Ko e Heigoa ne Fakaako he Tau Tufugatia?
“Ka e huhu la ke he tau manu huifa to fakaako mai e lautolu a koe; mo e tau manu lele to fakailoa mai e lautolu kia koe. Po ke vagahau atu a koe ke he kelekele to fakaako mai e ia a koe; to tala mai foki kia koe e tau ika he tahi.”—IOPU 12:7, 8.
NAKAILA LEVA e fakaatā he tau saienetisi mo e tau enisinia e tau akau mo e tau manu ke fakaako a lautolu. Kumikumi mo e fifitaki e lautolu e tau puhala ne tufugatia e tau manu kehekehe—fakahigoa ai ko e tau biomimetic—he lali ke talaga e tau koloa foou mo e fakaholo ki mua e tau matini kua fitā he talaga. He totou a koe ke he tau mena nei, hūhū hifo, ‘Ko hai kua lata mooli ke fakaheke ki ai ha ko e tau tufugatia nei?’
Fakaako Mai he Tau Flipper he Tafuā
Ko e heigoa he tau tagata talaga vakalele ne iloa mai he tafuā humpback? Loga lahi e tau mena ha lautolu ne iloa. Ko e tafuā lahi nei ne kavi 30 e tane he mamafa—ne mamafa tuga e tulaki ne fai koloa i ai—ti maō e tino mo e lalahi e tau flipper tuga e tau pekau. Ko e manu nei ne 12 e mita he loa mo e ofogia e mafiti i loto he tahi. Ma e fakatai, ka kai e tafuā nei ne liga kakau hake ki luga ti fakamavikoviko i lalo he tau mena ne amanaki ke kai, tuga e tau kalahimu po ke tau ika, mo e magaaho taha ne puhi mai e tau bubble. Ko e tau bubble nei, ne 1.5 e mita he laulahi ne putuputu i lalo he tau manu ia i luga he fuga tahi. Ti mafuta hake mogoia e tafuā ti kai ai.
Ne ofogia e tau tagata kumikumi he puhala ne maeke e tino loa he manu nei ke mavikoviko fakaikiiki. Iloa e lautolu ko e tau flipper he tafuā ne toka ai e tali. Nakai momole e vala i luga he tau flipper ke tuga e pekau he vakalele, ka e pekepeke mo e fakaatuatu e tau teputepu ne fakahigoa ko e tau tubercle.
He kakau e tafuā he tahi, ne fakamalagaki he tau tubercle nei mo e holo mafiti ai. He puhala fe? Fakamaama he tohi Natural History ko e tau tubercle nei ne tafe hifo mafiti e vai he flipper mo e maviko ai, pihia foki he kakau hake e tafuā. Ane mai momole e vala ia he flipper to nakai maeke e tafuā ke maviko fakamafiti pihia ha kua hifo ni e vai ti mau i tua he flipper ti fakatuai e tafe ti nakai maeke ke holo hake.
Ko e heigoa e tau talahauaga mahuiga ne moua mai he kumikumiaga nei? Ko e tau pekau he vakalele ne fifitaki ke he tufugatia nei, ne kitia kua nakai lata ke loga e vala he pekau po ke falu mena foki ke hiki e holoaga he matagi. To haohao mitaki mo e mukamuka lahi ke leveki e tau pekau pihia. Ko e pulotu he tau biomechanic ko John Long ne talitonu to hoko ke he taha aho “to liga kitia e tautolu e tau vakalele takitaha mo e tau teputepu he tau pekau ke tuga e tau flipper he tafuā.”
Fifitaki e Tau Pekau he Tau Seagull
Kua fitā e tau pekau he vakalele he fifitaki e puhala ne tufugatia e tau pekau he tau manu lele. Ka ko e foou nei laia ne lahi mahaki e fifitaki he tau enisinia e tau mena nei. “Ko e tau tagata kumikumi he University of Florida” ne talahau he New Scientist, “kua talaga e drone he fifitaki ke he tau seagull ne maeke ke fakapaagi, lele hifo mo e liu lele hake mafiti.”
Ne ofoofogia e puhala ne felele e tau seagull ha ko e tau tutaki he pekau mo e tukeua. He fifitaki ke he pekau he seagull, “ne talaga e drone ne 24 e inisi he lahi mo e taha e enisini tote ne gahuahua e tau kā lapatoa ke holo e tau pekau,” he talahau he mekasini. Ko e tau pekau nei ne talaga fakamitaki ti maeke e mena tote nei ke lele viko i luga mo e lele hifo ti holo he vahāloto he tau fale tokoluga. Manako lahi e U.S. Air Force ke talaga e taha mena pihia ne maeke ke lele viko ke kumi aki e tau vaikona po ke tau biological weapon he tau taone lalahi.
Fifitaki e Tau Hui he Mokotaliga
Loga foki e tau fakaakoaga mai he tau manu totolo he fuga kelekele. Ma e fakatai, ko e mokotaliga ne maeke ke toli hake he tau kaupā ti totolo fakafohake he alofale. Talahau foki he tau vahā Tohi Tapu, ne talahaua e manu nei he maeke ke totolo pihia. (Tau Fakatai 30:28) Ko e heigoa e mena galo ati nakai tō e mokotaliga he mamafa?
