Igitabo ushobora kwiringira​—Igice cya 5

U Bugiriki mu mateka ya Bibiliya

Iyi ni ingingo ya gatanu mu ngingo ndwi z’uruhererekane zivuga ibirebana n’ubutegetsi burindwi bw’ibihangange ku isi buvugwa mu mateka yo muri Bibiliya. Izo ngingo zigamije kugaragaza ko Bibiliya ari iyo kwiringirwa, ko yahumetswe n’Imana, kandi ko ubutumwa bwayo butanga ibyiringiro by’uko imibabaro yatewe n’ubutegetsi bubi bw’abantu izashira.

MU KINYEJANA cya kane Mbere ya Yesu, umusore w’Umunyamakedoniya witwaga Alexandre yatumye u Bugiriki bukomera, kandi buramenyekana cyane mu mateka y’isi. Yafashije u Bugiriki kuba igihugu cya gatanu cy’igihangange kivugwa mu mateka yo muri Bibiliya, ku buryo amaherezo yaje kwitwa Alexandre le Grand. Ibihugu by’ibihangange byabubanjirije ni Egiputa, Ashuri, Babuloni n’Abamedi n’Abaperesi.

Alexandre amaze gupfa, ubwami bwe bwiciyemo ibice, maze ububasha bwabwo butangira kugabanuka. Icyakora, ubwami bw’u Bugiriki bwakomeje kugira ingaruka ku bihugu byo ku isi, binyuriye ku muco, ururimi, idini na filozofiya yabwo na nyuma y’igihe kirekire ubwo bwami bumaze kuvaho.

Amateka yiringirwa

Nta muhanuzi w’Imana Bibiliya ivuga ko yahanuraga mu gihe u Bugiriki bwari igihugu cy’igihangange, cyangwa ngo habe hari igitabo cya Bibiliya cyahumetswe cyanditswe muri icyo gihe. Icyakora, u Bugiriki buvugwa mu buhanuzi bwa Bibiliya. Byongeye kandi, Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo, bakunze kwita Isezerano Rishya, bigaragaza kenshi ko Abagiriki bari bafite imbaraga. Koko rero, mu burasirazuba bw’Uruzi rwa Yorodani muri Isirayeli, habaga imigi icumi yari yiganjemo umuco w’Abagiriki. Iyo migi yitwaga Dekapoli, iryo zina rikaba rikomoka ku ijambo ry’ikigiriki risobanura “imigi icumi” (Matayo 4:​25; Mariko 5:​20; 7:​31). Bibiliya ivuga ako gace incuro zitari nke, kandi amateka ndetse n’amatongo y’amazu y’imikino hamwe na za sitade nini zaberagamo amakinamico, insengero n’aho abantu bogeraga, bigaragaza ko ako gace kabayeho.

Nanone Bibiliya ivuga ibirebana n’umuco w’Abagiriki hamwe n’idini ryabo, cyane cyane mu gitabo cy’Ibyakozwe, cyanditswe na Luka wari umuganga. Reka dusuzume ingero nke.

Bibiliya ivuga ko igihe Pawulo yasuraga umugi wa Atene mu mwaka wa 50, uwo mugi wari “wuzuyemo ibigirwamana” (Ibyakozwe 17:​16). Amateka agaragaza ko umugi wa Atene n’uturere twari tuwukikije byari byuzuyemo ibigirwamana by’abanyamadini n’udushusho tw’insengero.

Mu Byakozwe 17:​21 hagira hati “Abanyatene bose n’abanyamahanga babaga bahatembereye, bamaraga igihe cyabo cyo kwidagadura nta kindi bakora uretse kuvuga no kumva ibintu bishya.” Inyandiko za Thucydide na Démosthène zihamya ko Abanyatene bakundaga kuganira no kujya impaka.

