Ivyahishuriwe—Tubitinye Canke Tuvyizigire?

“Muri iki gihe Ivyahishuriwe si indondoro y’ivyo muri Bibiliya gusa, ahubwo vyacitse ibintu bishobora gushika koko.”

—Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, uwahoze ari umunyamabanga mukuru w’Ishirahamwe Mpuzamakungu ONU.

UKWO kuntu umutegetsi w’isi yakoresheje iryo jambo “ivyahishuriwe” kuragaragaza uburyo abantu benshi baritahura, n’ukuntu babona rikoreshwa mu masenema no mu vyandikwa mu bitabu, mu biganiro no mu nkuru zishikirizwa mu binyamakuru. Rizana mu bwenge ugusenyagurika kw’ibiri mu kirere vyose. Mugabo mu vy’ukuri iryo jambo “ivyahishuriwe” risobanura iki? Ikindi kinahambaye kuruta, ni ubuhe butumwa buri mu gitabu ca Bibiliya citwa Ivyahishuriwe?

Ijambo “ivyahishuriwe” rivuye mw’ijambo ry’Ikigiriki risobanura “gupfukura” canke “gutwikurura.” Ni igiki catwikuruwe, canke cahishuwe, mu gitabu ca Bibiliya c’Ivyahishuriwe? Bwoba bwari gusa ubutumwa bw’urubanza canke imburi y’ugutikizwa ntihagire n’uwa kirazira arokoka? Umutohozakahise Jean Delumeau, umwe mu bagize Urwego rw’Ubushakashatsi rw’Ubufaransa, igihe yabazwa ico yiyumvira ku Vyahishuriwe, yavuze ati: “Ni igitabu c’impumurizo n’icizigiro. Abantu bararengeje urugero mu kuvuga ibirimwo, bibanda ku nkuru kivuga zerekeye agatikizo.”

Ekeleziya ya Mbere n’Ivyahishuriwe

Abiyita “Abakirisu” ba mbere babona gute Ivyahishuriwe hamwe n’icizigiro bitanga c’Ingoma y’Imyaka Igihumbi (Imilenari) ya Kirisitu izoganza kw’isi? Wa mutohozakahise nyene avuga ati: “Kuri jewe mbona ko muri rusangi Abakirisu bo mu binjana bikeyi vya mbere bakurikiye ahanini inyigisho z’ivy’imilenari. . . . Mu Bakirisu bo mu bijana vya mbere bemera ivy’Imilenari harimwo canecane Papiyasi uwari musenyeri w’i Hiérapolis muri Aziya Ntoya, . . . Mutagatifu Yustino yavukiye i Palestina, akaba yiciwe rumaratiri i Roma nko mu 165, Mutagatifu Irénée uwari musenyeri w’i Lyon, akaba yapfuye mu 202, Tertullien uwapfuye mu 222, be na . . . wa mwanditsi akomeye Lactance.”

Ku vyerekeye Papiyasi, uwo bivugwa ko yishwe rumaratiri i Perugamu mu mwaka w’161 canke w’165 G.C., igitabu kimwe, The Catholic Encyclopedia, kivuga giti: “Musenyeri Papiyasi w’i Hiérapolis, umwigishwa wa Mt. Yohani, yabonetse ko ari umuburanizi w’inyigisho y’imilenari. Yavuga yuko iyo nyigisho yayikuye ku bo mu gihe c’Intumwa, Irenée na we akaba yigana yuko abandi ‘baperesubiteri (abakurambere)’ bari barabonye bongera barumva intumwa Yohani, baramwigiyeko ukwemera inyigisho y’ivy’imilenari nk’iyiri mu bigize inyigisho z’Umukama. Nk’uko Eusèbe abivuga, . . . Papiyasi mu gitabu ciwe yaremeje yuko izuka ry’abapfuye ryokurikiwe n’imyaka igihumbi y’ubwami bwo kw’isi bwa Kirisitu buboneka kandi bw’ubuninahazwa.”

Ivyo bitubwira iki ku vyo igitabu c’Ivyahishuriwe cakoze ku bemera ba mbere? Coba cabateye ubwoba canke cabateye kwizigira? Birashimishije kubona abatohozakahise bita Abakirisu ba mbere abashiliya, rikaba rivuye mw’ijambo ry’Ikigiriki khiʹli·a eʹte (imyaka igihumbi). Egome, benshi muri bo bari bazwi ko bemera ya Ngoma y’Imyaka Igihumbi ya Kirisitu, iyozanye iparadizo kw’isi. Ahantu honyene muri Bibiliya havuga icizigiro c’imilenari mu buryo butomoye ni mu Vyahishuriwe. (20:1-7) Nuko rero, aho gutera ubwoba abemera, Ivyahishuriwe vyabahaye icizigiro c’akaroruhore. Mu gitabu ciwe, The Early Church and the World, umwigisha w’inkuru za kahise ka ekeleziya wo muri kaminuza y’i Oxford, Cecil Cadoux, yandika ati: “Ivyiyumviro vy’abashiliya, naho amaherezo vyatewe akagere, vyaremewe muri Ekeleziya mu gihe kitari gito, bikigishwa na bamwebamwe mu banditsi bari bemewe cane.”