Ha kua maeke e mokotaliga ke pili e tau hui he tau mena momole ha ko e tau fulufulu ikiiki ne fakahigoa ko e setae he tau hui. Nakai fai pili ne fakatoka mai he tau hui. Ka ko e vala tote he molecular force ne fakaaoga. Ko e tau mena nei he tau hui he mokotaliga mo e kaupā ne pili ki ai ha ko e malolō ne fakamaama ko e malolō van der Waals. Fa mahani ka mamafa ti nakai gahuahua e tau mena nei, kakano ia ne nakai maeke a koe ke toli hake he kaupā momole he fakaaoga e tau lima haau. Ka ko e tau setae ikiiki he mokotaliga ne fakalaulahi ke mau he kaupā. Mai he malolō Van der Waals, ka loga e setae he tau hui he mokotaliga to malolō ai ti mau e mokotaliga ka totolo.
Ko e heigoa ka fakaaoga ki ai e mouaaga nei? Ko e tau koloa synthetic ne talaga he fifitaki ke he tau hui he mokotaliga ka maeke ke fakaaoga mo talaga taha mena foki tuga e Velcro—ko e velcro ne talaga he fifitaki ke he tau tufugatia.a Ko e tohi The Economist ne fatiaki e talahauaga he taha pulotu kumikumi he pehē ko e tau mena ne moua mai he “pili mokotaliga” to liga aoga lahi ma e “tau tuaga fakaekekafo ka nakai maeke ke fakaaoga e tau vai fakapili.”
Ko Hai kua Lata ke Tuku ki Ai e Fakahekeaga?
He National Aeronautics and Space Administration ne talaga e ropote ne loga e hui ke fano tuga e akarava, mo e tau enisinia i Finland ne fitā e talaga e tuleketā hui ono ne maeke ke toli hake ki luga tuga ko e taha moko lahi mahaki. Falu tagata kumikumi ne talaga e ie mo e tau felefele ikiiki ne fifitaki e puhala ne mahafagi mo e mapāpā e tau fua paina. Ko e kamupanī motokā ne talaga e peleoafi ne fifitaki e ofogia he nakai matoho (low-drag) tuga e motokā boxfish. Falu tagata kumikumi hane onoono agaia ke he tau gati abalone ke talaga e tau peleue puipui ne māmā mo e maō.
Loga lahi e puhala mitaki ne moua he tau tagata kumikumi ti fakatū e database ke fakamau hifo e tau mena momoui kehekehe. Ti maeke e tau saienetisi ke fakaaoga e database nei ke moua falu puhala “mai he tau tufugatia ma e tau gahua talaga ha lautolu,” he talahau he The Economist. Fakahigoa e fakamauaga he tau mena momoui nei ko e tau “biological patent.” Fa mahani he tuaga nei ko e tagata po ke kamupanī ne fakatu mua e manatu po ke talaga mua e matini foou ko lautolu kua tonuhia katoa ki ai. Hagaao ke he database nei, pehē The Economist: “He fakahigoa e tau puhala biomimetic ko e tau ‘biological patent,’ ko e fakamooli noa ni e tau tagata kumikumi ko e tutonuhia mooli kua haia ni he tau tufugatia.”
Moua fēfē he tau tufugatia e tau puhala mitaki nei? Tokologa e tagata kumikumi ne talahau kua mitaki lahi e tau tufugatia ha kua leva e gahuahua he tupumainoa mo e kumikumiaga. Ka e kehe e talahauaga he falu tagata kumikumi. Tohi he Microbiologist ko Michael Behe he The New York Times he 2005: “Ko e kitia moolioli he tau tufugatia [tau mena momoui] kua lagā mai e talahauaga: ka tino, fano mo e leo tuga e pato, ti nakai fai talahauaga kehe foki, kua tonuhia a tautolu ke fakahigoa ai ko e pato.” Ko e heigoa e talahauaga haana? “Nakai lata ke fakateaga ke he puhala ne tufugatia ai pete kua kitia maaliali.”
Mooli ai, ko e enisinia ne talaga e pekau mitaki mo e aoga lahi he vakalele kua lata ni ke nava ki ai. Pihia foki e tagata ne talaga fakamua e palasitā—po ke ie molū mo tui po ke peleoafi mitaki—lata ke nava ke he tagata ne talaga ai. Ko e tagata ne talaga e tau koloa he fifitaki mai he falu tagata ka e nakai fakaaue po ke nava e tagata ne talaga fakamua ai, kua onoono ke he tagata pihia ko e tagata kolokolovao.
Fēfē e manatu haau ke he tau tagata pulotu ne kumikumi ti fifitaki e tau tufugatia ke talaga aki e tau matini ti nava ko e tupumainoa ati momoui e tau mena nei ke fifitaki ki ai? Ka lata e tagata ke fifitaki ke he koloa ne fitā he talaga, ka e kua mogoia e koloa fakamua ne talaga? Ko hai mooli kua lata ke fakaheke ki ai, ko e tagata pulotu he tā fakatino po ke tagata fakaako ne fifitaki e puhala tā fakatino he pulotu nei?
