Igice cya mbere

Umuhanuzi w’Imana yazaniye abantu umucyo

1, 2. Ni iyihe mimerere iriho muri iki gihe ihangayikishije cyane abantu benshi?

MURI iki gihe usanga hafi buri kintu cyose abantu bashaka bashobora kukigeraho. Kuba abantu barashoboye kogoga ikirere, hakaba hariho ikoranabuhanga rihanitse rya za orudinateri, bakabasha guhindura ingirabuzima fatizo bakazibyazamo ibindi bintu, n’ibindi byinshi abahanga mu bya siyansi bagezeho, byatumye abantu bagera kuri byinshi, bituma biringira ko bashobora kugira ubuzima bwiza kurushaho, wenda bunarambye kurushaho.

² Ariko se, ibyo byose bagezeho byaba byaratumye wumva ufite umutekano usesuye ku buryo warara udakinze? Byaba se byarakuyeho intambara? Ese byakuyeho indwara cyangwa bivanaho agahinda duterwa no gupfusha abo twakundaga? Ashwi da! N’ubwo bigaragara ko abantu bageze ku bintu byinshi bihambaye, ubushobozi bwabo bufite aho bugarukira. Hari ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cyatanze raporo yagiraga iti “twabashije kujya ku kwezi, dusigaye dukora ibyuma bya elegitoroniki bihambaye cyane kurushaho, dushobora kwimura ingirabuzima fatizo zigenga iby’iyororoka tukazikura mu muntu tukazitera mu wundi; ariko kugeza n’ubu ntiturashobora kugeza amazi meza ku bantu babarirwa muri za miriyari, kubuza ko amoko menshi y’ibimera n’ay’inyamaswa azimangatana cyangwa kubona ingufu dukenera mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi tudahungabanyije ikirere” (Worldwatch Institute). Ni yo mpamvu usanga abantu benshi bahangayikishijwe n’igihe kizaza, batazi aho babonera ihumure n’ibyiringiro.

3. Ni iyihe mimerere yari mu Buyuda mu kinyejana cya munani M.I.C.?

³ Imimerere duhanganye na yo muri iki gihe imeze nk’iyo ubwoko bw’Imana bwarimo mu kinyejana cya munani M.I.C.a Icyo gihe Imana yatumye umuhanuzi wayo Yesaya ngo ajye guhumuriza abaturage b’i Buyuda, kandi rwose bari babikeneye. Igihugu cyari cyuzuye imidugararo. Ubwami bwa Ashuri bwarangwaga n’ubugome bwinshi bwari kuzendereza icyo gihugu, bigatera benshi ubwoba. Ubwoko bw’Imana bwari kuzatabaza nde? Bwirirwaga buvuga ko Yehova ari Imana yabwo ariko bukarenga bukiringira abantu.—2 Abami 16:7; 18:21.

Umucyo umurikira mu mwijima

4. Ni ibihe bintu bibiri byari bikubiye mu butumwa Yesaya yasabwe gutangaza?

⁴ Kubera ko u Buyuda bwari bwarigometse, Yerusalemu yagombaga kurimburwa, n’abaturage bayo bakajyanwa i Babuloni mu bunyage. Icyo cyari kuzaba ari igihe cy’umwijima rwose! Yehova yasabye umuhanuzi we Yesaya guhanura iby’icyo gihe cy’amakuba, ariko anamusaba gutangaza inkuru nziza y’uko nyuma y’imyaka 70 Abayahudi bari kuzamara i Babuloni mu bunyage, bari kuzabohorwa bakavayo! Abayahudi bishimye cyane bari kuzaba barasigaye bari kuzasubira i Siyoni akaba ari na bo basubizaho ugusenga k’ukuri. Ubwo butumwa bushimishije Yehova yatanze binyuriye ku muhanuzi we bwatumye umucyo umurikira mu mwijima.

5. Kuki Yehova yahishuye imigambi ye mbere y’igihe?

⁵ U Buyuda bwahinduwe umusaka nyuma y’imyaka isaga ijana Yesaya yanditse ubwo buhanuzi. Kuki se Yehova yahishuye imigambi ye mbere y’igihe? Mbese ibyo Yesaya yahanuye ntibyari kuzasohora ababyumvise barapfuye kera? Ibyo ni ukuri koko. Icyakora, kubera ko Yehova yari kuba yarabihishuriye Yesaya, abari kuzaba bariho mu gihe cy’irimburwa rya Yerusalemu mu mwaka wa 607 M.I.C., bari kuzaba nibura bafite inyandiko y’ubwo buhanuzi bwa Yesaya. Ibyo byari kuzababera ikimenyetso kidashidikanywaho cy’uko Yehova ari we ‘uhera mu itangiriro akavuga iherezo, agahera no mu bihe bya kera akavuga ibitarakorwa.’—Yesaya 46:10; 55:10, 11.

