Ikigabane ca 19
Isirayeli y’Imana idomwako ikidodo
Iyerekwa rya 4—Ivyahishuwe 7:1-17
Ibivugwamwo: Bamwe 144.000 baradomwako ikidodo, isinzi rinini rikaboneka rihagaze imbere y’intebe y’ubwami ya Yehova n’imbere ya wa Mwagazi w’intama
Igihe birangukirako: Kuva Kristu Yezu yimitswe mu 1914 kubandanya gushika no mu gihe c’Ingoma yiwe y’imyaka igihumbi
1. “Ni nde ashobora guhagarara” kuri wa musi uhambaye w’uburake bw’Imana?
“NI NDE ashobora guhagarara?” (Ivyahishuwe 6:17) Mbega nyene ni nde vy’ukuri? Umusi uhambaye w’uburake bw’Imana niwatikiza iyi si ya Shetani, birashoboka rwose ko abatware n’abanyagihugu bo kw’isi bazokwibaza ico kibazo. Bazokwibaza ko ivyago bigira bize bizoherengeteza abantu bose. None ni ko bizogenda? Igishimishije, umuhanuzi umwe yahumekewe n’Imana araduhumuriza ati: “Umuntu wese yambaza izina rya Yehova azokira.” (Yoweli 2:32) Intumwa Petero na Paulo ivyo baravyemeza. (Ivyakozwe 2:19-21; Abaroma 10:13) Ego cane, abambaza izina rya Yehova bazorokoka. None abo ni bande? Iyerekwa rikurikira riradufasha kubamenya.
2. Kubera iki bitangaje kwumva ko hari abazorokoka umusi w’urubanza wa Yehova?
2 Biratangaje cane kwumva ko hari abazorokoka umusi w’urubanza wa Yehova, kuko uwundi muhanuzi w’Imana awudondora muri aya majambo ati: “Ehe ikirura c’umuyaga ca Yehova, ari co bushangashirwe bwiwe, kirasohotse, igihuhusi kigenda gikubura. Kizozungurukira ku mutwe w’ababisha. Ishavu rirurumba rya Yehova ntirizosubira inyuma adashikije ivyiyumviro vy’umutima wiwe kandi atabiranguye.” (Yeremiya 30:23, 24) Birihutirwa ko tugira ico dukoze kugira twikinge ico gihuhusi!—Imigani 2:22; Yesaya 55:6, 7; Zefaniya 2:2, 3.
Ya miyaga ine
3. (a) Ni igikorwa kidasanzwe ikihe kirangurwa n’abamarayika Yohani abona? (b) “Ya miyaga ine” igereranya iki?
3 Imbere y’uko Yehova arekura ubwo burake, hariho igikorwa kidasanzwe abamarayika bo mw’ijuru bariko barakora. Raba ivyo Yohani aca yerekwa. Agira ati: “Inyuma y’ivyo mbona abamarayika bane bahagaze ku mfuruka zine z’isi, bafashe bagumije ya miyaga ine y’isi, kugira ngo ntihagire umuyaga uhuhutira kw’isi canke ku kiyaga canke ku giti na kimwe.” (Ivyahishuwe 7:1) Ivyo bitwerekeye gute muri iki gihe? Iyo “miyaga ine” ni ikigereranyo gikomeye c’urubanza rw’agatikizo rugira rushike ku babisha bo kw’isi, ku “kiyaga” gisuriranya ari co bantu b’abagarariji, no ku batware bagereranywa n’ibiti birebire bishigikiwe kandi bibeshejweho n’abantu bo kw’isi.—Yesaya 57:20; Zaburi 37:35, 36.
4. (a) Ba bamarayika bane bagereranya iki? (b) Ishirahamwe rya Shetani ryo kw’isi bizorigendera gute ya miyaga ine niyarekurwa?