Ko e Fakaotiaga Hako
He mole e fakamaama e mooli he tau mena kua tufugatia, tokologa e tagata lotomatala ne talia e talahauaga he salamo ne tohia: “Iehova na e, kua loga ue atu hāu a tau gahua! Ne eke e koe e tau mena oti ia mo e iloilo, kua puke e lalolagi ke he hāu a tau mena.” (Salamo 104:24) Pihia foki e manatu ha Paulo. Tohi e ia: “Ha ko e hana [Atua] tau mena kua nakai kitia, tali mai he vaha ne eke e lalolagi, kua kitia ia he manamanatu e tau mena ne eke, ko e hana mana haia kua tukulagi, mo e hana Atua.”—Roma 1:19, 20.
Ka kua tokologa e tagata loto fakamooli mo e fakalilifu e Tohi Tapu ti talitonu foki ke he Atua ne kua talahau na liga fakaaoga he Atua e tupumainoa ke tufugatia e tau mena momoui. Ka e fēfē e fakaakoaga he Tohi Tapu?
[Matahui Tala]
a Ko e velcro ko e mena fakamapili ne fifitaki e talaga ke he tau tega he akau ko e burdock.
[Blurb]
Moua mai i fe he tau mena momoui e puhala ofogia ne tufugatia ai?
[Blurb]
Ko hai ne tonuhia ko e tufugatia he tau mena momoui oti?
[Puha/Tau Fakatino]
Ka lata e tagata ne fifitaki ke fifitaki mai he taha tagata pulotu, ka e kua a ia ne talaga mua ai?
Fifitaki he vakalele nei e tau pekau he seagull
Ai kiva e tau hui he mokotaliga mo e maeke ke mapili he ha mena ni, ka e ai mapili ke he Teflon, ti mukamuka foki ke mapili mo e mafole. Lali agaia e tau tagata kumikumi ke fifitaki e tau mena ia
Ko e tufugatia ofogia he boxfish ne omoomoi lahi ke he talaga he taha peleoafi
[Credit Lines]
Airplane: Kristen Bartlett/University of Florida; gecko foot: Breck P. Kent; box fish and car: Mercedes-Benz USA
[Puha/Tau Fakatino]
MUA E ILOILO HE O FENOGA
Loga e manu ne “mua ue atu ni ha lautolu a iloilo” he maeke ke o fano he fua Lalolagi. (Tau Fakatai 30:24, 25) Manamanatu ke he ua e fakatai.
◼ Ō Fano he Tau Lo Maeke fēfē e tau lo ne ō ke tanaki mena kai ke manatu e hala ke liliu ke he tau fata? Moua he tau tagata kumikumi i United Kingdom, ne toka hifo he tau lo e namu mo fakamailoga, mo e falu lo ne fakaaoga e geometry he talaga e tau hala ti mukamuka ke moua ka liliu ke he tau fata. Ma e fakatai, ko e tau lo pharaoh “ne talaga e hala ne hau he fata ti aafe he 50 ke he 60 e degree,” talahau he New Scientist. Ko e ha ne ofogia e mena nei? Ka liu mai e lo ke he fata ti hoko ke he mafegahala pihia, ne fano ai he hala mukamuka, ko e hala ia ka hoko ke he fata haana. “Ko e geometry he tau mafegahala,” he talahau he vala tala, “ne mukamuka e tau lo ke ō fano he tau hala, mua atu ka ua e hala kehekehe ne o mo e o mai e tau lo, ti kua tote foki e malolō ne mole ka hepe e hala ne fano ai.”
◼ Kamapasi he Manu Lele Loga e manu lele ne hakotika e puhala ne felele he hala loa mo e he kehekehe e tau tuaga he matagi. Fēfē? Moua he tau tagata kumikumi na maeke e tau manu lele ke logona e magnetic field he fua lalolagi. Pete ia, ko e “magnetic field he lalolagi ne kehekehe mai he taha matakavi ke he taha matakavi ti nakai tu tumau he true north,” he talahau he tohi Science. Ko e heigoa ati nakai hepe e hala ne felele e tau manu lele? Ne fakahako tumau he tau manu lele e kamapasi ha lautolu ke he laā ka tō he tau afiafi takitaha. Ha kua hiki e toaga he laā fakatatau ke he latitude mo e vahā, ne manatu e tau tagata kumikumi kua maeke e tau manu lele ke taute e tau hikihiki nei ha ko e “biological clock ati iloa e lautolu e magahala he tau,” talahau he Science.
Ko hai ne taute e lo ke iloa e geometry? Ko hai ne age e kamapasi ke he tau manu lele, biological clock, mo e uho ulu ke iloa e tau vala tala mai he tau mena ia? Ko e tupumainoa teao kia? Po ke Tufuga pulotu?
[Credit Line]
© E.J.H. Robinson 2004