Igituma Icizigiro c’Imilenari Kiri mu Vyahishuriwe Catewe Akagere

Kubera inkuru ya kahise yerekana bimwe bitoharirwa ko abatari bake mu Bakirisu ba mbere, nimba atari benshi muri bo, bari bizigiye Ingoma ya Kirisitu y’Imilenari yoganjije iparadizo yo kw’isi, vyagenze bite ngo ivyo “vyiyumviro vy’abashiliya” ‘amaherezo biterwe akagere’? Hari imineguro imwimwe yumvikana yavyutse kubera yuko, nk’uko incabwenge Robert Mounce yavyerekanye, “mu buryo bubabaje Abashiliya batari bake bararetse ivyo bikurira mu mutwe birakwiragira maze ca kiringo c’imyaka igihumbi bakibonamwo uburyo bwose bw’ukurenza urugero mu vy’umubiri no mu vy’akanyengetera.” Mugabo ivyo vyiyumviro ndenzarugero vyari gushobora gukosorwa icizigiro nyakuri c’Imilenari kitarinze guterwa akagere.

Igitangaje mu vy’ukuri ni uburyo bwakoreshejwe n’abarwanya inyigisho y’ivy’imilenari kugira ngo bayirandurane n’imizi. Ku vyerekeye umumenyeshamana w’Umuromani Caius (wo mu mpera z’ikinjana ca kabiri gushika mu ntango y’ica gatatu), inyizamvugo imwe, Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique ivuga yuko “kugira ngo yigarurire abemera ivy’imilenari, yahakanye ata kwisubirako yuko igitabu c’Ivyahishuriwe be n’Injili ya Mt. Yohani ari ivy’ukuri.” Iyo nyizamvugo ibandanya ivuga yuko Dionysius, umusenyeri w’i Alegizandiriya wo mu kinjana ca gatatu yanditse ibaruwa irwanya ivy’imilenari, iyo baruwa ikaba “itahigimye guhakana yuko ico gitabu ari ic’ukuri, kugira ngo abumira kuri ico ciyumviro babuzwe gushingira ukwemera kwabo ku Vyahishuriwe vya Mutagatifu Yohani.” Mwene ukwo kurwanya bimwe bikaze icizigiro c’imihezagiro y’imilenari yo kw’isi kugaragaza akosho kihishije kariko karakorera mu banyatewolojiya bo muri ico gihe.

Mu gitabu ciwe, The Pursuit of the Millennium, Porofeseri Norman Cohn yandika ati: “Mu kinjana ca gatatu ni ho hageragejwe gutyoza inyigisho y’ivy’imilenari, igihe Orijeni uwari kumbure umunyatewolojiya yemerwa kuruta abandi bose bo muri Ekeleziya ya kera, yatangura gushikiriza ivy’Ubwami nk’ikintu kitobereye ahantu kanaka canke mu gihe kinaka, mugabo kikabera gusa mu mishaha y’abemera.” Kubera yuko Orijeni yihetse kuri filozofiya y’Abagiriki aho kwiheka kuri Bibiliya, yaratosekaje icizigiro c’akaroruhore c’imihezagiro yo kw’isi yobonetse ku Ngoma y’Ubwami bwa Mesiya, agihindura “ikintu [kidatahurika] kibera . . . mu mishaha y’abemera.” Umwanditsi w’Umugatolika Léon Gry yanditse ati: “Akosho kari kiganje ka filozofiya y’Abagiriki . . . kagiye karazana ugutemba kw’ivyiyumviro vy’Abashiliya.”

“Ekeleziya Yaratakaje Ubutumwa Bwayo bw’Icizigiro”

Augustino nta nkeka ko ari we Mutanganyigisho wa Ekeleziya yakoze vyinshi kuruta abandi mu gusukiranya filozofiya y’Abagiriki n’icasa gusa n’Ubukirisu mu gihe ciwe. Uwo Augustino yahoze mu ntango aburanira cane inyigisho y’imilenari, amaherezo atera akagere iciyumviro cose c’Ingoma y’Imilenari ya Kirisitu yo kw’isi yo muri kazoza. Yarahotoye Ivyahishuriwe ikigabane ca 20 ngo kirimwo inkuru z’amayobera.