4 Nta gukeka ko abo bamarayika bane bagereranya imigwi ine y’abamarayika Yehova akoresha mu kurindiriza ishitswa ry’urwo rubanza kugeza ku gihe cashinzwe. Abo bamarayika nibarekura iyo miyaga y’uburake bw’Imana ngo ihuhutire icarimwe ivuye mu buraruko, mu bumanuko, mu buseruko no mu burengero, agatikizo kazoba gakomeye. Bizoba biruta kure n’iyo ca gihe Yehova yakoresha imiyaga ine mu gushwiragiza Abelamu ba kera, akabamenagura gushika abatikije. (Yeremiya 49:36-38) Kizoba ari ikirura gitema kigatongora kuruta ca “gihuhusi” Yehova yakoresha mu guhonya ihanga ry’Abamoni. (Amosi 1:13-15) Nta muce n’umwe w’ishirahamwe rya Shetani ng’aha kw’isi uzorusimba ku musi w’uburake bwa Yehova, niyemeza ubusegaba bwiwe rimwe rizima.—Zaburi 83:15, 18; Yesaya 29:5, 6.
5. Ubuhanuzi bwa Yeremiya budufasha gute kumenya ko urubanza rw’Imana ruzoshitswa kw’isi yose?
5 Twoba twokwemera tudakeka ko urubanza rw’Imana ruzorigata isi yose? Umviriza kandi ivyo umuhanuzi Yeremiya avuga, ati: “Ehe ivyago bigira bisohoke biva kw’ihanga bija ku rindi, kandi igihuhusi gikomeye kizohaguruka kivuye mu mihingo ya kure kuruta iyindi y’isi. Abishwe na Yehova kuri uwo musi bazohera koko ku mpera imwe y’isi bashike ku yindi.” (Yeremiya 25:32, 33) Mu gihe c’ico gihuhusi ni ho umwiza uzotwikira iyi si. Inzego ziyitwara zizonyiganyizwa ziranduranwe n’imizi. (Ivyahishuwe 6:12-14) Ariko ntiwumve, si bose bazohatikirira. None iyo miyaga ine irindirijwe kubera bande?
Abashumba b’Imana badomwako ikidodo
6. Ni nde asaba ba bamarayika kugumya ya miyaga ine, kandi bituma haboneka umwanya wo gukora iki?
6 Yohani aca adondora ingene bamwebamwe bazoshirwako ikimenyetso kugira barokoke, ati: “Mbona kandi uwundi mumarayika aduga ava i burasirazuba, afise ikidodo c’Imana nzima; asemerera n’ijwi rirenga abwira ba bamarayika bane bahawe kugirira nabi isi n’ikiyaga, ati: ‘Ntihagire ico mugira isi canke ikiyaga canke ibiti, gushika tumaze kudoma ikidodo ku bashumba b’Imana yacu mu ruhanga rwabo.’”—Ivyahishuwe 7:2, 3.
7. Umumarayika agira gatanu ni nde vy’ukuri, kandi ni ibiki bidufasha kumenya uwo ari we?
7 Naho uwo mumarayika agira gatanu atavugwa izina, ibimenyamenya vyose vyerekana ko ategerezwa kuba ari Umukama Yezu yaninahajwe. Kubera ko Yezu ari we Mumarayika Mukuru, aboneka ng’aha afise ubukuru ku bandi bamarayika. (1 Abatesalonika 4:16; Yuda 9) Aduga avuye i burasirazuba, kumwe kwa ba “bami bava i burasirazuba” ari bo Yehova na Kristu wiwe kugira bashitse urubanza, kumwe Umwami Dariyo n’Umwami Kuro babigira igihe bacisha bugufi Babiloni ya kera. (Ivyahishuwe 16:12; Yesaya 45:1; Yeremiya 51:11; Daniyeli 5:31) Uwo mumarayika kandi twovuga ko ari Yezu kuko ahabwa kudoma ikidodo ku bakirisu barobanuwe. (Abanyefeso 1:13, 14) Vyongeye, ya miyaga imaze kurekurwa, Yezu ni we ayobora ingabo zo mw’ijuru zigiye gushitsa urubanza ku mahanga. (Ivyahishuwe 19:11-16) Birumvikana rero yuko Yezu ari we yotegetse ko igikorwa co guherengeteza ishirahamwe rya Shetani ryo kw’isi kiba kirabangiriye gushika abashumba b’Imana badomweko ikidodo.
