Icyo ibyaremwe bitwigisha

“Baza amatungo yo mu rugo azakwigisha; ubaze n’ibiguruka byo mu kirere bizakubwira. Cyangwa witegereze isi na yo izakwigisha; n’amafi yo mu nyanja azabikubwira.”—YOBU 12:7, 8.

MU MYAKA ya vuba aha, abahanga mu bya siyansi n’abenjeniyeri, bize ibintu byinshi bahereye ku bimera n’inyamaswa. Barimo bariga imiterere y’ibyaremwe bitandukanye bakanayigana, bashaka gukora ibintu bishya cyangwa se bashaka kunonosora ibyo bamaze gukora. Mu gihe turi bube tureba ingero zigaragaza imiterere ihambaye y’ibinyabuzima bimwe na bimwe, wibaze uti: “Ni nde ukwiriye gushimirwa ibyo byose?”

Icyo bigiye ku byubi by’ifi yitwa barene

Ni iki abakora indege bigira ku ifi yitwa barene ifite ipfupfu? Uko bigaragara bayigiraho byinshi. Iyo barene imaze kuba nkuru, ishobora gupima nka toni 30, uburemere bungana n’ubw’ikamyo nini ipakiye. Iyo fi ifite igihimba kidapfa kwihina n’ibyubi binini cyane bijya kumera nk’amababa. Icyo gisimba gifite metero 12 z’uburebure, iyo kiri mu mazi kiranyaruka. Urugero, kugira ngo iyo fi ibone ibyo irya, ishobora kuva mu mazi hasi ikoga izamuka, ikagenda yikaraga munsi y’amafi cyangwa ibindi bisimba byo mu mazi igiye gufata. Uko igenda isunika amazi ni ko habaho ikintu kimeze nk’umuvumba. Uwo muvumba uba ufite umurambararo wa metero nk’imwe n’igice uhita ukubiranya ibisimba byose biwurimo nk’umutego, hanyuma iyo fi igahita icakira ibyo bisimba biba byipanze neza.

Ikintu cyatangaje cyane abashakashatsi ku birebana n’iyo fi ifite igihimba kidapfa kwihina, ni ukuntu ishobora gukatira ahantu hato cyane. Baje kuvumbura ko ibanga ry’iyo barene ryihishe mu miterere y’ibyubi byayo. Ku byubi byayo ahagana imbere, ntihaba hasennye neza nko ku ibaba ry’indege. Ahubwo haba hari ibintu bishinyitse nk’amenyo, bibyimbye nk’amashyundu kandi biri ku murongo.

Uko iyo barene yogoga mu mazi, ibyo bishyundu biyongerera imbaraga bigatuma amazi atayiganza. Ibyo bikorwa bite? Hari ikinyamakuru cyasobanuye ko ibyo bishyundu bituma amazi anyerera ku byubi afite umuvuduko mwinshi kandi yikaraga, ndetse n’igihe iyo fi yaba yoga iva mu mazi hasi izamuka hejuru. Ku muguno w’ibyo byubi haramutse hanyerera, iyo fi ntiyashobora gukatira ahantu hato cyane kandi izamuka, kuko amazi yayizitira, ikagabanya umuvuduko, maze akayisunika ntikomeze kuzamuka.—Natural History.

Ni ibihe bintu abantu bashobora gukora bahereye kuri ibyo byavumbuwe? Baramutse biganye imiterere y’ibyubi by’iyo barene, amababa y’indege bakora yakenera gusa utwuma duke bashyira ku mababa y’indege tuyifasha gukata mu kirere, cyangwa utundi twuma dufasha amababa yayo kunyerera mu muyaga. Ayo mababa yakora neza cyane kandi kuyitaho kugira ngo akomeze gukora neza ntibyagorana. John Long, inzobere mu kwiga imiterere y’ibinyabuzima no kuyigana, yemera ko mu gihe kitarambiranye “ku mababa y’indege nini zose zitwara abagenzi, hazaba hariho ibintu bimeze nk’amashyundu bisa n’ibiri ku byubi bya barene ifite ipfupfu.”

Biganye amababa y’inyoni yo mu bwoko bw’inkurakura

Kugira ngo bakore amababa y’indege, biganye imiterere y’amababa y’inyoni. Icyakora abashakashatsi baherutse gutera indi ntambwe mu kwigana imiterere y’amababa y’inyoni. Hari ikinyamakuru cyavuze ko “abashakashatsi bo muri Kaminuza yo muri Leta ya Folorida, bakoze dorone ifite ubushobozi nk’ubw’iyo nyoni bwo guhagarara hamwe mu kirere, kumanuka icuramye no kuzamuka yihuta cyane.”—New Scientist.

