Ugariti​​—Igisagara ca kera cari ciziziwe n’ugusenga Bayali

MU MWAKA wa 1928, hari umurimyi w’Umunyasiriya yakubise isuka kw’ibuye ryari ripfundikiye uruhafu rwarimwo ibibumbano vya kera. Ntiyashobora kwibaza akamaro ivyo yubuye bifise. Umugwi umwe w’abacukuzi wo mu Bufaransa uyobowe na Claude Schaeffer umaze kuvyumva, waciye ufata urugendo uja aho hantu ku mwaka wakurikiye.

Haciye igihe gito, harazukuruwe icandiko cafashije uwo mugwi kumenya ivyo bari bacukuye bakoresheje ibikoresho vyabo vyo kwimba. Yari Ugariti, “kimwe mu bisagara bihambaye cane vya kera vyo mu Bumanuko bushira Uburengero bwa Aziya”. Mbere umwanditsi umwe yitwa Barry Hoberman yavuze ati: “Nta kintu na kimwe cubuwe mu vyacukuwe, eka mbere na vya bizingo vyatorwa ku Kiyaga c’Umunyu, cari bwagire akosho kagera ibwina nk’iki ku kuntu dutahura Bibiliya”.​—The Atlantic Monthly.

Cari aho amabarabara yahurira

Ugariti, icari giherereye ahantu hari ikigunguzi citwa Ras Shamra, ku nkengera y’ikiyaga Mediterane yo mu Buraruko bwa Siriya h’ubu, cari igisagara gisagamvye cahuriramwo abantu bo mu mihingo itandukanye y’isi mu kimpumbi kigira kabiri B.G.C. Akarere ka Ugariti kari gafise ubwaguke bungana n’ibirometero nka 60 uvuye ku Musozi Casios mu Buraruko ugashika ku gasozi Sukas mu Bumanuko, be n’ibirometero biri hagati ya 30 na 50 uvuye ku Kiyaga Mediterane mu Burengero ugashika ku Mwonga Orontes mu Buseruko.

Ikirere ca Ugariti cari hagati na hagati mu vy’ubushuhe n’ubukanye caratuma amasho asagamba. Ako karere karavamwo ibinyantete, amavuta ya elayo, umuvinyu be n’ibiti vyo kwubaka, bikaba ari ibiti bitaboneka muri Mezopotamiya no mu Misiri. Vyongeye, ukuba ico gisagara cari giherereye kw’ihuriro ry’amabarabara acorohereza mu vy’ubudandaji, vyatuma kiba kimwe mu bivuko vya mbere mpuzamakungu bihambaye. Mu gisagara ca Ugariti, abadandaza bavuye muri Égée, muri Anatoliya, i Babiloni, mu Misiri be no mu yindi mihingo yo mu Buseruko bwo Hagati baracuruza ivyuma, ibirimwa be n’ibindi bidandazwa vyinshi vyava aho hantu.

Naho igasagara ca Ugariti cari gisagamvye mu vy’ubutunzi, camye nantaryo gitwarwa n’iyindi nganji. Ico gisagara cari mu gace ka kure ko mu Buraruko bw’inganji nganzabami ya Misiri gushika aho cigaruriwe n’inganji nganzabami y’Abaheti itari ishingiye kw’idini mu kinjana ca 14 B.G.C. Ugariti categerezwa kuza kiraha ibintu vyo kwihonga iyo nganji kikongera kikayirungikira ingabo zaco. Igihe amahanga yitwa ayo ku kiyagaa yatera agatangura gusangangura igisagara ca Anatoliya (Turukiya yo hagati) be n’Uburaruko bwa Siriya, Abaheti baciye batumako ingabo za Ugariti be n’amato y’indwano yayo. Ivyo vyatumye Ugariti gisigara kitagira gitabara, gica kirasangangurwa buhere nko mu 1.200 B.G.C.