Igitabu kimwe, The Catholic Encyclopedia, kivuga giti: “Augustino amaherezo yagumye ku kwemera yuko ata milenari izobaho. . . . Atubwira yuko izuka rya mbere ico kigabane kivuga ryerekeza ku kuvuka bushasha mu buryo bw’impwemu mw’ibatisimu; ngo ya sabato y’imyaka igihumbi ikurikira imyaka ibihumbi bitandatu ya kahise [k’abantu] ni bwo buzima budahera bwose uko bungana.” Ikindi gitabu, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, kivuga giti: “Inyigisho z’amayobera z’ivy’imilenari za Augustino zacitse zo nyigisho nkurikizwa za Ekeleziya . . . Bene guhindura ibintu b’Abaporotisanti bo kwa Luteri, kwa Kaluvino n’Abangilikani . . . bagumye bumiye ku vyiyumviro vya Augustino.” Gutyo, abanywanyi b’amasengero y’Abitwa Abakirisu baratswe icizigiro c’imilenari.

Vyongeye, nk’uko umunyatewolojiya w’Umusuwise Frédéric de Rougemont yabivuze, “mu gushibura ukwizera yahoze afise mu ntango kwerekeye ingoma y’imyaka igihumbi, [Augustino] yarakoreye Ekeleziya amabi atavugwa. Kubera ko yari umuntu yemerwa cane, yashigikiye ikosa ryatumye [Ekeleziya] itakaza intumbero yari ifise y’[ubuzima bwo] kw’isi.” Umunyatewolojiya w’Umudagi, Adolf Harnack, yaravyemeje yuko ugutera akagere inyigisho y’Imilenari kwatse abantu batobato “idini batahura” bituma “ukwizera n’ivyizigiro bahorana” bisubirirwa n’ “ukwizera batashobora gutahura.” Amasengero agaragara mu bihugu vyinshi ni igihinyuza cibonekeje c’uko abantu bakeneye ukwizera n’icizigiro bashobora gutahura.

Mu gitabu ciwe, Highlights of the Book of Revelation, incabwenge mu vya Bibiliya George Beasley-Murray yanditse ati: “Ku ruhande rumwe, bivuye ku kosho gakomeye cane ka Augustino, ku rundi na ho bikava ku vy’uko utudumbi tw’amadini twemeye inyigisho y’imilenari, Abagatolika n’Abaporotisanti bompi baragize urunani mu gutera akagere iyo nyigisho. Igihe indongozi zimwezimwe zibajijwe ikindi cizigiro zoshikiriza abantu muri iyi si, zishura ziti: Nta na kimwe. Isi izosangangurwa ku muzo wa Kirisitu kugira ngo isubirirwe n’ijuru be n’umuriro bitazohera, aho ivyabaye vyose bizokwibagirwa. . . . Ekeleziya yaratakaje ubutumwa bwayo bw’icizigiro.”

Icizigiro c’Akaroruhore c’Imilenari Kiracariho!

Ivyabona vya Yehova bo barajijutse yuko ya masezerano y’akaroruhore ajanye n’ivy’Imilenari azoranguka. Igihe umutohozakahise w’Umufaransa Jean Delumeau yabazwa ibibazo mu kiganiro co kuri televiziyo y’Ubufaransa cavuga ngo “Umwaka w’2000: Uteye Ubwoba bw’Agatikizo Kahishuriwe,” yagize ati: “Ivyabona vya Yehova bakurikira neza na neza ivyiyumviro vy’imilenari, kuko bavuga yuko vuba . . . tugiye kwinjira mu kiringo c’imyaka igihumbi y’agahimbare, nta nkeka bikazoca ku gatikizo kazobaho.”

Ivyo ni vyo nyene intumwa Yohani yabonye mu vyo yeretswe aca abidondora mu gitabu ciwe c’Ivyahishuriwe. Yanditse ati: “Mbona ijuru risha n’isi nsha . . . Numva ijwi rirenga, rivuye kuri ya ntebe, rit’Eh’ihema ry’Imana riri kumwe n’abantu, kand’izogerēra muri bo, na bo bazoba abantu bayo, kand’Imana ubgayo izobana na bo, izoba Imana yabo. Izohanagura amosozi yose ku maso yabo, kand’urupfu ntiruzoba rukiriho, kand’amaborogo no gutaka n’uburibge ntibizoba bikiriho: kukw ivya mbere bishize.”—Ivyahishuriwe 21:1, 3, 4.

Ivyabona vya Yehova bari mu gikorwa co kwigisha ivya Bibiliya kw’isi yose kugira ngo batume abantu benshi uko bishoboka bashobora kugira ico cizigiro. Bazonezerezwa no kugufasha kumenya vyinshi kuri ico cizigiro.

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Papiyasi yavuga yuko inyigisho y’Imilenari yayikuye ku bantu bo mu gihe c’intumwa

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Terituliyano yaremera ya Ngoma y’Imyaka Igihumbi ya Kirisitu

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© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

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”Mu gushiburira kure ukwizera yari afitiye ingoma y’imyaka igihumbi, [Augustino] yarakoreye amabi atavugwa Ekeleziya”

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Isi y’Iparadizo yasezeranywe mu Vyahishuriwe ni ikintu abantu bakwiye kwizigirana umushasharo