Izo nyoni zishobora gukora ibintu bidasanzwe mu kirere, kubera ko zishobora guhinira amababa yazo mu nkokora ndetse n’aho atereye. Icyo kinyamakuru kivuga ko biganye imiterere y’ayo mababa, bagakora “dorone ya santimetero 60, ifite akamoteri gatuma amababa yatwo agizwe n’utwuma twinshi yihina cyangwa akirambura.” Ayo mababa akoranywe ubuhanga atuma iyo dorone ihagarara hamwe mu kirere, ikaba yanamanuka icuramye hagati y’amazu maremare ya etaje. Igisirikare cya Amerika kirimo kwiga uko cyakwigana ubwo buhanga kigakora indege zishobora kuguruka zityo, kugira ngo zige zikoreshwa bashakisha intwaro z’ubumara mu migi minini.

Biganye amaguru y’ubwoko bw’icyugu

Inyamaswa zigenda ku butaka na zo zishobora kwigisha abantu byinshi. Urugero, hari ubwoko bw’icyugu gifite ubushobozi bwo kurira inkuta no gufata kuri parafo gicuramye kandi ntikigwe. Kuva kera cyane abantu bari bazi ko icyo kiremwa gifite ubwo bushobozi buhambaye (Imigani 30:28). Ni iki gituma imbaraga rukuruzi zitagira icyo zitwara icyo cyugu?

Ubwo bushobozi icyo cyugu gifite bwo gufata no munsi y’ahantu hasennye nk’ikirahuri, buturuka ku tuntu tumeze nk’utwoya duto cyane utabonesha amaso turi munsi y’amano yacyo. Amano yacyo ntavubura kore. Hagati y’utwo twoya n’aho icyo cyugu gifashe hazamo rukuruzi igatuma kidahanuka. Ubusanzwe, imbaraga rukuruzi ntizatuma umuntu afata ku rukuta ngo azamuke kuko yahita ahanuka. Ariko iyo icyo cyugu cyo gifashe ku rukuta, rukuruzi iri muri twa twoya two munsi y’amano ituma afata ahantu hanini ku rukuta. Imbaraga rukuruzi ziri muri utwo twoya twinshi cyane ziba zihagije kugira ngo zifate icyo cyugu kitagwa.

Ibyo bintu abashakashatsi bavumbuye kuri icyo cyugu bizabafasha bite? Bashobora kuzabiheraho, bagakora ubwoko bw’ubudodo bufatira nk’utwo twoya turi munsi y’amano y’icyo cyugu, bukajya bukoreshwa nk’ubwo bakoze bigana ibishokoro. Hari ikinyamakuru cyavuze ko hari umushakashatsi wavuze ko ibintu byakorwa biganye ubushobozi bwo gufata bw’icyo cyugu byazagira akamaro, cyanecyane mu buvuzi, aho utabasha gukoresha kore yo kwa muganga.”—The Economist.

Ni nde mu by’ukuri wabihanze?

Muri iki gihe, ikigo cya Amerika gikora ubushakashatsi ku birebana n’ikirere n’ibyogajuru (NASA), kirimo kirakora robo ifite amaguru menshi, igenda nka sikorupiyo. Abenjeniyeri bo muri Finilande bakoze imashini ihinga ifite amaguru atandatu, ishobora kurira ibintu ku buryo wagira ngo ni inigwahabiri nini cyane. Abandi bashakashatsi bakoze umwenda ufite utuntu duto tumeze nk’amagaragamba twibumbura kandi tukibumba nk’urubuto rwa pinusi, bitewe n’ubushyuhe cyangwa ubukonje bw’umubiri. Hari umuhanga urimo akora imodoka iteye nk’ifi (poisson-coffre) ifite ubushobozi bwo kugenda mu mazi inyaruka, kandi idakoresheje imbaraga nyinshi. Abandi bashakashatsi barimo bariga imiterere y’igikonoshwa kidapfa kumeneka k’ikinyamunjonjorerwa (ormeau); bagamije gukora umwenda ukomeye cyane, udatoborwa n’isasu ariko utaremereye.