Bibiliya igaragaza neza ko ‘abahanga mu bya filozofiya b’Abepikureyo n’Abasitoyiko baganiriye na [Pawulo] bagamije kumugisha impaka,’ ndetse bakamujyana muri Areyopago kugira ngo agire ibindi ababwira (Ibyakozwe 17:​18, 19). Umugi wa Atene wari uzwiho kuba warabagamo abahanga mu bya filozofiya benshi, harimo Abepikureyo n’Abasitoyiko.

Pawulo yavuze iby’igicaniro cyo muri Atene cyanditsweho ngo ‘Icy’Imana Itazwi.’ (Ibyakozwe 17:​23). Ibicaniro byari byareguriwe “Imana Itazwi” bishobora kuba byarubatswe na Épiménide w’i Kirete.

Igihe Pawulo yavuganaga n’Abanyatene, yasubiyemo amagambo agira ati “kuko natwe turi urubyaro rwayo,” avuga ko ayo magambo atavuzwe n’umusizi umwe, ahubwo yavuzwe na “bamwe mu basizi” babo (Ibyakozwe 17:​28). Birashoboka ko abo basizi b’Abagiriki ari Aratus na Cléanthe.

Iyo rero ni yo mpamvu hari intiti yavuze iti “jye mbona ibivugwa mu nkuru ya Pawulo ivuga uko yasuye umugi wa Atene, byaranditswe n’umuntu wabyiboneye.” Ibyo ni na ko bimeze ku birebana n’inkuru ya Bibiliya ivuga ibyabaye kuri Pawulo igihe yari mu mugi wa Efeso wo muri Aziya Ntoya. Mu kinyejana cya mbere, abari batuye uwo mugi bari bagikunze idini rya gipagani ry’Abagiriki, bakaba barasengaga cyane cyane imanakazi yitwaga Arutemi.

Urusengero rwa Arutemi, rukaba ari rumwe mu bintu birindwi bitangaje byari ku isi muri icyo gihe, ruvugwa incuro zitari nke mu gitabo cy’Ibyakozwe. Urugero, Bibiliya ivuga ko umurimo wo kubwiriza Pawulo yakoreye muri Efeso warakaje umucuzi w’ifeza witwaga Demetiriyo, waboneraga inyungu nyinshi mu gukora udushusho tw’urusengero rwa Arutemi. Demetiriyo wari wariye karungu, yaravuze ati “uwo Pawulo yoshya abantu benshi . . . avuga ko imana zakozwe n’amaboko atari imana, agatuma bahindura uko babona ibintu” (Ibyakozwe 19:​23-28). Hanyuma Demetiriyo yabaye nk’ukojeje agati mu ntozi, maze abagabo bari barakaye bari biremye agatsiko batangira gusakuza bavuga bati “Arutemi y’Abefeso irakomeye!”

Muri iki gihe, ushobora gusura amatongo y’ahahoze umugi wa Efeso n’aho urusengero rwa Arutemi rwahoze. Byongeye kandi, inyandiko za kera zo muri Efeso zemeza ko hakorwaga ibishushanyo by’imanakazi, kandi ko muri uwo mugi habaga abacuzi b’ifeza benshi.

Ubuhanuzi bukwiriye kwiringirwa

Imyaka igera kuri 200 mbere y’uko Alexandre le Grand yima, umuhanuzi wa Yehova Imana witwa Daniyeli yanditse ibirebana n’ubutegetsi bw’isi, agira ati “ngiye kubona mbona isekurume y’ihene ije iturutse iburengerazuba, igenda idakoza amaguru hasi, izenguruka isi yose. Iyo sekurume yari ifite ihembe rigaragara cyane hagati y’amaso yayo. Ikomeza kuza inzira yose isatira ya mfizi y’intama y’amahembe abiri. . . . Mbona yegereye ya mfizi y’intama, irayirakarira cyane, . . . irayisekura iyivuna amahembe yayo yombi, kandi iyo mfizi y’intama ntiyari ifite imbaraga zo guhagarara imbere yayo. Nuko itura iyo mfizi y’intama hasi irayinyukanyuka. . .  Nuko iyo sekurume y’ihene iriyemera bikabije, ariko imaze kugira imbaraga, ihembe ryayo rinini rihita rivunika, mu mwanya waryo hamera andi ane agaragara cyane, yerekeye mu byerekezo bine by’umuyaga.”​​—⁠Daniyeli 8:​5-8.

