Ese inama ziga iby’imihindagurikire y’ikirere hari icyo zizageraho?

“Isi yose yagombye guhagurukira ikibazo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Abahanga mu bya siyansi benshi bemera ko nihatagira igikorwa, tuzarushaho guhura n’ibibazo by’amapfa, inzara kandi abantu bagasuhuka ari benshi, ku buryo bizateza amakimbirane y’urudaca.”—Barack Obama, perezida wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

ABAHANGA mu bya siyansi bamwe na bamwe babona ko isi irwaye, kandi ko ihinda umuriro. Hari ikinyamakuru cyo mu Bwongereza cyavuze ko abo bahanga babona ko ubushyuhe buri ku isi buri hafi kurenga igipimo, ku buryo bishobora “kwangiza ibidukikije, maze ibyo na byo bigatuma ubushyuhe bw’isi burushaho kwiyongera.”—The Guardian.

Ariko se ni iki cyatumye ibintu bigera iyo hose? Ese hari icyakorwa kugira ngo bihinduke? Ubundi se abantu ubwabo bashobora kwikemurira ikibazo cy’ubushyuhe bukabije buri ku isi, cyangwa bakikemurira ibindi bibazo byinshi by’ingorabahizi bahanganye na byo?

Abahanga mu bya siyansi benshi babona ko ibikorwa by’abantu ari byo cyane cyane byateje icyo kibazo. Ibyo byatangiranye n’ivugurura mu by’inganda hamwe no gukoresha bikabije ibicanwa bicukurwa mu butaka, urugero nka nyiramugengeri na peteroli n’ibiyikomokaho. Kwangiza amashyamba na byo byabigizemo uruhare rukomeye. Ubundi, amashyamba yagereranywa n’ibihaha biyungurura umwuka. Ayo mashyamba, akururura bimwe mu byuka bihumanya byongera ubushyuhe ku isi. Ariko kandi, gutema ibiti byinshi mu mashyamba bituma ibyo byuka byirundanya mu kirere. Kugira ngo abayobozi b’isi bakemure ibyo bibazo, bagiye bategura inama zitandukanye ziga iby’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.

Amasezerano y’i Kyoto

Mu masezerano y’i Kyoto yo mu mwaka wa 1997, ibihugu byafashe ingamba nshya zo kugabanya ibyuka byoherezwa mu kirere. Igihe ibihugu byo mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi hamwe n’ibindi bihugu 37 byateye imbere byasinyaga ayo masezerano, byari byiyemeje kugabanya ibyuka byoherezaga mu kirere mu mwaka wa 1990, ku kigereranyo cya gatanu ku ijana, ibyo bikabikora mu gihe cy’imyaka itanu, ni ukuvuga hagati y’umwaka wa 2008 n’uwa 2012.

Icyakora Amasezerano y’i Kyoto yari afite imbogamizi zikomeye. Urugero, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ntizigeze ziyasinya. Nanone kandi, ibihugu bikomeye byari mu nzira y’amajyambere, urugero nk’u Bushinwa n’u Buhindi, ntibyigeze byiyemeza umubare ntarengwa wa toni z’ibyuka byagombaga kohereza mu kirere. Nyamara, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’u Bushinwa byonyine, byohereza 40 ku ijana by’ibyuka bihumanya byose byoherezwa mu kirere.

Inama mpuzamahanga y’i Copenhague

Iyo nama y’i Copenhague (COP 15), yari igamije gusesa Amasezerano y’i Kyoto ikayasimbuza amashya, maze ibyemezo yari gufata bigatangira gushyirwa mu bikorwa uhereye mu mwaka wa 2012.a Intumwa z’ibihugu 192, hakubiyemo n’abakuru ba za leta 119, bateraniye i Copenhague muri Danimarike mu Kuboza 2009, kugira ngo bakemure ikibazo cy’ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi. Abari muri iyo nama y’i Copenhague bagombaga gushaka umuti w’ibibazo bitatu by’ingorabahizi.

1. Gusuzuma niba amasezerano yubahirizwa. Ese ibihugu bikize bizubahiriza imipaka byashyiriweho ku birebana n’ibyuka bigomba kohereza mu kirere? Ese ibihugu bikomeye bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere bizemera kugabanya ibyo byuka?

2. Amafaranga akoreshwa mu gukemura icyo kibazo. Hari gukenerwa amafaranga abarirwa muri za miriyari z’amadorari mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi, kugira ngo ibihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere bishobore guhangana n’ikibazo cy’ubushyuhe bukabije, kandi biteze imbere ikoranabuhanga ritangiza ibidukikije.