Kugarukana kahise

Isangangurwa rya Ugariti ryasize ikigunguzi kireha hafi n’imetero 20 kikaba cuzuye uburinganire bw’amahegitare 25. Ica gatandatu gusa c’ako karere ni co kimaze gucukurwa. Mu bisigarira batoye, abacukuzi barubuye ibisigarira vy’ikirimba kinini cari gifise nk’ivyumba ijana be n’imbuga zishika kuri zitandatu kikaba cari gifise n’uburinganire bw’imetero kwadarato zishika nko ku 10.000. Iyo nyubakwa yari irimwo amazi, ubwogero be n’imiringoti itwara umwanda. Ibikoresho vyo mu nzu vyari bitatsweko inzahabu, amabuye y’igiciro be n’amasenge y’inzovu. Haratowe udupande dukozwe mu masenge y’inzovu duhinguwe mu buryo busiga ubwenge. Ubusitani buzitiye be n’ikidengeri c’amazi cari muri bwo, vyarongereza ubwiza bw’ico kirimba.

Ico gisagara be n’ikiyaya cari kigikikuje vyari vyuzuyemwo ibisengero vya Bayali na Daganib. Ivyo bisengero bimeze nk’iminara, ivyashobora kuba bifise uburebure bw’imetero 20, vyari birimwo akayira umuntu yacamwo kugira ngo ashike mu cumba c’imbere caba kirimwo igishusho c’iyo mana. Hariho ingazi ziduga kw’ibaraza aho umwami yahagarikira ibirori bitandukanye. Mw’ijoro canke mu gihe c’ibihuhusi, ku gasongero k’ivyo bisengero hategerezwa kuba hari amatara amurika kugira ngo ayobore amato ashike ata nkomanzi aho abikwa. Abasoza ubwato bitirira ukugaruka amahoro kwabo imana y’igihuhusi Bayali-Hadadi, bishoboka yuko bayishikanira ibimazi vyo gushitsa indagano bigizwe n’amanǎnga 17 y’ubwato akozwe mu mabuye, ayo manǎnga akaba yatowe mu rusengero rwayo.

Ivyandiko vy’agaciro vyubuwe

Harubuwe ibisate bihinguwe mw’ibumba ibihumbi n’ibihumbi mu bisigarira vya Ugariti. Haratowe ivyandiko bitanu biri mu ndimi umunani bivuga ivy’ubutunzi, ivy’amategeko, ivy’imibano n’amahanga be n’ivy’ubutegetsi. Wa mugwi uyobowe na Schaeffer waratoye ivyandiko mu rurimi rutari ruzwi ico gihe, urwiswe ikigariti, rwandikwa hakoreshejwe utumenyetso 30 dusongoye twari tugize imwe mu maharifu ya kera cane yigeze kwuburwa.

Uretse ivyavuga ivyerekeye ubuzima bwa misi yose, ivyandiko vy’ikigariti birimwo ibisomwa vyatumye bategera ivyiyumviro be n’imigenzo bijanye no gusenga vyo muri ico gihe. Idini y’abo muri Ugariti biboneka ko yari ifitaniye isano rinini n’idini y’ababanyi babo b’Abanyakanani. Nk’uko Roland de Vaux abivuga, ivyo bisomwa “birerekana neza na neza ukuntu akaranga k’igihugu c’i Kanani kari kameze imbere y’uko Abisirayeli bahigarurira”.

Ivyo gusenga mu gisagara ca Bayali

Mu bisomwa vy’i Ras Shamra havugwamwo ibimana n’ibimanakazi birenga 200. Ikimana caruta vyose cari El, kikaba citwa se w’ibimana n’abantu. Imana y’igihuhusi ari yo Bayali-Hadadi na yo, ni yo “yayobora ibicu” ikaba n’“umukama w’isi”. Ikimana El cavugwa ko ari umutama afise ubukerebutsi w’ivyanwa vyera ari kure cane y’abantu. Bayali we, ni ikimana c’ibiguvu kandi gihahamira ubukuru kirondera kuganza ibindi bimana be n’abantu.

Ivyo bisomwa vyubuwe bishobora kuba vyasubirwamwo mu gihe c’imisi mikuru ijanye n’ivyo gusenga, nk’akarorero umwaka mushasha canke iyimbura. Ariko rero, insobanuro y’ukuri ntitomotse. Mu mpinyanyuro imwe ivuga ivyerekeye uguharanira ubukuru, Bayali anesha umwana mukundwa wa El, uwo mwana akaba ari imana y’ikiyaga yitwa Yamm. Iyo ntsinzi ishobora kuba yatumye abasoza ubwato bo muri Ugariti bizigira yuko Bayali yobakingiye mu kiyaga. Mu ntambara arwana na Mot, Bayali araneshwa maze agakororerwa mu nda y’isi. Bituma haba uruzuba, ibikorwa vy’abantu na vyo bigahagarara. Muka Bayali akaba na mushikiwe ari we Anat, ikimanakazi c’urukundo n’intambara, yica Mot hanyuma asubiza muzima Bayali. Bayali agandagura abana ba muka El, ari we Athirat (Ashera), agaca asubira ku ngoma. Ariko, haciye imyaka indwi Mot aragaruka.

