Uko Bibiliya ya King James yamamaye

MURI uyu mwaka, mu Bwongereza habaye gahunda zitandukanye zo kwizihiza isabukuru y’imyaka 400 Bibiliya yitwa King James imaze isohotse. Muri izo gahunda harimo ibiganiro byihariye bivuga amateka y’iyo Bibiliya byahise kuri radiyo na televiziyo, ibiganiro mpaka hamwe n’inama.

Igikomangoma Charles ni we wafashe iya mbere mu kwizihiza imyaka iyo Bibiliya yitiriwe Umwami w’u Bwongereza witwaga James wa I yari imaze isohotse. Iyo Bibiliya yasohotse muri Gicurasi 1611, kandi hashize imyaka myinshi ari yo Bibiliya yonyine yemewe n’idini ry’Abangilikani. Ariko se kuki yakunzwe cyane n’abantu bavuga icyongereza?

Uko Bibiliya zahinduwe mu buryo bwagutse

Mu kinyejana cya 16 rwagati, abantu bo hirya no hino mu Burayi bifuzaga gusobanukirwa inyigisho zo muri Bibiliya. Mu mwaka wa 1382, hafi ibinyejana bibiri mbere yaho, John Wycliffe yafashije abantu bavuga ururimi rw’icyongereza, abashyiramo icyifuzo cyo gusoma Bibiliya, igihe yabahinduriraga Bibiliya mu rurimi rwabo ayivanye mu kilatini. Mu binyejana bibiri byakurikiyeho, abayoboke be bitwaga Abalolari bakwirakwije hirya no hino mu gihugu ibice bya Bibiliya byandikishije intoki.

Bibiliya y’Isezerano Rishya yahinduwe n’intiti mu bya Bibiliya yitwaga William Tyndale, na yo yabaye ikindi kintu kitazibagirana. Yahinduwe mu mwaka wa 1525 mu cyongereza, ivanywe mu kigiriki cy’umwimerere. Nyuma yaho gato mu mwaka wa 1535, Miles Coverdale yahinduye Bibiliya yose mu cyongereza. Umwaka umwe mbere yaho, Henry wa VIII yitandukanyije na Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma, maze akora ikintu yari yatekerejeho neza. Kugira ngo akomeze kuyobora idini ry’Abangilikani (ryo mu Bwongereza), yatanze uburenganzira bwo guhindura Bibiliya mu cyongereza, izwi ku izina rya Bibiliya Ihambaye. Iyo Bibiliya yacapwe mu mwaka wa 1539, yari nini kandi yanditswe mu nyuguti z’Abagoti.

Abapuritini n’abandi Baporotesitanti bahunze bavuye hirya no hino mu Burayi, bagiye gutura i Genève mu Busuwisi. Mu mwaka wa 1560, hasohotse Bibiliya ya mbere yo mu cyongereza yanditswe mu nyuguti zisomeka neza yitwa Bibiliya y’i Genève, igabanyijemo ibice n’imirongo. Yinjijwe mu Bwongereza ivanywe mu bindi bihugu by’i Burayi, maze ihita itangira kwamamara. Amaherezo, iyo Bibiliya yaje gucapirwa mu Bwongereza mu mwaka wa 1576. Yarimo amakarita n’ibisobanuro biri mu mikika, bituma abantu barushaho kuyisobanukirwa. Icyakora, ibyo bisobanuro byayo byarakaje abasomyi bamwe na bamwe, kuko byamaganaga abapapa.

Ibibazo bivuka

Kubera ko Bibiliya ihambaye itakunzwe na benshi, kandi iyahinduriwe mu Busuwisi (Bibiliya y’i Genève) ikaba yarimo ibisobanuro byakuruye impaka, hafashwe umwanzuro wo guhindura Bibiliya ivuguruye, bahereye kuri Bibiliya ihambaye. Ako kazi kahawe abasenyeri b’idini ry’Abangilikani, maze mu mwaka wa 1568 basohora icyo bise Bibiliya y’abasenyeri. Iyo Bibiliya yari nini kandi irimo amashusho menshi. Kubera ko abayoboke ba Calvin bangaga amazina y’icyubahiro yo mu rwego rw’idini, ntibashimishijwe n’ijambo “abasenyeri.” Ibyo byatumye iyo Bibiliya idakundwa n’Abongereza benshi.

