“Amāto y’i Kitimu” aguma agira uruja n’uruza mu biyaga
AKARERE ko mu Buseruko bw’Ikiyaga Mediterane karigeze kuba ikirimbiro ry’intambara zo mu mazi. Nugerageze kwiha ishusho y’intambara imwe yabaye hagisigaye ibinjana bitanu imbere ya Kristu. Ubwato bumwe bworoshe cane gusoza bwitwa la trière buriko buragenda bunyaruka cane. Abasozabwato hafi 170 baratonze ku manenge atatu bakaba baza barasyegenya n’inguvu zabo zose bava inyuma baja imbere aho bicaye ku bintu bimeze nk’umudo bikozwe mu rusato.
Ku bunyarutsi bw’ibilometero 13 gushika ku bilometero 17 kw’isaha, ubwo bwato buratemagura imipfunda y’amazi uko bugenda bwerekeza iyo ubwato bw’abansi buri. Ubwo bwato butewe buragerageza guhunga. Urugamba rukamvye, buratangura kuza burazungazunga, maze impande zabwo zikaza ziribonekeza. Igice co ku mpanza c’amaja munsi gikuyengejweko ubutare bwitwa bronze c’ubwo bwato buteye kiraseka ubwo bundi bwato ku gihimba cabwo co hasi. Uguturika kw’ico gihimba be n’ugusurirana kw’amazi y’ikiyaga yinjirana mu rwenge rwatobowe na bwa bwato birarandura umutima abasozabwato b’abansi. Muri ubwo bwato buteye, umugwi mutoyi w’abarwanyi bafise ibirwanisho bikomakomeye baranyaragasa igihe baca mu kayira ko hagati mu bwato kugira batere abari muri ubwo bwato bwasāvye. Emwe, amato amwamwe yo mu gihe ca kera yari akomeye pe!
Abatohoji ba Bibiliya baritwararitse cane kumenya ico Bibiliya iba ishaka kuvuga igihe ikoresha imvugo ngo “Kitimu” hamwe n’“amāto y’i Kitimu”, rimwe na rimwe ugasanga iranakoresha izo mvugo mu buryo bw’ubuhanuzi (Guharūra 24:24; Daniyeli 11:30; Yesaya 23:1). None Kitimu hari haherereye hehe? Tuzi iki ku bijanye n’amato yaho? Kandi ni kubera iki inyishu z’ivyo bibazo zogushimisha?
Wa mutohozakahise w’Umuyuda Josèphe yavuze ko Kitimu ari “Chéthima”, ahasanisha n’izinga rya Shipure. Igisagara ca Kition (citwa kandi Citium) kiri ku nkengera y’iryo zinga mu Bumanuko bushira Ubuseruko ni co gihuza cane Kitimu na Shipure. Kubera ko izinga rya Shipure ryari kw’ihuriro ry’amabarabara ya kera yakoreshwa mu vy’urudandaza, ryari ahantu heza habaho ku buryo ryungukira ku kuba ryari hafi y’ibivuko vyo mu Buseruko bw’Ikiyaga Mediterane. Bivanye n’aho iryo zinga ryari riherereye, wasanga ribwirizwa kugira aho rihagaze hagati y’amahanga yaba ariko ararwana; ku ruhande rumwe iryo zinga ryarabera kirumara ihanga ryaba rishigikiye, ku rundi na rwo rikabera intambamyi ikomeye ihanga ritaba ryashigikiye.
Abanyashipure be n’ikiyaga
Ibimenyamenya vyo mu vyacukuwe mu kiyaga no mu ntatemwa, tutibagiye ivyandikano vya kera be n’imigero icapuwe ku bibumbano, biradufasha kubona mu bwenge ukuntu amato yo muri Shipure yari ameze. Abanyashipure ba kera bari bakaruhariwe mu vyo kwubaka amato. Iryo zinga ryabo ryarimwo ishamba rya manyenye, ahantu henshi hatekanye ikiyaga gita ikirimi na ho ugasanga himereye nk’ibivuko vyibereye aho. Ntibicira ibiti kugira ngo bubake amato gusa ariko kandi baravyicira kugira ngo babikoreshe mu bijanye n’ugutyorora ubutare bw’umujumpu, buno bukaba bwari ubutare iryo zinga rya Shipure ryicukurira bwatumye riba rurangiranwa mu gihe ca kera.