8. Ukudomwako ikidodo gusobanura iki, kandi kwatanguye ryari?
8 Ukwo kudomwako ikidodo gusobanura iki, kandi abo bashumba b’Imana ni bande? Ukudomwako ikidodo kwatanguye kuri Pentekoti yo mu 33 G.C. igihe abakirisu ba mbere b’Abayuda barobanuzwa impwemu nyeranda. Mu nyuma, Imana yaratanguye guhamagara “abanyamahanga” no kubarobanura. (Abaroma 3:29; Ivyakozwe 2:1-4, 14, 32, 33; 15:14) Intumwa Paulo yaranditse yuko abakirisu barobanuwe bafise ikimenyamenya c’uko ‘ari aba Kristu’ aca yongerako ati: “[Imana] yaradushizeko kandi ikidodo cayo yongera iduha icemeza c’ibizoza, ari co mpwemu, mu mitima yacu.” (2 Abakorinto 1:21, 22; gereranya n’Ivyahishuwe 14:1.) Ku bw’ivyo, igihe abo bashumba bavyawe bakitwa abana b’Imana bo mu buryo bw’impwemu, baba bahawe imbere y’igihe ikimenyamenya c’uko bazotorana ijuru, kikaba ari ikidodo canke icemeza. (2 Abakorinto 5:1, 5; Abanyefeso 1:10, 11) Barashobora rero kuvuga bati: “Impwemu ubwayo irashinga intahe hamwe n’impwemu yacu yuko turi abana b’Imana. Nimba rero turi abana, turi na ba samuragwa: ba samuragwa koko b’Imana, mugabo tukaba abaraganwa na Kristu, dukire gusa kubabarana na we kugira ngo kandi tuninahazanywe na we.”—Abaroma 8:15-17.
9. (a) Amasigrira y’abana b’Imana bavyawe n’impwemu bategerezwa kwihangana ku rugero uruhe? (b) Abakirisu barobanuwe bazogezwa gushika ryari?
9 Imvugo ngo “dukire gusa kubabarana na we” isobanura iki? Kugira abakirisu barobanuwe baronke urugori rw’ubuzima, bategerezwa kwihangana, bakaguma ari abizigirwa no gushika ku rupfu. (Ivyahishuwe 2:10) Ntibashobora kwibwira ngo ‘twarakijijwe vyaraheze.’ (Matayo 10:22; Luka 13:24) Ahubwo bahimirizwa ngo: “[Mukore] uko mushoboye kwose ngo mutume ihamagarwa ryanyu be n’itorwa ryanyu biba ibidakekeranywa kuri mwebwe.” Kumwe kw’intumwa Paulo, barahava bakavuga bati: “Nararwanye ya ndwano nziza, narirutse mw’isiganwa kugeza kw’iherezo, naragumije ukwizera.” (2 Petero 1:10, 11; 2 Timoteyo 4:7, 8) Ng’aha kw’isi rero, ukugezwa n’ukugosorwa kw’amasigarira y’abana b’Imana bavyawe n’impwemu bibwirizwa kubandanya gushika Yezu n’abamarayika biwe badomye ikidodo ubutagihanagurika “mu ruhanga” rwabo bose, gutyo bace bitwa ubutagisubirwamwo “abashumba b’Imana yacu” bagejejwe ntibahemuke. Ico kidodo gica kiba ikimenyetso ntabanduka. Ya miyaga ine y’amakuba niyarekurwa, biboneka ko abagize Isirayeli yo mu buryo bw’impwemu bose bazoba bamaze kudomwako ikidodo ubutagihanagurika, naho nyene bakeyi muri bo bazoba bakiri ng’aha kw’isi. (Matayo 24:13; Ivyahishuwe 19:7) Igitigiri cabo cose kizoba cuzuye!—Abaroma 11:25, 26.
Ni bangahe badomwako ikidodo?
10. (a) Ni ivyanditswe ibihe vyerekana ko abadomweko ikidodo bari n’igitigiri ntarengwa? (b) Abadomweko ikidodo bose hamwe ni bangahe, kandi batondetswe gute?