Umwami James wa I amaze kwima mu Bwongereza mu mwaka wa 1603,a yahise atangiza umushinga wo guhindura indi Bibiliya igezweho. Yavuze ko kugira ngo iyo Bibiliya ikundwe na benshi, byari kuba byiza iyo ivanwamo ibisobanuro ibyo ari byo byose byagira uwo bibangamira.

Umwami James yashyigikiye uwo mushinga. Amaherezo, intiti 47 zo mu gihugu zashyizwe mu matsinda atandatu, maze zitangira gutegura ibice by’umwandiko wagombaga guhindurwa. Izo ntiti mu bya Bibiliya zifashishije Bibiliya ya Tyndale n’iya Coverdale, maze zisubiramo ya Bibiliya y’abasenyeri. Ariko zifashishije na Bibiliya y’i Genève n’indi Bibiliya y’Isezerano Rishya yahinduriwe mu ishuri rya Kiliziya Gatolika ry’ahitwa i Rheims, mu mwaka wa 1582.

James yari intiti mu bya Bibiliya izwi cyane, kandi iyo Bibiliya imaze guhindurwa, yashyizwemo amagambo yo kuyimutura agira ati “nyagasani gikomangoma James.” Kubera ko James yari ahagarariye idini ry’Abangilikani ryo mu Bwongereza, abaturage b’icyo gihugu babonaga ko yari kuzatuma icyo gihugu cyunga ubumwe.

Igitabo cyihariye

Abayobozi b’idini bashimishijwe no guhabwa Bibiliya n’umwami wabo, yari “igenewe gusomerwa mu nsengero.” Icyakora, ikibazo cyari gisigaye ni iki: abaturage bari kwakira bate iyo Bibiliya nshya?

Mu ijambo ry’ibanze rirerire, abahinduzi bagaragaje impungenge bari bafite z’uko iyo Bibiliya nshya itari kuzemerwa. Icyakora iyo Bibiliya (King James) yaremewe, nubwo byasabye imyaka igera kuri 30 kugira ngo abantu bayikunde kurusha Bibiliya y’i Genève.

Hari igitabo cyavuze kiti “muri icyo gihe, [ni yo Bibiliya yonyine yari yemewe n’idini ry’Abangilikani], nubwo icyatumaga yemerwa ari ubwiza bwayo” (The Bible and the Anglo-Saxon People). Hari ikindi gitabo cyagize kiti “Abakristo benshi bavuga icyongereza bumvaga ko umwandiko w’iyo Bibiliya waturutse ku Mana bityo akaba ari uwera, ku buryo kugerageza guhindura amagambo akoreshwa muri Bibiliya ya King James, byari kuba ari ubuhakanyi.”—The Cambridge History of the Bible.

Uko yageze ku mpera z’isi

Abongereza ba mbere bagiye gutura muri Amerika ya Ruguru, bajyanye Bibiliya y’i Genève. Ariko kandi, nyuma yaho Bibiliya ya King James ni yo yaje gukundwa cyane muri Amerika. Uko Abongereza bagendaga bakoroniza ibihugu byinshi hirya no hino ku isi, abamisiyonari b’Abaporotesitanti bagiye bayikwirakwiza. Kubera ko abenshi mu bahinduye Bibiliya mu ndimi zo mu duce babaga barimo batari bazi igiheburayo n’ikigiriki Bibiliya yanditswemo, bifashishaga Bibiliya ya King James y’icyongereza mu kazi kabo ko guhindura.

Dukurikije ibyavuzwe n’Inzu y’Ububiko bw’Ibitabo y’Abongereza, “Bibiliya ya King James iracyari ku mwanya wa mbere mu bitabo by’icyongereza bisohoka cyane kurusha ibindi.” Hari abavuga ko ugereranyije, ku isi hose hacapwe Bibiliya za King James zirenga miriyari.

Ibintu bihinduka

Mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi, abantu benshi bumvaga ko Bibiliya ya King James ari yo yonyine “y’ukuri.” Imirimo yo kuyisubiramo yose uko yakabaye yatangiriye mu Bwongereza mu mwaka wa 1870. Nyuma yaho, iyo Bibiliya yari imaze kunonosorwa, yagize ibyo ihindurwaho kugira ngo ihuzwe n’icyongereza cyo muri Amerika, maze isohoka yitwa American Standard Version.b Mu mwaka wa 1982, iyo Bibiliya ya King James yongeye kunonosorwa (Revised Authorised Version). Ijambo ry’ibanze ryayo rivuga ko hashyizweho imihati “kugira ngo igumane imvugo inogeye amatwi kandi yakunzwe cyane,” yo muri Bibiliya ya King James yo mu mwaka wa 1611.