Ibinyabuzima byafashije abashakashatsi gutekereza ku bintu byinshi bashobora gukora, ku buryo bakoze urutonde rw’ibintu byinshi cyane bashobora kubyigiraho. Cya kinyamakuru twigeze kuvuga cyavuze ko abahanga mu bya siyansi bashobora kwifashisha urwo rutonde, kugira ngo “bakore ibintu bitandukanye bahereye ku binyabuzima” (The Economist). Ibikubiye muri urwo rutonde rw’ibintu bashobora kwigira ku binyabuzima babyita ‘ibihangano bishingiye ku miterere y’ibinyabuzima.’ Ubusanzwe umuhanzi ni umuntu cyangwa ikigo kiba cyarazanye igitekerezo gishya cyangwa kigakora imashini nshya, ku buryo mu rwego rw’amategeko nta wundi ufite uburenganzira bwo kubigana. Icyo kinyamakuru cyavuze ko kuba abashakashatsi babyita ‘ibihangano bishingiye ku miterere y’ibinyabuzima,’ bigaragaza ko mu by’ukuri ibyo bageraho byose bigana ibyo binyabuzima bitagombye kubitirirwa ahubwo byagombye kwitirirwa ibyaremwe.

None se ubwo buhanga tubona mu binyabuzima bwaturutse he? Abashakashatsi benshi bashobora kuvuga ko ubwo buhanga bugaragara mu miterere y’ibinyabuzima, bwaturutse ku bwihindurize bwabayeho mu buryo bw’impanuka mu myaka ibarirwa muri za miriyoni ishize. Abandi bashakashatsi bo bageze ku mwanzuro utandukanye n’uwo. Michael J. Behe, umuhanga mu by’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima, yanditse mu kinyamakuru cyasohotse mu mwaka wa 2005 ati: “Niba hari ibimenyetso bidakuka bigaragaza ko ikintu kitapfuye kubaho gutya gusa ahubwo gifite uwagihanze, nta muntu wagombye kwijijisha.” Yashakaga kuvuga iki? Yaravuze ati: “Birigaragaza rwose ko ibinyabuzima bifite uwabihanze, ku buryo nta ho wahera ubihakana.”—The New York Times.

Mu by’ukuri, iyo umuhanga akoze ibaba ry’indege ryiza kandi rikora neza, aba agomba gushimirwa icyo gihangano ke. Nanone umuntu wakora umwenda mwiza cyangwa agakora imodoka ikora neza cyane kurusha izindi, na we aba akwiriye kubishimirwa. Ubwo rero, umuntu wakora ikintu yigana icyo undi yakoze, maze ntagaragaze ko yagikopeye ku wagikoze, yaba akwiriye kubihanirwa n’amategeko.

Abashakashatsi b’abahanga cyane bagerageza kwigana imiterere y’ibinyabuzima kugira ngo bakore ibikoresho bibafasha gukemura ibibazo bitandukanye. Nyamara usanga bamwe bavuga ko ubwo buhanga bugaragara mu binyabuzima, bwapfuye kubaho gutya gusa. Ese wowe urumva ibyo bikwiriye? Niba kwigana ikintu runaka bisaba ubuhanga buhanitse, ubwo gukora icy’umwimerere byo biba byarasabye iki? Mu by’ukuri se, ni nde ukwiriye gushimwa? Ni uwiganye igihangano, cyangwa ni uwagihanze?

Umwanzuro ukwiriye

Iyo abantu benshi bashyira mu gaciro bamaze kwibonera ko hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko ibinyabuzima bifite uwabihanze, bagera ku mwanzuro nk’uw’umwanditsi wa Zaburi wavuze ati: “Yehova, mbega ukuntu imirimo yawe ari myinshi! Yose wayikoranye ubwenge. Isi yuzuye ibikorwa byawe” (Zaburi 104:24). Umwe mu banditsi ba Bibiliya witwa Pawulo na we ni uwo mwanzuro yagezeho. Yaravuze ati: ‘Imico itaboneka y’Imana, ari yo bubasha bwayo bw’iteka n’Ubumana bwayo, igaragara neza kuva isi yaremwa, kuko igaragarira mu byaremwe.’—Abaroma 1:19, 20.

Icyakora abantu benshi bafite imitima itaryarya bubaha Bibiliya kandi bemera Imana, ntibemera ko Imana yaremye ibintu bitangaje biri ku isi ikoresheje ubwihindurize. Ariko se Bibiliya ibivugaho iki?

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe]

Ubuhanga bugaragara mu binyabuzima abashakashatsi bigana bwaturutse he?

