya nyolithe “oshifeka shembo lyompango ndjika sha kuthwa membo lyompango lya dhigininwa kaayambi Aalevi.” — Deuteronomium 17:18.

Aaisraeli oyendji oya li ye hole okulesha Omanyolo, oshoka oya li ye shi kutya oge li Oohapu dhaKalunga. Aanongompango mboka ya dheulwa nawa, oyo ya li haya tapa omanyolo ngoka, nohaye ga nyolulula naanaa, ge li ngaashi ge li. Omunongompango Esra, ngoka a li ha tila Kalunga, ota popiwa e li “omunongompango a tseya ompango ndjoka Omuwa, Kalunga kaIsrael, a pe Moses.” (Esra 7:6) Aanongompango Aajuda mboka hayi ithanwa Aamasorete, oya li ya tapa Omanyolo gOshihebeli nenge “Etestamendi Ekulu,” pokati komimvo 500 E.N nosho wo 900 E.N. Opo kaaya ninge omapuko, oya li ya yalula oondanda dhomanyolo ngoka ya tapa, ya tale ngele odhi thike ngaa pamwe naandhoka dhi li moondhingambo moka ya tapa. Okutapa Omanyolo momukalo ngoka, okwa ningitha oohapu ndhoka ya tapa, dhi kale dhi li mondjila. Omukalo ngono gwokutapa Ombiimbeli ogwa kwathela wo, opo aatondi mboka ya li taya kambadhala iikando niikando ye yi hanagule po, kaaya vule oku shi ninga.

Pashiholelwa, mo 168 K.E.N., omupangeli gwaSiria, Antiochus IV, okwa li a kambadhala okuhanagula po oontumwafo adhihe dhOmanyolo gOshihebeli muPalestina ashihe. Omunandjokonona gumwe, Omujuda, okwa ti: “Shampa i itsu oondhingambo dhompango, ohe dhi tuula po noku dhi fika po.” Embo The Jewish Encyclopedia olya ti: “Aakwiita oya li ya longo yi itula mo, opo ya hanagule po oondhingambo dhompango . . . Ngoka a adhika e na omanyolo omayapuki . . . okwa li ha dhipagwa.” Ihe nonando ongawo, Omanyolo oga li ga hupu noga li ge niwe kAajuda yomuPalestina naamboka ye li kiilongo yilwe.

Konima sho aanyoli yOmanyolo gopaKriste gOshigreka nenge “yEtestamendi Epe” ya mana oku ga nyola, oontumwafo ndhoka ya nyola, dhomahunganeko nosho wo dhiiningwanima mbyoka ya ningwa mondjokonona, odha li dha taandele. Pashiholelwa, Johannes okwa li a nyolele Evaangeli lye muEfeso nenge popepi nasho. Aatseyinawa yiinima otaya ti kutya oshitopolwa shEvaangeli ndyoka shoka sha li sha nyolululwa pwa pita omimvo 50 lwaampono, konima sho Johannes a nyola Evaangeli lye, osha ka adhika kokulekule muEgipiti. Onkee ano, Aakriste mboka ya li kiilongo yokokule, oya li ye na oontumwafo dhomanyolo ga nwethwa mo pethimbo ndyoka.

Natango okutaandelithwa kOohapu dhaKalunga, okwe dhi ningitha dhi tsikile okukala po omimvo odhindji konima, sho Kristus a shuna megulu. Pashiholelwa, ongula yomasiku 23 Febuluali omumvo 303 E.N., sho ngaa eluwa tali tende, otaku tiwa kutya omupangeli Omuroma, Diocletian, okwa li a thikama, a tala aakwiita sho taya teya po omiyelo dhongeleka notaya fike po oontumwafo dhOmanyolo. Diocletian okwa li ta dhiladhila kutya ngele okwa hanagula po omanyolo omayapuki, ota vulu okuhulitha po Uukriste. Esiku lya landula ko, okwa li a gandja oshipango muRoma alihe, tashi ti kutya oontumwafo dhOombiimbeli adhihe nadhi fikwe po montaneho yaantu. Ihe oontumwafo dhimwe odha hupu e tadhi nyanyangidhululwa. Opu na nokuli Oombiimbeli mbali dhi li mOshigreka, ndhoka dha adhika opo dha nyolululwa konima yomimvo dhontumba, sho Diocletian a ti kutya Oombiimbeli nadhi hanagulwe po. Yimwe oyi li muRoma, omanga onkwawo yi li mongulumambo yi li moLondon, moIngilanda.