Bamwebamwe basigura iyo mpinyanyuro ko ari ikimenyetso c’urukurakuranwe rw’ibihe vy’umwaka aho imvura itanga ubuzima isubirirwa n’ubushuhe buturira bwo mu ci maze igasubira kugwa mu gatasi. Abandi biyumvira yuko urwo rukurakuranwe rumara imyaka indwi, rufitaniye isano n’ugutinya ikigoyi be n’uruzuba. Uko biri kwose, ubukuru bwa Bayali bwabonwa ko ari ntahara kugira ngo abantu bererwe mu vyo bihatira kurangura. Incabwenge yitwa Peter Craigie avuga ati: “Intumbero y’idini ya Bayali kwari ugukingira ubukuru bwiwe; abamusenga bemera yuko agumye ari mukuru ari ho gusa imyimbu be n’amasho vya nkenerwa ku muntu bibandanya kubaho”.

Icabakingira ubupagani

Ikintu ntaseswa kiri muri ivyo bisomwa vyazukuruwe ni ubwononekare bw’idini yo muri Ugariti. Inyizamvugo imwe (The Illustrated Bible Dictionary) ivuga iti: “Ivyo bisomwa birerekana ibintu bigayitse vyava mu gusenga ivyo bimana: ukuntu bashimika ku ntambara, kugira ubumaraya bwerejwe ivyo bimana, urukundo rushingiye ku bitsina be n’ukuntu vyatuma ikibano cononekara”. De Vaux avuga ati: “Umuntu asomye izo mpinyanyuro, aca atahura ugushishwa abasavyi b’ukuri ba Yahweh be n’abahanuzi bahambaye bagira ku bijanye n’iyo nsengo”. Ivyagezwe Imana yahaye ihanga rya kera rya Isirayeli vyararikingira iyo dini y’ikinyoma.

Ubupfumu, kuragurisha inyenyeri be n’amageza vyaragirwa cane muri Ugariti. Ibitera umugisha canke akabi ntibabironderera gusa ku biri mu kirere, ariko babironderera no ku vyana biri mu nda bimugaye vy’ibikoko vyishwe be no ku vyo mu nda vy’ivyo bikoko. Umutohozakahise yitwa Jacqueline Gachet avuga ati: “Abantu bemera yuko iyo ikimana baba bagishikaniye igitungwa mu buryo bw’imihamuro, nya gitungwa caca gicika igihimba c’ico kimana bakemera n’uko impwemu y’ico kimana yaca inywana n’impwemu y’ico gitungwa. Umuntu asomye ibimenyetso biboneka kuri ivyo bihimba, vyatuma ashobora kumenya ico ivyo bimana bishaka, ivyari bishoboye gutanga inyishu nziza canke mbi ku kibazo c’ibintu bizoba muri kazoza canke ku co umuntu yokora mu gihe kinaka” (Le pays d’Ougarit autour de 1200 av.J.C.). Igihushanye n’ivyo, Abisirayeli bategerezwa kwamirira kure mwene iyo migenzo.​—Gusubira mu vyagezwe 18:9-14.

Ivyagezwe vya Musa vyarabuza mu buryo butomoye ukuryamana n’ibikoko (Abalewi 18:23). None uwo mugenzo wabonwa gute muri Ugariti? Mu bisomwa vyubuwe, Bayali yahuza ibitsina n’inyana. Umucukuzi yitwa Cyrus Gordon yavuze ati: “Niba hari uwoharira avuga ko Bayali atiha ishusho y’impfizi kugira ngo agire ico kintu, n’abaherezi biwe basubiyemwo ivyo yakora nk’uko vyiganywe muri za nkuru z’ibitito, nta vyo bakoze”.