Ayo magambo yerekezaga kuri nde? Daniyeli asubiza agira ati “imfizi y’intama wabonye ifite amahembe abiri, igereranya abami b’Abamedi n’Abaperesi. Naho isekurume y’ihene y’igikomo, igereranya umwami w’u Bugiriki; ihembe rinini ryari hagati y’amaso yayo, rigereranya umwami wa mbere.”​—⁠Daniyeli 8:​20-22.

Ngaho nawe tekereza! Igihe Babuloni yari ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bw’isi, Bibiliya yahanuye ko yari kuzakurikirwa n’ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bw’Abamedi n’Abaperesi n’u Bugiriki. Nanone kandi nk’uko byavuzwe, Bibiliya yagaragaje neza ko igihe ‘ihembe rinini’ ari ryo Alexandre, ryari kuba ‘rimaze kugira imbaraga,’ ryari ‘kuzavunika’ mu mwanya waryo hakamera andi ane, kandi yongeraho ko mu bagereranywa n’ayo mahembe nta n’umwe wari kuzaturuka mu rubyaro rwe.​​—⁠Daniyeli 11:​4.

Ubwo buhanuzi bwose bwasohoye uko bwakabaye. Alexandre yimye mu mwaka wa 336 Mbere ya Yesu, kandi mu gihe cy’imyaka irindwi, yari amaze gutsinda umwami wari ukomeye w’Umuperesi witwaga Dariyo III. Nyuma yaho, Alexandre yakomeje kwagura ubwami bwe kugeza igihe yapfiriye akenyutse mu mwaka wa 323 Mbere ya Yesu, afite imyaka 32. Nta muntu ku giti cye wasimbuye Alexandre ngo agire ububasha busesuye, kandi mu bana be nta n’umwe wamuzunguye. Hari igitabo cyavuze ko abagaba b’ingabo be bane ari bo Lysimaque, Cassandre, Séleucus na Ptolémée ari bo “batangaje ko babaye abami,” maze baba bigaruriye ubwami bwe bwose.​—⁠The Hellenistic Age.

Nanone igihe Alexandre yaguraga ubwami bwe, hari ubundi buhanuzi yari ashohoje. Urugero, umuhanuzi Ezekiyeli wabayeho mu kinyejana cya karindwi na Zekariya wabayeho mu kinyejana cya gatandatu Mbere ya Yesu, bahanuye ibirebana n’irimbuka ry’umugi wa Tiro (Ezekiyeli 26:​3-5; 27:​32-36; Zekariya 9:​3, 4). Nanone Ezekiyeli yanditse ko amabuye yawo n’umukungugu waho bari ‘kuzabiroha mu mazi.’ Ese ubwo buhanuzi bwarasohoye?

Reka turebe ibyo ingabo za Alexandre zakoze igihe zari zigose umugi wa Tiro, mu mwaka wa 332 Mbere ya Yesu. Izo ngabo zayoye ibisigazwa by’amatongo y’umugi wa Tiro wari wubatse imusozi maze zibimena mu nyanja, hanyuma zikora ikiraro kigana mu mugi wa Tiro wari wubatse ku kirwa. Ayo mayeri yagize akamaro kuko zahise zifata Tiro. Hari umushakashatsi wo mu kinyejana cya 19 wasuye ako gace, wavuze ati “ibyahanuriwe Tiro byarasohoye, ndetse n’utuntu duto cyane.”a

Amasezerano ushobora kwiringira

Kuba Alexandre yarigaruriye ibihugu byinshi ntibyatumye isi igira amahoro n’umutekano. Hari intiti yasesenguye ibirebana n’ubutegetsi bw’u Bugiriki, maze iravuga iti “uko rubanda rwa giseseka rwabagaho . . . bisa n’aho nta cyo byahindutseho.” Uko ni ko byagiye bigenda mu mateka y’isi, kandi ibyo bihuza neza n’ibyo Bibiliya ivuga, igira iti “umuntu yagiye ategeka undi amugirira nabi.”​​—⁠Umubwiriza 8:​9.