Kubera ko iryo zinga rya Shipure ryashorera cane mu mahanga, ivyo vyarakwegereye amaso y’Abanyafoyinike, na bo baca bigarurira ibisagara bimwebimwe vyo mu karere bacishamwo ibidandazwa vyabo. Kimwe muri mwene ivyo bisagara ni Kition co muri Shipure.—Yesaya 23:10-12.
Inyuma y’aho Tiro hatembeye, biboneka ko bamwebamwe mu bantu baho bahungiye i Kitimu. Birashoboka ko abakoroni b’Abanyafoyinike bari bamenyereye kugendera mu kiyaga bagize ikintu kinini cane baterereye mu buhanga bwo kwubaka amato bw’Abanyashipure. Kuba ico gisagara ca Kition cari giherereye ahantu heza cane, vyatumye kandi kiba ho hantu hakingira amato y’Abanyafoyinike mu buryo bwiza kuruta.
Rigira uruhara mu vy’urudandaza rukomeye rwahuza amahanga menshi
Urudandaza rwa kera rwabera mu karere ko mu Buseruko bwa Mediterane muri ico kiringo rwari rugizwe n’ibintu vyinshi cane. Ibintu vy’agaciro vyaba bivuye muri Shipure vyaratwarwa n’amato bikajanwa mw’izinga rya Kirete, Sardaigne, Sisile no mu mazinga y’Ikiyaga Égée. Hari amakarabo n’ibikono vyo muri Shipure vyubuwe muri ayo mazinga, ibibumbano vyiza utoraba vyo muri Mycènes (mu Bugiriki) na vyo biruburwa ari umuyoro muri Shipure. Incabwenge zimwezimwe zihweje ibipande vy’ubutare bw’umujumpu vyubuwe muri Sardaigne, zivuga yuko bikomoka muri Shipure.
Mu 1982 hari ubwato bwari bwasāvye amaja mu mpera y’ikinjana ca 14 B.G.C. bwubuwe mu Bumanuko bwa Turukiya hafi y’inkengera y’ikiyaga. Hariho ibintu vy’ubwoko bwinshi vy’agaciro vyubuwe munsi y’ikiyaga, uri ibipande vy’ubutare bw’umujumpu bivugwa ko vyakomotse muri Shipure, uri ubutare busa n’umuhondo bita ambre, uri amakarabo y’i Kanani, uri ibiti vyo muri Aziya bita bois d’ébène, uri amasenge y’inzovu, uri utuntu two gushaza dukozwe mu nzahabu n’ifeza tw’i Kanani, uri ubwoko bw’ibisharizo vyo mu Misiri vyafatwa ko ari vyeranda be n’ibindi bintu. Abantu bamwebamwe bihweje ibumba ry’ibibumbano vyari muri ubwo bwato, bavuga ko bushobora kuba bwari ubw’Abanyashipure.
Biri n’ico bivuze kubona nko muri ico gihe nyene ubwo bwato bwasāba, Balamu yaravuze ibijanye n’amato aza avuye i Kitimu mu vyo ‘yavugishijwe’ (Guharūra 24:15, 24). Biboneka ko amato y’Abanyashipure yari yarabaye rurangiranwa mu Karere k’ibihugu vy’Abarabu. Ayo mato none yari ameze gute?
Amato yatwara ibidandazwa
Hariho ibibumbano vyinshi vyerekana ukuntu ayo mato yaba ameze vyubuwe mu mva mu gisagara ca kera ca Amatusi co muri Shipure. Ivyo bibumbano biratanga amakuru y’ingirakamaro ku bijanye n’ubwoko butandukanye bw’amato y’Abanyashipure, kandi bimwebimwe muri ivyo biraboneka mu mazu y’iratiro ry’ivya kera.
Ivyo bibumbano vyerekana yuko amato ya kera ata gukeka ko yakoreshwa mu gutwara ibidandazwa bitajanye n’ivy’intambara. Ubwato butoyi kuruta wasanga akenshi busozwa n’abagabo 20 b’indyamunyu. Amato yagutse kandi afukuye cane yari agenewe gutwara ibidandazwa n’ingenzi mu kugira ingendo ngufingufi aho i Shipure ku nkokora y’ikiyaga. Incabwenge imwe yitwa Pline l’Ancien ivuga yuko Abanyashipure bubaka ubwato butoyi kandi buhwahutse bwasozwa vyongeye bwashobora gutwara amatoni ashika kuri 90.
Hariho rero n’amato maninimanini yatwara ibidandazwa ameze nka bumwe bwuburwa muri Turukiya hafi y’inkengera y’ikiyaga. Muri ayo hariho ayashobora gutwara amatoni ashika kuri 450 aciye mu kiyaga hagati. Amato maninimanini yashobora gusozwa n’abagabo nka 50, 25 kuri buri ruhande rwayo, agashobora no kuba afise uburebure bw’imetero 30 be n’uburebure bw’amaduga bw’imetero 10.
Amato y’intambara y’i “Kitimu” avugwa mu buhanuzi bwo muri Bibiliya
Impwemu ya Yehova ni yo yatumye havugwa aya majambo agira ati: “Amato azoza, aturutse ku nkombe y’i Kitimu, aneshe Ashuri” (Guharūra 24:2, 24). None ubwo buhanuzi bwoba bwararangutse? Amato yaje ava muri Shipure yagize uruhara gute mw’iranguka ryabwo? Ayo ‘mato aza aturutse ku nkombe y’i Kitimu’ ntiyari ya mato atwara ibidandazwa bitajanye n’ivy’intambara yaguma agira uruja n’uruza mu Kiyaga Mediterane. Yari amato y’intambara aje gutikiza inganda.
Kubera ko ivyakenerwa mu vy’intambara vyaza birahindagurika, vyarabaye ngombwa ko amato ya mbere y’intambara bagenda barayubaka ku buryo aba ayanyaruka n’ayakomeye kuruta. Amato y’intambara y’Abanyashipure ya kera cane ashobora kuba ari ayerekanywe ku gicapo cubuwe mu gisagara ca Amatusi. Ico gicapo kiriko ubwato burebure, butagutse, bufise itenzi yiheteye hejuru iraba imbere, nka kurya k’ubwato bw’intambara bw’Abanyafoyinike. Ubwo bwato burafise mwene ca gice co ku mpanza c’amaja munsi, bukagira n’inkinzo z’umuzingi ziri kuri buri ruhande rwabwo hafi y’itenzi be n’amaja ku mpanza.
Mu kinjana c’umunani imbere y’igihe cacu ni ho mu Bugiriki hakorwa amato ya mbere na mbere wasanga afise ingafe zitonze ku manenge abirabiri. Ayo mato yari afise uburebure bw’imetero 24 be n’ubwaguke bw’imetero 3. Ayo mato yatanguye gukoreshwa mu gutwara abarwanyi, ico gihe bakaba barwanira i musozi. Bidatevye, barabonye ko vyorushiriza kuba ngirakamaro ayo mato bayongeyeko inenge ry’ingafe rigira gatatu, ca gice co ku mpanza c’amaja munsi na co kigakuyengezwako ubutare bwitwa bronze. Ayo mato mashasha yahavuye yitwa trières, nk’uko bivugwa mu ntango z’iki kiganiro. Mwene ubwo bwato bwarabaye rurangiranwa mu ntambara yabereye i Salami (mu 480 B.G.C.) igihe Abagiriki batsinda amato y’Abaperesi.
Mu nyuma, igihe Alegizandere Mukuru yariko arondera kuganza amahanga, yararungitse amaja mu Buseruko amato yiwe yo mu bwoko bwa trière. Ayo mato yari agenewe intambara, ntiyari agenewe kugira ingendo ndende mu biyaga bininibinini kuko ata kibanza gikwiye yari afise co gushiramwo ibintu bikenewe. Vyasavye ko aza arahagarara mu mazinga yo mu Kiyaga Égée kugira ngo bironse ibikenewe bongere barabe ayoba yagize ingorane. Alegizandere yari afise umugambi wo gusangangura amato y’Abaperesi. Ariko rero, kugira ngo ivyo abishikeko yabwirizwa kubanza kwigarurira umunara ukomeye wo mw’izinga i Tiro. Kugira ngo ashike aho i Tiro na ho, yabwirizwa ubwa mbere kuruhukira gatoyi i Shipure.
Abanyashipure bagiye ku ruhande rwa Alegizandere Mukuru igihe yugariza i Tiro (mu 332 B.G.C.), bamuronsa amato 120. Abami batatu bo muri Shipure baragiye barongoye ayo mato yabo kugira ngo bifatanye na Alegizandere. Barafatanije na we mu mezi indwi yamaze yugarije i Tiro. Tiro yaratemvye, maze ubuhanuzi bwo muri Bibiliya buba burarangutse (Ezekiyeli 26:3, 4; Zekariya 9:3, 4). Kugira ngo Alegizandere yerekana ko yakengurutse, yaciye aha ububasha budasanzwe ba bami b’Abanyashipure.
Iranguka rikomeye
Umutohozakahise wo mu kinjana ca mbere yitwa Strabo avuga yuko Alegizandere yikoze ku mato yo muri Shipure be n’ayo muri Foyinike mw’isekeza ryiwe ryo gutera muri Arabiya. Ayo mato yari ahwahutse kandi yoroshe gusambura no guteranya, akaba ari co gituma mu misi indwi gusa yari amaze gushika i Tapusakusi (canke i Tifusa) mu Buraruko bwa Siriya (1 Abami 4:24). Bavuye ngaho, vyarashoboka ko bajana uruzi bagashika i Babiloni.
Ku bw’ivyo rero, amajambo yo muri Bibiliya yasa n’ayadatahurika ni ho yaza yaranguka mu buryo bukomeye haciye ibinjana nka cumi! Mu buryo buhuye n’amajambo dusanga mu Guharūra 24:24, igisirikare ca Alegizandere Mukuru carakomeye ku muheto mu kugenda cerekeza mu Buseruko kivuye i Makedoniya, maze kirigarurira igihugu ca Ashuri, amaherezo kiratsinda bwa Bwami bwari bukomeye cane bw’Abamedi n’Abaperesi.
Naho amakuru dufise ku bijanye n’“amato y’i Kitimu” ari make, nta gukeka ko ashira ahabona iranguka rikomeye ry’ubuhanuzi bwo muri Bibiliya. Ivyo bimenyamenya vyo muri kahise biratuma turushiriza kujijuka ko ubuhanuzi bwo muri Bibiliya ari ubwo kwizigirwa. Bwinshi muri bwo bwerekeye kazoza kacu ka hafi, akaba ari co gituma dukwiye kubufatana uburemere.
[Ikarata ku rup. 16]
(Ushaka igisomwa cose, raba iki kinyamakuru)
UBUTALIYANO
Sardaigne
Sisile
Ikiyaga Égée
UBUGIRIKI
Kirete
LIBIYA
TURUKIYA
SHIPURE
Kition
Tiro
MISIRI
[Ifoto ku rup. 16]
Ukuntu ubwato bw’intambara bw’Abagiriki bwitwa “trière” bwari bumeze
[Abo dukesha ifoto]
Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.
[Ifoto ku rup. 17]
Ukuntu ubwato bw’intambara bw’Abanyafoyinike ba kera bufise ingafe zitonze ku manenge abiri bwari bumeze
[Abo dukesha ifoto]
Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.
[Ifoto ku rup. 17]
Igikono cerekana ukuntu ubwato bw’Abanyashipure bwari bumeze
[Abo dukesha ifoto]
Ishusho yasohowe bitangiwe uburenganzira na the Director of Antiquities and the Cyprus Museum
[Ifoto ku rup. 18]
Amato ya kera yatwara ibidandazwa, nk’amwe avugwa muri Yesaya 60:9