Abisirayeli bari bategetswe ibi: “Ntimuze mwikebagure ku mibiri kubg’ūpfuye” (Abalewi 19:28). Ariko rero, El yumvise ko Bayali yapfuye, “yarikebaguje imbugita, arisaragura n’urwembe; yikata imisaya n’urusakanwa”. Ukwikebagura mu bijanye n’ugusenga biboneka ko wari umugenzo w’abasenga Bayali.​—1 Abami 18:28.

Impinyanyuro imwe y’ikigariti isa n’iyerekana yuko guteka umwagazi w’impene mu mata vyari mu bigize umuhamuro w’ivy’irondoka wari umenyerewe mw’idini y’Abanyakanani. Ariko rero, mu Vyagezwe vya Musa, Abisirayeli bari bategetswe ibi: “Ntimuze mutekeshe umwagazi w’impene amata ya nyina”.​—Kuvayo 23:19.

Ibisomwa vya Bibiliya ubigereranije n’ivy’ikigariti

Ibisomwa vy’ikigariti mu ntango vyari vyahinduwe ahanini hisunzwe igiheburayo Bibiliya yanditswemwo. Peter Craigie avuga ati: “Hari amajambo menshi yakoreshejwe mu bisomwa vy’igiheburayo usanga insobanuro yayo idatomoye, kandi rimwe na rimwe itazwi; abahinduzi babayeho imbere y’ikinjana ca 20 baratomboza ico ashobora kuba asobanura bakoresheje uburyo butandukanye. Mugabo igihe ayo majambo nyene abonetse mu bisomwa vy’ikigariti, bica bishoboka ko umuntu ayatahura”.

Nk’akarorero, ijambo ry’igiheburayo rikoreshwa muri Yesaya 3:18 muri rusangi rihindurwa ngo “ibikubi”. Ijambo nk’iryo nyene mu kigariti co mu ntango risobanura izuba be n’imanakazi-zuba. Ku bw’ivyo rero, abagore b’i Yeruzalemu bavugwa mu buhanuzi bwa Yesaya bashobora kuba bishariza bakoresheje amahereni yenena afise imero y’akazuba be n’“ibihete” mu gutera iteka ibimana vy’i Kanani.

Mu Migani 26:23 mu gisomwa c’Abamasoreti, “iminwa ihemana n’umutima mubi” bigereranywa n’urwavya rw’ibumba rukuyengejeko “inkamba z’ifeza”. Imvugo y’ikigariti ituma iryo gereranya rihindurwa ngo “nk’urujo rukuyengeje”. Bibiliya Traduction du monde nouveau (Impinduro y’Isi Nshasha) ihindura ico canditswe co mu Migani mu buryo bubereye iti: “Nka kurya kw’ifeza ikuyengejwe ku rujo, ni ko n’iminwa y’ubwira imeze iri kumwe n’umutima mubi”.

Bibiliya yoba isubiramwo ibisomwa bimwebimwe vy’ikigariti?

Ugusuzuma ibisomwa vy’i Ras Shamra vyashikanye incabwenge zimwezimwe ku kwivugisha yuko ivyanditswe bimwebimwe vyo muri Bibiliya ari ibisomwa bihinyanyuye vyo mu kigariti basubiyemwo. Uwitwa André Caquot, umwe mu bagize ishirahamwe ry’ubushakashatsi ryo mu Bufaransa, avuga ko “imico kama y’Abanyakanani yabaye umushinge w’idini y’Abisirayeli”.

Ku vyerekeye Zaburi ya 29, uwitwa Mitchell Dahood wo mw’ishirahamwe ry’ivya Bibiliya ry’i Roma avuga ati: “Iyo zaburi ni ururirimbo rw’Abanyakanani rwa kera rwo guhayagiza imana y’igihuhusi Bayali rwasubiwemwo n’abasenga Yahweh . . . Hafi ijambo ryose mu majambo agize iyo zaburi ubu rirashobora kuronka iryo bihuje mu bisomwa vya kera vy’Abanyakanani”. None ico ciyumviro yashitseko coba kiri n’ibimenyamenya bicemeza? Habe namba!