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe]

Ni nde ukwiriye gushimirwa ubuhanga bugaragara mu byaremwe?

[Agasanduku/​Amafoto]

Niba kwigana ikintu runaka bisaba ubuhanga buhanitse, ubwo gukora icy’umwimerere byo biba byarasabye iki?

Iyi ndege yogoga ikirere mu buryo bworoshye, bayikoze bigana amababa y’inyoni yo mu bwoko bw’inkurakura

Amano y’icyugu ntajya yandura, ntasiga umwanda aho cyakandagiye, afata ahantu hose uretse ku bintu bike cyane (urugero nko ku byo bitaTeflon). Nanone amano yacyo ashobora gufata ahantu cyangwa akaharekura bidasabye imbaraga. Abashakashatsi barimo kugerageza kuyigana

Abashakashatsi biganye imiterere ihambaye y’ifi inyaruka mu mazi idakoresheje imbaraga nyinshi, maze bakora imodoka

[Aho amafoto yavuye]

Airplane: Kristen Bartlett/​University of Florida; gecko foot: Breck P. Kent; box fish and car: Mercedes-Benz USA

[Agasanduku/​Amafoto]

BIGENDA BIYOBOWE N’UBWENGE KAMERE

Hari inyamaswa nyinshi zikoresha “ubwenge kamere” kugira ngo zimenye aho ziva n’aho zijya mu bice bitandukanye by’isi (Imigani 30:24, 25). Reka turebe ingero ebyiri.

◼ Uko ibimonyo bimenya inzira Iyo ibimonyo bivuye gushaka ibyo birya bibwirwa n’iki inzira ibisubiza aho bisanzwe biba? Abashakashatsi bo mu Bwongereza bavumbuye ko bigenda bisiga impumuro runaka aho binyuze. Ariko nanone bavumbuye ko hari ubwoko bw’ibimonyo bikoresha jewometiri kugira ngo bimenye aho bitaha. Urugero, hari ikinyamakuru cyavuze ko hari ubwoko bw’ibimonyo byitwa Farawo “bica inzira zivuye aho biba, byagera imbere za nzira zikigabanyamo kabiri zigakora imfuruka zifite dogere ziri hagati ya 50 na 60.” (New Scientist.) Igitangaje muri ibyo ni ikihe? Iyo ikimonyo gitashye kikagera aho inzira zihurira, ubwenge bwacyo kamere butuma kinyura indi nzira ariko nanone itari iya kure, bityo kigashobora kugera aho kiba.” Icyo kinyamakuru gikomeza kivuga ko “kuba ibyo bimonyo bikora inzira zifite amahuriro, bituma bishobora kunyuranamo mu nzira zitandukanye biba byakoze, cyanecyane mu gihe biba bizinyuramo, bimwe bijya gushaka ibyokurya ibindi bigaruka. Ikindi kandi, bituma bidatakaza imbaraga nyinshi bishakisha inzira kuko byayobye.”

◼ Inyoni zigira busole Inyoni nyinshi zikora ingendo ndende, haba mu bihe by’ubushyuhe cyangwa mu bihe by’ubukonje, kandi ntizibeshye aho zijya. Ni iki kizifasha? Abashakashakatsi bavumbuye ko inyoni zishobora kumva imbaraga za rukuruzi y’isi. Ariko hari ikinyamakuru cyavuze ko “aho izo mbaraga rukuruzi z’isi zinyura hagenda hatandukana bitewe n’aho uri, kandi ko atari ko buri gihe zerekana amajyaruguru” (Science). Ni iki gituma izo nyoni zigenda zimuka zitayoba? Buri mugoroba, izo nyoni ziregera busole karemano zazo, zikurikije aho izuba rirengeye. Kubera ko aho izuba rirengera hahindagurika bitewe n’uko ikirere kimeze, abashakashatsi batekereza ko zijyana n’iryo hinduka zibifashijwemo n’“isaha izibamo ituma zimenya ibihe by’umwaka.”—Science.

Ni nde watumye ibimonyo bimenya jewometiri? Ni nde washyize muri izo nyoni busole, isaha n’ubwonko butuma zikoresha amakuru atangwa n’ibyo bikoresho kamere bizibamo? Ese byaturutse ku bwihindurize bwabaye mu buryo bw’impanuka, cyangwa byakozwe n’Umuremyi w’umunyabwenge?

© E.J.H. Robinson 2004