Nubwo na n’ubu Bibiliya ari cyo gitabo kigurishwa cyane kurusha ibindi, kandi Bibiliya ya King James ikaba ari yo yakunzwe cyane kurusha izindi, Porofeseri Richard G. Moulton yaravuze ati “nta cyo tutakoreye izi nyandiko z’igiheburayo n’ikigiriki. . . . Twarazihinduye [kandi] tunonosora ibyo twahinduye. . . . Ariko igisigaye, ni ugusoma Bibiliya.”

Nta gushidikanya ko Bibiliya ya King James ari igitabo cyihariye. Abantu bayikundira imvugo yayo itagira uko isa. Ariko se ubutumwa bukubiyemo bufite akahe kamaro? Inyandiko za Bibiliya zahumetswe ziduhishurira umuti urambye w’ibibazo duhura na byo muri ibi bihe bigoranye. Uko Bibiliya waba ukoresha yaba imeze kose, Abahamya ba Yehova bazishimira kugufasha kuyiga.

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BIBILIYA YA AMERICAN STANDARD

Iyo Bibiliya yasohotse mu mwaka wa 1901, ikaba yarahinduwe hifashishijwe Bibiliya ya King James. Ijambo ryayo ry’ibanze rigira riti “ntituyobewe ko imvugo ikoreshwa muri [King James] ari nziza cyane, kandi ko yakunzwe na benshi.” Uko biri kose, hari ikintu gikomeye iyo Bibiliya (American Standard) yahinduye.

Iryo jambo ry’ibanze rikomeza rigira riti “abahinduzi bose b’iyi Bibiliya bamaze kubisuzuma babyitondeye, bageze ku mwanzuro w’uko imiziririzo ya kiyahudi, ivuga ko Izina ry’Imana ryera cyane ku buryo ritagomba kuvugwa, itagombye gukomeza gukurikizwa muri Bibiliya z’icyongereza, cyangwa indi Bibiliya iyo ari yo yose y’Isezerano rya Kera. Bibiliya zimwe na zimwe zahinduwe n’abamisiyonari bo muri iki gihe, na zo ntizigeze zikurikiza iyo miziririzo.”

Ibyo ntibishatse kuvuga ko izina ry’Imana Yehova ritaboneka muri Bibiliya ya King James. Riboneka ahantu hane, ni ukuvuga mu Kuva 6:3; Zaburi 83:18; Yesaya 12:2 no muri Yesaya 26:4. Ariko Bibiliya ya American Standard yo mu mwaka wa 1901, yashubije izina ry’Imana ahantu hagera ku 7.000 ryabonekaga muri Bibiliya.

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Mu wa 1901

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YAJE IKENEWE

Mu mwaka wa 1907, muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika hasohotse Bibiliya ya King James Version igenewe Abigishwa ba Bibiliya, bisabwe n’umuryango wo mu rwego rw’amategeko Abahamya ba Yehova bakoresha muri icyo gihugu (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society). Iyo Bibiliya yarimo umugereka muremure bitaga “Imfashanyigisho y’abigisha ba Bibiliya b’i Beroya.” Nyuma yaho, Abahamya ba Yehova bacapye iyo Bibiliya ya King James bakoresheje amacapiro yabo, ku buryo mu mwaka wa 1992, bari bamaze gucapa kopi z’iyo Bibiliya 1.858.368.

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Mu wa 1907

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BIBILIYA NZIZA IHUJE N’IGIHE TUGEZEMO

Mu myaka 50 ishize, hasohotse Bibiliya nyinshi (zimwe muri zo zikaba zari zihinduwe mu ndimi zitandukanye). Ariko Bibiliya yakunzwe na benshi, ni Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya. Hatanzwe kopi zayo zirenga miriyoni 170, yaba ibice byayo cyangwa yose uko yakabaye, mu ndimi 100. Amakarita, urutonde rw’amagambo hamwe n’umugereka biri muri iyo Bibiliya, byafashije abasomyi kurushaho gusobanukirwa ubutumwa bwayo muri iki gihe tugezemo.

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Mu wa 1961

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Mu mwaka wa 1611

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