Incabwenge nyinshi zigira ibitegereka ziremera yuko habaye ukurenza urugero muri ukwo gusanisha ibintu. Umunyatewolojiya yitwa Garry Brantley avuga ati: “Nta gisomwa na kimwe c’ikigariti gihura neza na Zaburi ya 29. Kuvuga yuko Zaburi ya 29 (canke ikindi gisomwa co muri Bibiliya ico ari co cose) ari igitito c’abapagani casubiwemwo, nta shimikiro rifadika bifise”.

Ukuba hari isano hagati y’ivyo bisomwa mu vyerekeye imvugo z’ikigereranyo, imvugo mpinyanyuro no mu buryo bw’inyandiko, coba ari ikimenyamenya c’uko ibisomwa vya Bibiliya vyasubiyemwo ivy’ikigariti? Ahubwo riho, amasano mwene ayo tubwirizwa kuyitega. Inkoranyabumenyi imwe (Encyclopedia of Religion) ivuga iti: “Imvo ituma haba iryo sano mu buryo vyanditswe be no mu vyo tubisangamwo, ishingiye ku mico kama: naho hagati ya Ugariti na Isirayeli hari itandukaniro rinini mu bijanye n’indondabihugu yavyo be na kahise kavyo, amajambo vyakoresha mu mvugo mpinyanyuro be no mu vyo gusenga yari amwe kubera vyari bihuje imico kama nka yose”. Ni co gituma Garry Brantley asozera ati: “Umuntu aba abisobanuye mu buryo butabereye ashimitse ku vy’uko ivyo abapagani bemera ari ryo soko ry’ibisomwa vya Bibiliya afatiye gusa kw’isano rishingiye ku rurimi”.

Ubwa nyuma, dukwiye kumenya yuko nimba hari isano koko hagati y’ibisomwa vy’i Ras Shamra na Bibiliya, rishingiye ku nyandiko gusa, ariko ridashingiye ku vy’Imana. Wa mucukuzi Cyrus Gordon avuga ati: “Ingingo ngenderwako be n’inyifato runtu biri hejuru vyo muri Bibiliya [ntushobora] kubisanga muri Ugariti”. Kukaba nkako, ico bitandukaniyeko kiraruta kure n’iyo ico bihuriyeko.

Ukwiga ibijanye na Ugariti vyoshobora kubandanya gufasha abatohoza Bibiliya gutahura imico kama, kahise be n’ivyerekeye idini vy’abanditse Bibiliya hamwe n’ivyerekeye ihanga ry’Abaheburayo muri rusangi. Ukubandanya gutohoza ibisomwa vy’i Ras Shamra vyoshobora kandi gutuma umuntu arushiriza gutahura igiheburayo ca kera. Ariko rero ikiruta vyose, ni uko ivyacukuwe muri Ugariti bishimika bimwe bikomeye kw’itandukaniro riri hagati y’ugusenga Bayali kwononekaye n’ugusenga Yehova gutyoroye.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

[Iciyumviro ku rup. 25]

Ivyubuwe mu bucukuzi muri Ugariti vyatumye turushiriza gutahura Ivyanditswe

[Map/Amafoto ku rup. 24, 25]

(Ushaka igisomwa cose, raba ico gitabu)

Inganji nganzabami y’Abaheti mu kinjana ca 14 B.G.C.

IKIYAGA MEDITERANE

Efurate

UMUSOZI CASIOS (JEBEL EL-AGRA)

Ugariti (Ras Shamra)

Agasozi Sukas

Orontes

SIRIYA

MISIRI

[Abo dukesha amafoto]

Ishusho ya Bayali be n’iy’igikombe kimeze nk’umutwe w’igikoko: Musée du Louvre, Paris; igicapo cerekana ikirimba c’umwami: © D. Héron-Hugé pour “Le Monde de la Bible”

[Ifoto ku rup. 25]

Ibisigarira vy’irembo ry’ikirimba

[Ifoto ku rup. 26]

Impinyanyuro yo mu bitito vy’ikigariti irashobora kudufasha gutahura igituma itegeko riri muri Kuvayo 23:19 ryatanzwe

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Ifoto ku rup. 27]

Igishusho ca Bayali

[Ifoto ku rup. 27]

Isahani y’inzahabu yerekana uruhigi

[Ifoto ku rup. 27]

Umufuniko w’isandugu ukozwe mw’isenge y’inzovu werekana imanakazi y’ivy’irondoka

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Amafoto yose: Musée du Louvre, Paris