Icyakora, ubutegetsi bubi ntibuzahoraho iteka, kuko Imana yashyizeho ubutegetsi buruta kure cyane ubwo abantu bishyiriyeho. Ubwo butegetsi bwitwa Ubwami bw’Imana, buzasimbura ubutegetsi bw’abantu bwose, kandi abayoboke babwo bazagira amahoro n’umutekano nyakuri iteka ryose.​​—⁠Yesaya 25:​6; 65:​21, 22; Daniyeli 2:​35, 44; Ibyahishuwe 11:​15.

Umwami w’Ubwami bw’Imana ni Yesu Kristo. Yesu atandukanye n’abategetsi b’abantu baba bafite inyota y’ubutegetsi kandi batita kuri rubanda rwa giseseka, kuko we ibintu byose akora aba abitewe n’urukundo akunda Imana n’abantu. Umwanditsi wa zaburi yahanuye ibirebana na we agira ati “azakiza umukene utabaza, n’imbabare cyangwa undi muntu wese utagira kirengera. Azagirira impuhwe uworoheje n’umukene, kandi azakiza ubugingo bw’abakene. Azacungura ubugingo bwabo abukize urugomo no gukandamizwa.”​​—⁠Zaburi 72:​12-14.

Ese Umutegetsi nk’uwo si we wifuza? Niba ari ko bimeze, byaba byiza usuzumye ubutegetsi bwa gatandatu bw’igihangange ku isi buvugwa mu mateka ya Bibiliya, ari bwo Roma. Mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bw’Abaroma ni bwo uwo Mukiza wari warahanuwe yavutse, maze akora ibintu bitazibagirana mu mateka y’isi. Turagutera inkunga yo gusoma ingingo ya gatandatu yo muri izi ngingo z’uruhererekane, izasohoka mu igazeti y’ubutaha.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ikarita/​Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 18]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu igazeti ya Nimukanguke!)

Bibiliya yari yarahanuye ibihugu Alexandre le Grand yari kuzigarurira, n’uko ubwami bwe bwari kuzicamo ibice

[Map]

UBWAMI BW’ABAGIRIKI

U BUGIRIKI

EGIPUTA

U BUMEDI

U BUPERESI

U BUHINDI

[Amakarita yo ku ipaji ya 20]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu igazeti ya Nimukanguke!)

Igihe Alexandre yubakaga ikiraro kigana ku kirwa akoresheje ibisigazwa by’amatongo y’umugi wa Tiro yo ku butaka, yari ashohoje ubuhanuzi bwo muri Bibiliya

TIRO YO KU BUTAKA

Ikiraro cya Alexandre

TIRO

TIRO YO MURI IKI GIHE

Aha hamaze imyaka myinshi ari ikimpoteri

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 17]

Bibiliya yari yarahanuye ibirebana na Alexandre le Grand, imyaka igera kuri 200 mbere y’uko yima

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 19]

Igishushanyo cy’imanakazi yitwa Arutemi yo muri Efeso

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 19]

Igicaniro cyeguriwe ‘imana itazwi’

[Aho amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 17 yavuye]

Ahagana hejuru, uhereye ibumoso ugana iburyo: urukuta rwo muri Egiputa n’ishusho ya Nero: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum; Urukuta rw’Abaperesi: Musée du Louvre, Paris; ahagana hasi, ishusho ya Alexandre le Grand: Musée du Louvre, Paris