3. Kwemeranya ku buryo bwo kugenzura uko ibyo byuka bigabanywa. Ubwo buryo bwari gufasha buri gihugu kutarenza urugero rw’ibyuka cyiyemeje kohereza mu kirere. Nanone bwari gutuma hagenzurwa niba ibihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere bikoresha neza impano bihabwa.

Ese ibyo bibazo uko ari bitatu byaba byarabonewe umuti? Abari muri iyo nama bagiye impaka z’urudaca, ku buryo no kwemeranya ku bintu byoroheje byasaga n’ibidashoboka. Igihe inama yari hafi kurangira, intumwa zari zaturutse mu bihugu 28 zakoze inyandiko yiswe Amasezerano y’i Copenhague. Ibiro ntaramakuru by’Abongereza byavuze ko nubwo ayo masezerano yemejwe, harimo interuro igira iti “abari mu nama . . . bemeye ko hashyizweho Amasezerano y’i Copenhague.” Mu yandi magambo, buri gihugu ni cyo cyari kwifatira umwanzuro wo kuyashyira mu bikorwa.

Amaherezo azaba ayahe?

Nubwo hateguwe inama nyinshi, hakaba hari n’izindi zitegurwa, abantu bumva ko nta cyo zizageraho. Umwe mu banditsi b’ikinyamakuru cyo muri Amerika witwa Paul Krugman, yaravuze ati “umubumbe wacu uzakomeza gushyuha cyane” (New York Times). Akenshi inyungu z’akanya gato zo mu rwego rwa politiki cyangwa urw’ubukungu, ni zo zishyirwa imbere kurusha inyungu zo kwita ku bidukikije, ibyo bigatuma abantu bumva ko bagomba kwikomereza gahunda zabo. Krugman yaravuze ati “niba wifuza gusobanukirwa impamvu ikibazo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere kidakemuka, uzamenye ko ari ifaranga.” Nanone yanditse ko ibikorwa byo guhangana n’ikibazo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu gihugu cye, biburizwamo n’“umururumba hamwe n’ubushake buke bw’[abanyapolitiki].”

Ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi bwagereranywa n’inkubi y’umuyaga. Abahanga mu by’ubumenyi bw’ikirere bashobora gupima ubukana bw’inkubi y’umuyaga, bakamenya neza uduce ushobora kunyuramo, bityo abadutuyemo bagashobora guhunga. Nyamara abahanga mu bya siyansi, abanyapolitiki n’abacuruzi bose bo ku isi ntibashobora guhagarika inkubi y’umuyaga. Ikibazo cy’ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi na cyo ni uko kimeze. Ibyo bitwibutsa amagambo yo muri Bibiliya aboneka muri Yeremiya 10:23, agira ati ‘inzira y’umuntu wakuwe mu mukungugu ntiri muri we. Ntibiri mu muntu ugenda kwiyoborera intambwe ze.’

Ikibazo kizakemurwa n’Imana

Bibiliya ivuga ko ‘uwaremye isi akayihanga . . . atayiremeye ubusa’ (Yesaya 45:18). Nanone igira iti “isi ihoraho iteka ryose.”—Umubwiriza 1:4.

Imana ntizemera ko abantu bangiza isi ku buryo idashobora guturwamo. Ahubwo izakemura ibibazo by’abantu, ivaneho ubutegetsi bw’abantu bwananiwe kugira icyo bukora, kandi irimbure abangiza isi. Nanone, izarokora abantu bakiranuka kandi bifuza kuyishimisha babikuye ku mutima. Mu Migani 2:21, 22 hagira hati ‘abakiranutsi bazatura mu isi, kandi inyangamugayo ni zo zizayisigaramo. Naho ababi bazakurwa mu isi, kandi abariganya bazayirandurwamo.’

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 13]

Ibyuka bihumanya ni ubwoko bw’imyuka ibuza ubushyuhe buturutse ku isi kuzamuka ngo bujye mu kirere. Inganda zo muri iki gihe ni zo zohereza mu kirere ibyinshi muri ibyo byuka. Muri byo harimo gazi karubonike, gazi metane hamwe n’indi myuka (chlorofluorocarbones, oxyde d’azote). Buri mwaka, mu kirere hoherezwa toni zirenga miriyari 25 za gazi karubonike. Hari raporo zigaragaza ko kuva aho isi itangiriye gutera imbere mu by’inganda, gazi karubonike yoherezwa mu kirere yiyongereyeho 40 ku ijana.

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 12 yavuye]

Isi: NASA/The Visible Earth (http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/); Barack Obama: ATTILA KISBENEDEK/AFP/Getty Images