10 Yezu yabwiye aboshizweko ico kidodo ati: “Ntimutinye, mwa busho buto, kuko So yashimye kubaha ubwami.” (Luka 12:32) Ibindi vyanditswe nk’Ivyahishuwe 6:11 n’Abaroma 11:25, vyerekana ko ubwo busho buto buri n’igitigiri ntarengwa cashinzwe imbere y’igihe. Amajambo Yohani aca avuga aravyemeza. Agira ati: “Maze numva igitigiri c’abadomweko ikidodo: ibihumbi ijana na mirongo ine na bine, badomweko ikidodo bo mu miryango yose ya bene Isirayeli: Mu muryango wa Yuda, ni ibihumbi cumi na bibiri badomweko ikidodo; mu muryango wa Rubeni, ibihumbi cumi na bibiri; mu muryango wa Gadi, ibihumbi cumi na bibiri; mu muryango wa Asheri, ibihumbi cumi na bibiri; mu muryango wa Nafutali, ibihumbi cumi na bibiri; mu muryango wa Manase, ibihumbi cumi na bibiri; mu muryango wa Simeyoni, ibihumbi cumi na bibiri; mu muryango wa Lewi, ibihumbi cumi na bibiri; mu muryango wa Isakari, ibihumbi cumi na bibiri; mu muryango wa Zebuloni, ibihumbi cumi na bibiri; mu muryango wa Yozefu, ibihumbi cumi na bibiri; mu muryango wa Benyamini, ibihumbi cumi na bibiri badomweko ikidodo.”—Ivyahishuwe 7:4-8.
11. (a) Ni kubera iki iyo miryango 12 iterekeza kuri Isirayeli yo ku mubiri? (b) Ni kubera iki mu Vyahishuwe hari urutonde rw’imiryango 12? (c) Ni kubera iki ata muryango n’umwe wihariza ubwami canke ubuherezi muri Isirayeli y’Imana?
11 None ng’aha ntihoba hariko havugwa Isirayeli yo mu buryo bw’umubiri? Oya, kubera ko urutonde rw’imiryango dusanga mu Vyahishuwe 7:4-8 rudasa n’urwo dusanzwe tuzi. (Guharūra 1:17, 47) Biboneka ko intumbero y’urwo rutonde atari ukwerekana imiryango y’Abayuda, ahubwo ni ukwerekana ko Isirayeli yo mu buryo bw’impwemu itunganijwe nka Isirayeli ya kera. Iyo ntunganyo irabereye kuko iryo hanga rishasha rigizwe n’abantu 144.000 batarenga, ni ukuvuga 12.000 muri umwe wose mu miryango 12. Muri iyo Isirayeli y’Imana, nta muryango n’umwe wihariza ubwami canke ubuherezi. Abagize iryo hanga bose bazoba abami, kandi bose bazoba abaherezi.—Abagalatiya 6:16; Ivyahishuwe 20:4, 6.
12. Ni kubera iki bibereye kubona ba bakurambere 24 baririmbira imbere ya wa Mwagazi w’intama amajambo ari mu Vyahishuwe 5:9, 10?
12 Naho Abayuda b’imvukira hamwe n’abahindukiriye idini ry’Abayuda ari bo babanje guhabwa akaryo ko gucagurwamwo abagize Isirayeli yo mu buryo bw’impwemu, bakeyi gusa muri iryo hanga ni bo batakagishije. Yehova yaciye aha ikaze abanyamahanga. (Yohani 1:10-13; Ivyakozwe 2:4, 7-11; Abaroma 11:7) Cokimwe na ba Banyefeso ‘bari barigijwe kure y’ihanga rya Isirayeli,’ ico gihe abatari Abayuda barashobora kudomwako ikidodo c’impwemu y’Imana bakaja mu bagize ishengero ry’abakirisu barobanuwe. (Abanyefeso 2:11-13; 3:5, 6; Ivyakozwe 15:14) Birabereye rero kubona ba bakurambere 24 baririmbira imbere ya wa Mwagazi w’intama bati: “Ukoresheje amaraso yawe . . . [waraguriye] Imana abantu bo mu muryango wose n’ururimi rwose n’igisata cose n’ihanga ryose, kandi wabagize ubwami n’abaherezi ku Mana yacu, kandi bazoganza isi.”—Ivyahishuwe 5:9, 10.
13. Ni kubera iki vyari bibereye yuko Yakobo mwene wabo na Yezu yandikira ikete ryiwe “imiryango cumi n’ibiri yasabagiye”?