Nonando omanyolo gOombiimbeli ngoka ga li ko petameko kage po we, opu na oontumwafo odhindji dhOombiimbeli dhi ihwa po nenge iitopolwa yadho ya tapwa noonyala. Oontumwafo dhimwe odha kulupa noonkondo. Mbela etumwalaka ndyoka lya li momanyolo gopetameko olya lunduluka, sho ga kala taga nyolululwa taga tapwa? Omulongwantu gwedhina W. H. Green, okwa popi kombinga yOmanyolo gOshihebeli a ti: “Kapu na omanyolo galwe omakulu ga tapwa nawa paushili, ga fa ngaka.” Omulumentu gwedhina Frederic Kenyon, ngoka a tseyika nawa e li onkulungu mokulesha Omanyolo omakulu gOmbiimbeli, okwa li a nyola ta popi kombinga yOmanyolo gopaKriste gOshigreka, a ti: “Ethimbo ndyoka lya pita po, okuza sho omanyolo gopetameko ga li ga nyolwa nosho wo ngoka ge li po ngashingeyi sho ga nyolwa, eshona noonkondo. Omalimbililo ngoka aantu ya li ye na, tayi ipula ngele Omanyolo ngoka tu na ngashingeyi oga faathana ngaa naangoka gopetameko, kage po we nokuli. Uushili womambo ngoka ge li mEtestamendi Epe owa kolekwa ngashingeyi.” Okwa gwedha ko wo a ti: “Otatu vulu oku shi koleka kutya omanyolo gOmbiimbeli oge li paushili. . . . Kapu na embo limwe ekulu li li muuyuni, tatu vulu okutya oli li paushili ngaashi Ombiimbeli.”

Okutolokwa kwOmbiimbeli

Oshinima oshitiyali sha simana, shoka sha ningitha Ombiimbeli yi kale embo lya tseyika nawa apuhe muuyuni, osho kutya oya tolokwa momalaka ogendji. Shika oshi li metsokumwe nelalakano lyaKalunga, ngoka a hala aantu yomiigwana ayihe noyomomalaka agehe ye mu tseya noye mu longele “mOmbepo nomoshili.” — Johannes 4:23, 24; Mika 4:2.

Etoloko lyotango lyOmanyolo gOshihebeli ndyoka li li mOshigreka ohali ithanwa Septuagint. Etoloko ndyoka olya li ya nuninwa Aajuda mboka haya popi Oshigreka, mboka ihaaya kala moPalestina. Oya li ya pu okutolokwa omimvo 200, manga Jesus inaa tameka iilonga ye yokuuvitha kombanda yevi. Ombiimbeli ayihe mwa kwatelwa Omanyolo gopaKriste gOshigreka, oya li ya tolokwa momalaka ogendji muule owala womimvo omathele gontumba konima sho ya pu okunyolwa. Konima owala yethimbo, aakwaniilwa nosho wo aasita mboka oyo ando ya li ye na okukwathela aantu ya leshe Ombiimbeli, oya li ya ningi ngaashi taya vulu ya kandeke aantu kaaye yi leshe. Aasita oya li ya hala aantu ya kale momilema dhopambepo. Onkee ano, oyi indike Ombiimbeli yi tolokwe momalaka ngoka haga popiwa kaantu oyendji.

Opwa li aalumentu yamwe mboka ya li ya tokola kaaya landule oohapu dhongeleka nosho wo dhepangelo. Pehala lyaashono, oya tula oomwenyo dhawo moshiponga, opo ya toloke Ombiimbeli melaka lyOshiingilisa, ndyoka hali uviwa ko kaantu oyendji. Pashiholelwa, mo 1530, omulumentu Omwiingilisa, gwedhina William Tyndale, ngoka a longwa kOuniveesiti yedhina Oxford, okwa li a toloka Ombiimbeli hayi ithanwa Pentateuch. Oya li yi na omambo gatano gopetameko gOmanyolo gOshihebeli. Nonando okwa li a patanekwa shimwe to nyengwa, oye a toloka Ombiimbeli tango mOshiingilisa, ta kutha melaka lyOshihebeli. Oye wo omutoloki gwotango Omwiingilisa, ngoka a longitha edhina Jehova. Omulongwantu gwOmbiimbeli, Omuspania gwedhina Casiodoro de Reina, okwa li a hepekwa lwiikando kiilyo yimwe yongeleka yaKatoolika. Omwenyo gwe ogwa li wo moshiponga, sho ta kambadhala okutoloka Ombiimbeli yotango mOshispania. Opo a mane okutoloka Ombiimbeli ndjoka, okwa li e na okutembukila koIngilanda, koNdowishi, koFulaanisa, koHolanda nosho wo koSwitzerland.a

Pethimbo lyetu, Ombiimbeli onkee ngaa tayi tsikile okutolokwa momalaka ogendji. Shimwe ishewe, Oombiimbeli omamiliyona ogendji ohadhi nyanyangidhwa muuyuni. Omukalo moka Ombiimbeli ya hupa naasho yi li embo ndyoka lya tseyika kaantu apuhe muuyuni, otagu koleke oohapu dhomuyapostoli Petrus ndhoka tadhi ti: “Omwiidhi ohagu si, nongala yagwo ohayi kukuta. Ihe ohapu yOmuwa otayi [kalelele] sigo aluhe.” — 1 Petrus 1:24, 25.

[Enyolo lyopevi]

[Oshimpungu/Ethano]

MBELA ETOLOKO LINI LYOMBIIMBELI NDI NA OKULESHA?

