Abahanga mu gukora imashini bo hagati y’ikinyejana cya 5 n’icya 15

INGANDA zisigaye zikunda gukoresha imashini, cyane cyane imashini zikora umurimo umwe, zigahora ziwusubiramo. Ariko se izo mashini zidakoreshwa n’abantu zatangiye gukoreshwa ryari? Ese ni mu binyejana bike bishize mu gihe cy’ivugurura mu by’inganda ryabaye mu Burayi? Ushobora gutangazwa n’uko izo mashini zatangiye gukoreshwa kera cyane mbere yaho.

Mu myaka ya mbere, igihe siyansi yari itangiye gutera imbere mu bihugu by’Abisilamu, ni ukuvuga hagati y’ikinyejana cya 8 n’icya 13 na nyuma yaho, intiti zo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati zahinduye mu cyarabu inyandiko zo mu rwego rwa siyansi n’iza filozofiya, zanditswe n’abahanga b’Abagiriki bazwi cyane, urugero nka Archimède, Aristote, Ctesibius, Héron d’Alexandrie na Philo de Byzance.a Icyo gihe, ubwami bw’Abisilamu bwategekaga kuva muri Esipanye bugakomeza no mu majyaruguru ya Afurika, mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati bukagera muri Afuganisitani. Ubumenyi izo ntiti zavanye muri izo nyandiko n’ahandi, ni bwo bwatumye hakorwa imashini zidakoreshwa n’abantu.

Umuhanga mu by’amateka y’ikoranabuhanga witwa Donald Hill, yavuze ko izo mashini “zishobora gukora igihe cy’amasaha menshi, iminsi myinshi cyangwa igihe kirekire kurushaho, nta muntu uzikoresha.” Kubera iki? Ba injenyeri bahimbye uburyo bwo kugenzura imikorere y’izo mashini butuma zishobora kwikoresha. Izo mashini zakoreshaga amazi yavaga mu bigega byabaga biteretse hejuru cyane maze zigatanga ingufu. Zakoreshwaga nanone mu gufunga no gufungura amazi cyangwa guhindura icyerekezo amazi anyuramo. Uretse ibyo, ni zo zakoreshaga ibyuma bigenzura ibipimo by’amazi hamwe n’icyo yise “ubwoko bwa kera bw’ibyuma birinda impanuka.” Reka turebe ingero zimwe na zimwe.

Inkuru zigaragaza ko abantu bafite ubushobozi bwo guhanga ibintu zirashishikaje cyane. Icyakora uretse kuba zishishikaje, zinatuma dutekereza ku kindi kintu. Muri iki gihe aho abantu benshi bakoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, twagombye kujya tuzirikana ko hari byinshi dukesha izo ntiti zatubanjirije.

Banu Musa

Abahanga batatu bitwa Banu Musa, cyangwa “bene Musa” mu cyarabu, babaga i Bagidadi mu kinyejana cya cyenda. Bifashishije ibyakozwe n’Abagiriki bababanjirije ari bo Philo na Héron, hamwe na ba injenyeri b’Abashinwa, Abahindi n’Abaperesi, maze bakora ibikoresho birenga 100. Umwanditsi wandika ibirebana na siyansi witwa Ehsan Masood, yavuze ko mu byo bakoze harimo robine zitungereza amazi mu byerekezo bitandukanye, n’amasaha ariho imitako. Nanone bakoze utugunguru bavomaho ibinyobwa, bamara kuvoma tugahita twongera tukiyuzuza dukoresheje ibyuma bigenzura ibipimo by’amazi, amavani n’ibyuma bisunika amazi. Hari umuhanga mu by’amateka ya siyansi witwa Jim Al-Khalili wavuze ko bene Musa bakoze n’imashini zoroheje bavomaho amazi, bitaga “umukobwa utanga icyayi” n’indi mashini ivuza umwirongi, “bikaba bishoboka ko ari zo mashini za kera zidakoreshwa n’abantu, zakoraga hakurikijwe porogaramu babaga barazishyizemo.”

Izo mashini zidakoreshwa n’abantu zari zimeze nk’izo muri iki gihe. Icyakora, wa mwanditsi w’umuhanga witwa Ehsan Masood yaravuze ati “ahanini zakoreshwaga n’amazi afite umuvuduko mwinshi aho gukoreshwa n’ikoranabuhanga ryo mu rwego rwa elegitoroniki. Ariko kandi, amenshi mu mahame agenga imikorere y’izo mashini ni amwe.”

Al-Jazari ni we “wabanjirije abandi mu gukora za robo”

Mu mwaka wa 1206, ni bwo Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari yarangije kwandika igitabo cye kivuga iby’imashini (Compendium on the Theory and Practice of the Mechanical Arts). Nanone icyo gitabo cyiswe “igitabo cy’ubushakashatsi mu birebana no gukora imashini.” Bumwe mu bushakashatsi bwa al-Jazari mu birebana n’ikoranabuhanga bwavugaga ibirenze ibyo bene Musa bavuze, kandi ibyo yasesenguye n’imbonerahamwe yagiye akora, yabisobanuye mu buryo burambuye ku buryo ba injenyeri bo muri iki gihe bashobora kubiheraho bakigana ibikoresho yakoze.

Igitabo al-Jazari yanditse cyasobanuraga ibirebana n’ibikoresho bizamura amazi, amasaha yifashisha amazi na buji mu kubara igihe, ibikoresho bavomaho amazi, ibikoresho by’umuzika byikoresha n’ipompo yongerera amazi imbaraga, ikayasunikana ingufu. Abahanga mu by’amateka bemeza ko al-Jazari ari we wahimbye ipompo zikoreshwa n’amazi, ibinyejana bitatu mbere y’uko abantu bo mu bihugu byo mu Burengerazuba batangira kuzikora.

Nanone al-Jazari yakoze amasaha ariho imirimbo ariko akora neza. Isaha igaragara kuri iyi foto ni iyo yakoze, nyuma yaho bongera kuyisanira i Dubayi. Ikorera mu kantu bafukuye kameze nk’ibakure batereka mu kigega cy’amazi, na cyo kiri mu nda y’inzovu. Iyo hashize iminota 30 iyo bakure iruzura hanyuma igacubira. Iyo imaze gucubira, imigozi n’udupira biri mu kazu kari ku mugongo w’inzovu bisa n’ibyirekura maze bigatangira kwikoresha. Nyuma y’iminota 30, ka kabakure gahita kuburuka kagasubira mu mwanya wako, bigakomeza bityo bityo. Iyo saha hamwe n’izindi mashini zikoresha, ni byo byatumye al-Jazari avugwaho ko ari we “wabanjirije abandi mu gukora za robo.”