13 Ishengero rya gikirisu ni “ubwoko bwatowe, ubuherezi bwa cami, ihanga ryeranda.” (1 Petero 2:9) Kubera ko ryasubiriye Isirayeli yo ku mubiri mu kuba ihanga ry’Imana, rica riba Isirayeli nshasha, ni ukuvuga “‘Isirayeli’ vy’ukuri.” (Abaroma 9:6-8; Matayo 21:43) Ku bw’ivyo, vyari bibereye ko Yakobo mwene wabo na Yezu yandikira ikete ryiwe “imiryango cumi n’ibiri yasabagiye,” ni ukuvuga ishengero rikwiye kw’isi yose ry’abakirisu barobanuwe, abohavuye bashika 144.000.—Yakobo 1:1.
Isirayeli y’Imana muri iki gihe
14. Ni igiki cerekana ko Ivyabona vya Yehova bamye bemera yuko igitigiri 144.000 c’abantu bagize Isirayeli yo mu buryo bw’impwemu gikwiye gufatwa ukwo nyene kiri?
14 Charles T. Russell yaratahura ko ico gitigiri 144.000 c’abantu bagize Isirayeli yo mu buryo bw’impwemu gikwiye gufatwa ukwo nyene kiri. Mu gitabu La Nouvelle Création kigira gatandatu muri rwa rukurikirane rw’ibitabu Études des Écritures, kikaba casohowe mu congereza mu 1904, yagize ati: “Turi n’imvo zo kwemera ko igitigiri ntabanduka c’abacaguwe [abarobanuwe] ari kirya kivugwa akatari gake mu Vyahishuwe (7:4; 14:1), ni ukuvuga 144.000 ‘bacunguwe bakuwe mu bantu.’” Mu gitabu Lumière Abatohoji ba Bibiliya basohoye mu congereza mu 1930 (Igitabu ca mbere), na ho nyene hagize hati: “Abo bantu 144.000 bagize umubiri wa Kristu ni umugwi uri ukwawo, warobanuwe canke wadomweko ikidodo.” Ivyabona vya Yehova bamye bemera ko abakirisu barobanuwe 144.000 batarenga ari bo bagize Isirayeli yo mu buryo bw’impwemu.
15. Hasigaye gatoyi ngo umusi w’Umukama utangure, ni ibiki abatohoji ba Bibiliya b’inziraburyarya biyumvira ko vyoshikiye Abayuda b’imvukira Ibihe vy’abanyamahanga birangiye?
15 Ariko none, Isirayeli yo ku mubiri ntiyoba ibereye iteka ridasanzwe ku rugero kanaka muri iki gihe? Imbere gatoyi y’uko umusi w’Umukama utangura, igihe abatohoji ba Bibiliya b’inziraburyarya bariko barubura ukuri kwerekeye inyigisho nyinshi z’ishimikiro ziri mw’Ijambo ry’Imana, vyiyumvirwa ko Abayuda bosubiye gutoneshwa n’Imana Ibihe vy’abanyamahanga birangiye. Ni co gituma C. T. Russell mu gitabu ciwe Le Temps est proche yasohoye mu congereza mu 1889 (ica kabiri mu rukurikirane Études des Écritures), yasiguye ko muri Yeremiya 31:29-34 herekeye Abayuda b’imvukira, maze avuga ati: “Isi iribonera yuko igihano Isirayeli yahawe mu gihe c’intwaro y’abanyamahanga kuva mu [607] B.G.C. cabandanije gushika n’ubu, be n’uko ata mvo n’imwe yotuma twitega ko iryo hanga rizosubira kwiyunga imbere y’umwaka wa 1914 G.C., ari na ho ‘ibihe indwi’ vyabo bizorangirira, ni ukuvuga imyaka 2.520.” Ico gihe vyasa n’uko Abayuda bosubiye kwiyunga bakaba ihanga, kandi ico kintu casa n’icoshoboka mu 1917 igihe urwandiko rwitiriwe Balfour rwemeza ko Ubwongereza bushigikiye umugambi w’uko Abayahudi bahabwa ikibanza muri Palestina.