Omalaka ogendji oge na omatoloko gOombiimbeli ge vulithe pulimwe. Omatoloko gamwe omadhigu okulesha noga longitha iitya mbyoka ihaayi popiwa we melaka, kepipi lyokunena. Omatoloko galwe oga longitha elaka epu nokulesha, ihe oovelise dhimwe eityo kali li mondjila, oshoka odha ngongwa owala paufupi. Opu na ishewe omatoloko gamwe, moka Ombiimbeli ya tolokwa oshitya noshitya.

Oonzapo dhaJehova odha nyanyangidha Ombiimbeli yOshiingilisa yo-New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. Oya tolokwa kokomitiye yontumba inaayi popiwa kedhina, okuza momalaka moka Ombiimbeli ya nyolwa petameko. Ombiimbeli ndjoka yo-New World Translation, oyo unene ya longithwa kaatoloki yalwe yOonzapo dhaJehova ya toloke Oombiimbeli momalaka ge vulithe po 60 lwaampo. Ihe sho taya toloka ohaya faathanitha etoloko lyawo nomanyolo ngoka gopetameko. Mpoka tashi wapa, aatoloki yo-New World Translation oya toloka omanyolo gopetameko oshitya noshitya. Aatoloki ohaya kambadhala oku yi toloka momukalo omupu okuuviwa ko kaaleshi yopethimbo lyetu, ngaashi naanaa aantu yopethimbo lyonale ya li yu uvite ko omanyolo gopetameko.

Aatseyinawa yomalaka yamwe, oya konakona omatoloko gOombiimbeli ngoka ge li po kunena, mwa kwatelwa Ombiimbeli yo-New World Translation. Oya li taya tala ngele aatoloki oya toloka ngaa iinima yi li paushili noyi na eityo lya faathana nomanyolo gopetameko. Gumwe gwomaalongwantu mboka oJason David BeDuhn, ngoka ha longo iinima yopalongelokalunga kOuniveesiti yedhina, Northern Arizona, moAmerika. Momumvo 2003, okwa li a nyanyangidha embo li na omapandja 200, moka a popya shoka a mona po, sho a konakona: “Omatoloko gOombiimbeli omugoyi dhOshiingilisa ndhoka hadhi longithwa kaantu oyendji muuyuni.”b Okwa konakona oovelise dhontumba ndhoka aalongwantu oyendji haya patana kombinga yadho, shoka “hashi ningitha aatoloki kaaye dhi toloke ngaashi dhi li momanyolo gopetameko.” Okwa li a yelekanitha ovelise kehe nomanyolo gOshigreka naangoka ga tolokwa mOshiingilisa. Okwa li wo e dhi konakona a tale mpoka eityo lya lundululwa. Mbela okwa thiki pehulithodhiladhilo lini?

Jason David BeDuhn okwa ti kutya aantu oyendji nosho wo aalongwantu yOmbiimbeli oyendji, ohaya dhiladhila kutya o-New World Translation oya yooloka, molwaashoka aatoloki yayo ye na eitaalo lyi ili. Ihe okwa ti: “Shoka sha yoolola ko Ombiimbeli ndjoka komatoloko galwe, osho kutya oya tolokwa mondjila noyi na eityo lyomanyolo gopetameko.” Nonando Jason David BeDuhn ita tsu kumwe nomukalo moka omautumbililo gamwe ga tolokwa mo-New World Translation, okwa ti kutya “oya tolokwa mondjila okuyelekanitha nomatoloko galwe.” Okwa ti wo kutya o-New World Translation “etoloko lya tolokekeka”

Omulongwantu Omuhebeli, ndohotola Benjamin Kedar, ngoka e li muIsraeli, okwa li a popi oshinima sha faathana kombinga yo-New World Translation. Momumvo 1989, okwa tile: “Aatoloki oya kambadhala ye yi toloke momukalo tagu kwathele aantu yu uve ko omanyolo gopetameko meityo lyomondjila. . . . Inandi mona nando eityo lyomanyolo gopetameko lya lundululwa mOmbiimbeli yo-New World Translation.”

Ipula to ti: ‘Mbela ohandi lesha Ombiimbeli nelalakano lyashike? Mbela onda hala okulesha Ombiimbeli ndjoka ompu nokuuviwa ko, ihe kayi li paushili? Nenge onda hala okulesha Ombiimbeli yi na lela omadhiladhilo ga fa ngoka taga adhika momanyolo gopetameko?’ (2 Petrus 1:20, 21) Shi ikolelela kutya Ombiimbeli oto yi lesha nelalakano lyashike, otashi ke ku inyengitha wu mone kutya etoloko lini to ka lesha.

[Enyolo lyopevi]

[Ethano]

Ombiimbeli “yo-New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures” oya tolokwa momalaka ogendji

[Ethano]

Omanyolo ngoka ga tapwa kAamasorete

[Ethano]

Oohapu dha za membo lyaLukas 12:7, “. . . Inamu tila: one omu vule omanza ogendji”

[Picture Credit Lines]

Foreground page: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; second and third: Bibelmuseum, Münster; background: © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin