Igitabu wokwizigira—Igice ca 5 — ICEGERANYO C'IBITABU CO KURI INTERNET ca Watchtower

Igitabu wokwizigira—Igice ca 5

Ubugiriki mu nkuru ya kahise ivugwa muri Bibiliya

Iki ni ikiganiro kigira gatanu muri rwa rukurikirane rw’ibiganiro indwi bizoza birasohoka mu nomero zikurikirana za “Be maso!”, bino bikaba bica irya n’ino za nganji nganzasi indwi zivugwa mu nkuru ya kahise dusanga muri Bibiliya. Intumbero yavyo ni iyo kwerekana yuko Bibiliya ari iyo kwizigirwa, ko yahumetswe n’Imana be n’uko ubutumwa buri muri yo butuma umuntu yizigira ko imibabaro iterwa no kuba umuntu ategeka mugenziwe mu buryo buranga ubunyamaswa izokurwaho.

MU KINJANA ca kane B.G.C., hari umusore w’Umunyamakedoniya yitwa Alegizandere yatumye Ubugirikia bugira ikibanza gihambaye mu nkuru za kahise. Kukaba nkako, yaratumye Ubugiriki buba inganji nganzasi igira gatanu mu nkuru ya kahise ivugwa muri Bibiliya, akaba yahavuye yitwa Alegizandere Mukuru. Inganji nganzasi ya Misiri, iya Ashuri, iya Babiloni be n’iy’Ubumedi n’Ubuperesi ni zo zabayeho imbere yayo.

Alegizandere amaze gupfa, inganji nganzasi yiwe yaciye yigaburamwo ibice maze itangura gutakaza ububasha yari ifise. Ariko rero, akosho Ubugiriki bwagira biciye ku mico kama yabwo, ku rurimi, ku vy’ugusenga no kuri filozofiya karamaze igihe kirekire n’inyuma y’aho iyo nganji y’ivya politike iviriyeho.

Inkuru ya kahise yo kwizigirwa

Inkuru yo muri Bibiliya ntivuga yuko hari umuhanuzi n’umwe w’Imana yariho igihe Ubugiriki bwaganza isi, canke ko hari igitabu na kimwe co muri Bibiliya cahumetswe canditswe ico gihe. Ariko rero, Ubugiriki buravugwa mu buhanuzi bwo muri Bibiliya. Vyongeye, Ivyanditswe vy’Ikigiriki, ibikunda kwitwa Isezerano rishasha, akenshi birerekeza ku kosho Ubugiriki bwagira. Nkako, canecane muri Isirayeli hariho umugwi w’ibisagara cumi vyakurikiza imico kama y’Ubugiriki vyitwa Dekapoli, rino rikaba rivuye mw’ijambo ry’ikigiriki risobanura ngo “ibisagara cumi.” (Matayo 4:25; Mariko 5:20; 7:31) Bibiliya iravuga incuro zitari nke ibijanye n’ako karere, kandi inkuru za kahise zitari izo muri Bibiliya be n’ibisigarira amahero vy’inyubakwa zaho zaberamwo inkino, ibisigarira vy’insengero zaho be n’ibisigarira vy’ubwogero bwaho biremeza ko kabayeho.

Bibiliya kandi irerekeza akatari gake ku mico kama no ku bijanye n’idini vyo mu Bugiriki, na canecane mu gitabu c’Ivyakozwe, icanditswe na muganga Luka. Rimbura uburorero bukeyi:

Mu kudondora ibintu vyabaye igihe intumwa Paulo yagendera i Atene mu 50 G.C., Bibiliya ivuga yuko ico gisagara cari “cuzuye ibigirwamana.” (Ivyakozwe 17:16) Ibimenyamenya bishingiye kuri kahise biremeza yuko i Atene be no mu bisagara vyaho hari huzuye ibigirwamana be n’utunyabugoro.

Mu Vyakozwe 17:21 havuga yuko “Abanyatene bose be n’abanyamahanga bari bacumbitse ng’aho [a]ta kindi bamaza umwanya wabo w’ukwisamaza atari ukuvuga canke kwumviriza ikintu gishasha.” Ivyandikano vya Thucydide n’ivya Démosthène biremeza yuko Abanyatene bishinga ibiyago n’impari.

Bibiliya iravuga itomora yuko “Abepikuri n’Abasitoyiko batangu[ye] kuyaga na [Paulo] baharira,” baranamujana kuri Areyopago kugira ngo bumve ibindi ababwira. (Ivyakozwe 17:18, 19) I Atene hari hazwi ko hari abafilozofe benshi, muri bo hakaba harimwo n’Abepikuri n’Abasitoyiko.

Paulo aravuga ibijanye n’igicaniro c’i Atene cari canditsweko ngo “Ku Mana Itazwi.” (Ivyakozwe 17:23) Ibicaniro vyari vyareguriwe imana itazwi bishobora kuba vyari vyubatswe na Épimenides w’i Kirete.

Mu nsiguro Paulo yashikirije Abanyatene, arasubiramwo amajambo ngo “kuko natwe turi uruvyaro rwayo,” akaba atavuga ko yavuzwe n’umuryoshamvugo umwe gusa, ariko yuko yavuzwe na “bamwe mu baryoshamvugo bo muri [bo].” (Ivyakozwe 17:28) Biragaragara yuko abo baryoshamvugo b’Abagiriki yariko aravuga bari Aratus na Cléanthe.

Birabereye kubona incabwenge imwe yashitse kuri iki ciyumviro kigira giti: “Inkuru ivuga ivy’igihe Paulo yagendera i Atene mbona yuko yanditswe n’umuntu yiboneye ivyo bintu.” Ivyo nyene vyoshobora kuvugwa ku bijanye n’ivyo Bibiliya ivuga vyerekeye ivyashikiye Paulo i Efeso muri Aziya ntoyi. Mu kinjana ca mbere G.C., abantu bo muri ico gisagara bari bacemera ugusenga kwa gipagani kw’Abagiriki, bakaba na canecane basenga imanakazi Arutemi.

Urusengero rwa Arutemi, rukaba rwari kimwe mu bintu indwi vy’akaroruhore gusumba ibindi vyari mw’isi ico gihe, ruravugwa akatari gake mu gitabu c’Ivyakozwe. Nk’akarorero, tubwirwa yuko ubusuku Paulo yaranguriye i Efeso bwatumye umucuzi w’ifeza yitwa Demetiriyo ashangashirwa, uno akaba yari afise urudandazwa ruteye imbere rwo gukora utunyabugoro tw’ifeza twa Arutemi. Demetiriyo yavuze yashangashiwe ati: “Uyo Paulo yatumye isinzi ritari rito rinyurwa [yongera a]rikebereza ku kindi ciyumviro, . . . akavuga yuko izakozwe n’amaboko atari imana.” (Ivyakozwe 19:23-28) Demetiriyo yaciye agumura akagwi k’abantu bashangashiwe, batangura gusemerera bati: “Irahambaye Arutemi y’Abanyefeso!”

Muri iki gihe urashobora kugendera ahari ibisigarira vya Efeso be n’ikibanza carimwo urusengero rwa Arutemi. N’ikindi kandi, ivyandikano vya kera vyakuwe i Efeso biremeza yuko hari ibigirwamana vyakorwa mu gutera iteka iyo manakazi be n’uko muri ico gisagara hakorera ishirahamwe ry’abacuzi b’ifeza.

Ubuhanuzi bwo kwizigirwa

Nk’imyaka 200 imbere y’igihe ca Alegizandere Mukuru, umuhanuzi yavugishwa na Yehova Imana ari we Daniyeli yaranditse ibijanye n’aboganje isi, ati: “Ehe isuguru y’impene yariko izanana i burengerazuba ku buringanire bw’isi yose, idakora hasi. Iyo suguru y’impene, hagati y’amaso yari ifise ihembe ryibonekeje. Iguma iza gushika kuri ya mpfizi y’intama ifise ya mahembe abiri, . . . iza yiruka iyigana iri n’ubushangashirwe bukaze. Nuko . . . itangura kuyirakarira, irayisekeza, iyivuna ya mahembe abiri, nya mpfizi y’intama ntiyagira ububasha bwo guhagarara imbere yayo. Iyikubita hasi, irayikandagira . . . Nya suguru y’impene irihambaza bimwe birenze; mugabo ikimara kugira inkomezi, rya hembe rinini riravunwa, mu kibanza caryo hanaga amahembe ane mu buryo bwibonekeje, yerekeje kuri ya miyaga ine y’amajuru.”—Daniyeli 8:5-8.

Uti none ayo majambo yerekeza kuri bande? Daniyeli ubwiwe yishura ati: “Impfizi y’intama wabonye y’amahembe abiri, igereranya abami b’Ubumedi n’Ubuperesi. Ya suguru y’impene y’ivyoya na yo, igereranya umwami w’Ubugiriki; nayo rya hembe rinini ryari hagati y’amaso yayo, rigereranya umwami wa mbere.”—Daniyeli 8:20-22.

Zirikana ico kintu! Mu gihe c’inganji nganzasi ya Babiloni, Bibiliya yaravuze yuko inganji nganzasi y’Ubumedi n’Ubuperesi be n’inganji nganzasi y’Ubugiriki ari zo zokurikiye. Vyongeye, nk’uko tumaze kubibona, Bibiliya yari yaravuze itomora yuko nya suguru y’impene “ikimara kugira inkomezi, rya hembe rinini,” ari ryo rigereranya Alegizandere, ‘ryovunywe’ maze rigasubirirwa n’ayandi ane, ikavuga kandi yuko ata na rimwe muri yo yobaye uruvyaro rwa Alegizandere.—Daniyeli 11:4.

Ibintu vyose vyavuzwe muri ubwo buhanuzi vyararangutse. Alegizandere yabaye umwami mu 336 B.G.C., maze mu kiringo kitarenze imyaka indwi aranesha wa mwami akomeye w’Ubuperesi ari we Dariyo wa gatatu. Inyuma y’aho, Alegizandere yarabandanije kwagura inganji yiwe gushika urupfu rumukubiranije mu 323 B.G.C., afise imyaka 32. Alegizandere ntiyasubiriwe ku ngoma n’umwami umwe, canke ngo asubirirwe n’umwe mu bo mu ruvyaro rwiwe. Ahubwo nyabuna, abajenerali biwe bakuru bane ari bo Lysimaque, Cassandre, Séleucus na Ptolémée baciye “batangaza ko ari bo bami” baca bigarurira iyo nganji, ivyo bikaba bivugwa n’igitabu kimwe (The Hellenistic Age).

Igihe Alegizandere yariko aragura inganji yiwe, yarashikije n’ubundi buhanuzi bwo muri Bibiliya. Nk’akarorero, abahanuzi Ezekiyeli na Zekariya, ababayeho mu kinjana c’indwi n’ica gatandatu B.G.C., bari baravuze ibijanye n’itikizwa ry’igisagara ca Tiro, kino kikaba cari gihereranye n’ikiyaga. (Ezekiyeli 26:3-5, 12; 27:32-36; Zekariya 9:3, 4) Ezekiyeli yaranditse mbere yuko amabuye be n’umukungu vyaco vyoshizwe “hagati mu mazi.” Ayo majambo yoba yararangutse?

Rimbura ivyo ingabo za Alegizandere zakoze igihe zari zisugereje igisagara ca Tiro mu 332 B.G.C. Zarakuyeho ibihomvagurike vy’igisagara c’i musozi ca kera ca Tiro maze zibishira mu kiyaga kugira ngo haboneke inzira ikirurutse ija mu gisagara ca Tiro cari kigizwe n’izinga. Ubwo buhinga bwarabakundiye bituma batembagaza Tiro. Umugenduzi umwe w’uturere yagendeye ako karere mu kinjana ca 19 yavuze ati: “Ubuhanuzi bwerekeye Tiro bwararangutse, mbere n’utuntu dutoduto tujanye na bwo”.b

Umuhango ushobora kwizigira

Kuba Alegizandere yarigaruriye uturere, ntivyatumye haboneka isi irangwamwo amahoro n’umutekano. Incabwenge imwe imaze kwihweza ikiringo Ubugiriki bwa kera bwamaze butegeka, yavuze iti: “Uburyo abantu babayabaye babwirizwa kubaho . . . Ntibwahindutse kanini.” Ukwo ni ko vyamye kuva kera, ivyo bikaba vyongera kwemeza aya majambo avugwa muri Bibiliya yuko “umuntu yaganje uwundi mu kumugirira nabi.”—Umusiguzi 8:9.

Ariko rero, ubwo butegetsi ata co bushoboye ntibuzokwamaho, kubera yuko Imana yashinze intwaro iruta kure n’iyo intwaro iyo ari yo yose yashizweho n’abantu. Iyo ntwaro, ikaba yitwa Ubwami bw’Imana, izosubirira intwaro zose z’abantu, kandi abatwarwa bayo bazogira amahoro n’umutekano nyakuri biramba.—Yesaya 25:6; 65:21, 22; Daniyeli 2:35, 44; Ivyahishuwe 11:15.

Umwami w’Ubwami bw’Imana nta wundi atari Yezu Kristu. Yezu aratandukanye n’abatware b’abantu banyotewe ubutegetsi kandi batēgereka kuko ivyo akora abitumwa n’urukundo akunda Imana n’abantu. Ku bimwerekeye, hari umwanditsi wa zaburi yari yaravuze ati: “Azorokora umworo atabaza, n’umurushwa be n’uwo wese atagira gifasha. Azokwumvira akagongwe umuntu mutoyi be n’umworo, kandi ubuzima bw’aboro azobukiza. Ubuzima bwabo azobucungura abukize agahahazo n’ubukazi.”—Zaburi 72:12-14.

Woba wipfuza gutwarwa n’umutware nk’uwo? Nimba uvyipfuza, vyoba vyiza urimbuye inganji nganzasi igira gatandatu ivugwa mu nkuru ya kahise dusanga muri Bibiliya, iyo na yo akaba ari Uburoma. Nkako, mu kiringo c’Uburoma ni ho wa Mukiza yari yarasezeranywe yavuka maze arakora ibintu bitazokwigera vyibagirwa. Turagusavye uzosome ikiganiro kigira gatandatu co muri uru rukurikirane, ukaba uzogisanga mu nomero ikurikira y’iki kinyamakuru.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

a Ahantu hose havugwa Ubugiriki muri iki kiganiro herekeza ku Bugiriki bwa kera imbere y’ikinjana ca mbere kandi nta sano bufitaniye n’imbibe z’igihugu kinaka co muri iki gihe.

b Nk’uko Ezekiyeli yari yarabivuze, Tiro yigaruriwe ari bwo bwa mbere n’Umwami Nebukadinezari w’i Babiloni. (Ezekiyeli 26:7) Inyuma y’aho, ico gisagara carasubiye kwubakwa. Ico gisagara cari casubiye kwubakwa ni co Alegizandere yatikije, aba ashikije ibintu vyose vyari vyaravuzwe n’abahanuzi.

[Akajambo gasigura ifoto ku rup. 17]

Haruguru, uko inganji zakurikiranye: Igicapo c’Abanyamisiri ku ruhome n’umutwe wa Nero: Amafoto dukesha British Museum; Igicapo c’Abaperesi ku ruhome: Musée du Louvre, Paris; hepfo, umutwe wa Alegizandere Mukuru: Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Akajambo gasigura ifoto ku rup. 17]

Bibiliya yari yaravuze ibijanye na Alegizandere Mukuru, hagisigaye nk’imyaka 200 ngo abeho