16. Ni utwigoro utuhe Ivyabona vya Yehova bagize kugira bamenyeshe Abayahudi ubutumwa bwa gikirisu, kandi havuyemwo iki?
16 Inyuma y’Intambara ya mbere y’isi yose, Palestina yaciye iba intara ihagarikiwe n’Ubwongereza, bica bituma Abayahudi benshi basubirayo. Mu 1948 harashinzwe Leta ya Israyeli. None ico nticari ikimenyetso c’uko Imana yari igiye guhunda imihezagiro Abayahudi? Ivyabona vya Yehova baramaze imyaka myinshi bavyiyumvira gutyo. Ni co gituma mu 1925 basohoye mu congereza igitabu c’impapuro 128 cavuga ngo Consolation pour les Juifs. Mu 1929 barasohoye mu congereza igitabu ciza cane c’impapuro 360 citwa ngo Vie, cari kigenewe Abayahudi, kikaba kandi caraca irya n’ino igitabu co muri Bibiliya ca Yobu. Haragizwe akigoro kanini ko gushikiriza Abayahudi ubwo butumwa bwerekeye Mesiya, canecane mu gisagara ca New York. Igishimishije, bamwebamwe muri bo barakiriye neza ubwo butumwa, ariko muri rusangi Abayahudi benshi bariyamirije ico kimenyamenya c’ukuhaba kwa Mesiya, nka kumwe nyene kwa ba sekuruza babo bo mu kinjana ca mbere.
17, 18. Ni igiki abashumba b’Imana bo kw’isi batahuye ku bijanye n’isezerano rishasha be n’ubuhanuzi bwa Bibiliya bujanye n’ugusubizwa umutamana?
17 Vyaribonekeza ko Abayahudi uko bagize igisata canke ihanga, atari bo bari ya Isirayeli ivugwa mu Vyahishuwe 7:4-8 canke mu bundi buhanuzi bwa Bibiliya bwerekeye umusi w’Umukama. Abayahudi babandanije kwumira ku migenzo yabo baranka gukoresha izina ry’Imana. (Matayo 15:1-3, 7-9) IMu kugira ico kivuze kuri Yeremiya 31:31-34, igitabu Jéhovah casohowe n’Ivyabona vya Yehova mu congereza mu 1934 cemeje giti: “Isezerano rishasha nta ho rihuriye na Isirayeli yo ku mubiri canke abantu muri rusangi, ahubwo . . . ryerekeye Isirayeli yo mu buryo bw’impwemu gusa.” Ubuhanuzi bwa Bibiliya bujanye n’ugusubizwa umutamana ntibwerekeye Abayahudi canke igihugu ca Israyeli, ikiri mu bigize Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ONU n’ino si Yezu yavuze muri Yohani 14:19, 30 no muri Yohani 18:36.
18 Mu 1931, abashumba b’Imana ng’aha kw’isi barahimbawe cane no kwitwa Ivyabona vya Yehova. Barashobora kwemeranya n’aya majambo yo muri Zaburi 97:11 agira ati: “Umuco ubwawo warabije ku bw’umugororotsi, umunezero na wo ku bw’abantu b’umutima ugororotse.” Bariboneye neza ko Isirayeli yo mu buryo bw’impwemu yonyene ari yo yari yinjijwe mw’isezerano rishasha. (Abaheburayo 9:15; 12:22, 24) Isirayeli yo mu buryo bw’umubiri nta kibanza yari ifise muri iryo sezerano yagaragaje ko ititayeho, eka mbere n’umuryango w’abantu muri rusangi. Ukwo gutahura kwaraciriye inzira umuco mushasha warabije uva ku Mana, uwahavuye uba intibagirwa muri kahise k’ishirahamwe ryacu. Ivyo vyokwerekanye ukuntu Yehova agirira ikigongwe n’ubuntu bwinshi abantu bose bamwiyegereza kandi akabahishurira ukuri kwiwe atitangiriye itama. (Kuvayo 34:6; Yakobo 4:8) Ego cane, uretse Isirayeli y’Imana, hariho n’abandi bokwungukiye kuri abo bamarayika batangiriye ya miyaga ine y’agatikizo. Abo na bo ni bande? Ubwo ntiwoba uri muri bo? Reka tubirabe.
[Ifoto yuzuye urupapuro rwose ku rup. 114]
[Amafoto ku rup. 116, 117]
Muri rusangi, icagurwa ry’abagize Isirayeli y’ukuri y’Imana ryatanguranye n’umusi wa Pentekoti yo mu 33 G.C. rirabandanya gushika mu 1935, ari na ho Ivyabona vya Yehova bagira ihwaniro ry’intibagirwa ryabereye i Washington, D.C. ryashimitse ku vyo kwegeranya isinzi rinini rifise icizigiro co kuba kw’isi (Ivyahishuwe 7:9)