6. Ni mu buhe buryo Yehova aruta abantu bose biha guhanura ibizaba mu gihe kiri imbere?

⁶ Yehova ni we wenyine ushobora kwivugaho ayo magambo. Umuntu ashobora kuvuga uko mu gihe gito ibintu bizagenda ahereye ku kuntu politiki n’ubuzima muri rusange byifashe. Nyamara Yehova wenyine ni we ushobora kubona mbere y’igihe ibintu bizaba igihe runaka atibeshye, akabona ndetse n’ibintu bizabaho kera cyane. Ashobora no guha abagaragu be ubushobozi bwo guhanura ibintu igihe kirekire cyane mbere y’uko biba. Bibiliya igira iti “Uwiteka Imana ntizagira icyo ikora, itabanje guhishurira abagaragu bayo b’abahanuzi ibihishwe byayo.”—Amosi 3:7.

Ba “Yesaya” ni bangahe?

7. Ni mu buhe buryo intiti nyinshi zashidikanyije ku wanditse igitabo cya Yesaya, kandi se byatewe n’iki?

⁷ Ubuhanuzi buri mu gitabo cya Yesaya ni kimwe mu bintu byatumye intiti nyinshi zishidikanya ku wacyanditse. Abo bantu bajora bavuga ko igice cya nyuma cy’icyo gitabo kigomba kuba cyaranditswe n’umuntu wabayeho mu kinyekana cya gatandatu M.I.C., mu gihe Abisirayeli bari i Babuloni mu bunyage cyangwa se nyuma yaho. Bavuga ko ubuhanuzi buvuga ko u Buyuda bwari kuzasigara ari amatongo bwanditswe bwaramaze gusohora, bityo bukaba budashobora kwitwa ubuhanuzi. Nanone, abo bajora bavuga ko iyo usomye ibice bikurikira igice cya 40 by’igitabo cya Yesaya wumva ari nk’aho Babuloni ari yo yari ubutegetsi bw’igihangange, kandi Abisirayeli bakaba bari bariyo mu bunyage. Ibyo rero bituma batekereza ko umuntu wanditse ibyo bice agomba kuba yarabyanditse muri icyo gihe nyine, mu kinyejana cya gatandatu M.I.C. Ariko se, ibyo bitekerezo byabo byaba bifite ishingiro? Ashwi da!

8. Ni ryari abantu batangiye gushidikanya ku wanditse igitabo cya Yesaya, kandi se ni gute icyo kibazo cyasakaye hose?

⁸ Mu kinyejana cya 12 I.C.b ni bwo abantu batangiye gushidikanya ku wanditse igitabo cya Yesaya. Uwabanjirije abandi ni Umuyahudi w’umuhanga mu gutanga ibisobanuro kuri Bibiliya witwaga Abraham Ibn Ezra. Hari igitabo cyavuze kiti “mu bisobanuro [Abraham Ibn Ezra] yatanze ku gitabo cya Yesaya, yavuze ko kimwe cya kabiri cy’icyo gitabo, uhereye ku gice cya 40, cyanditswe n’umuhanuzi wabayeho hagati y’igihe Abisirayeli bari i Babuloni mu bunyage no mu gihe batangiraga gusubira i Siyoni” (Encyclopaedia Judaica). Mu kinyejana cya 18 n’icya 19, abahanga mu bya Bibiliya benshi bashyigikiye ibitekerezo bya Ibn Ezra, muri bo hakaba harimo uwitwaga Johann Christoph Doederlein, Umudage w’umuhanga muri tewolojiya wanditse igitabo gitanga ibisobanuro ku gitabo cya Yesaya mu mwaka wa 1775, kikongera gucapwa mu wa 1789. Hari ikindi gitabo cyavuze ko “abahanga mu bya Bibiliya bose, uretse nyine abatsimbarara ku bitekerezo bya kera, bemera ibyavuzwe na Doederlein . . . ko ubuhanuzi buri mu gitabo cya Yesaya, uhereye ku gice cya 40 ukageza ku cya 66, atari amagambo y’umuhanuzi Yesaya wabayeho mu kinyejana cya munani, ko ahubwo ari ay’undi wabayeho nyuma y’icyo gihe.”—New Century Bible Commentary.

9. (a) Ni gute igitabo cya Yesaya cyagabagabanyijwemo ibice? (b) Ni gute umuhanga umwe mu gusobanura Bibiliya yavuze mu magambo make iby’impaka zavutse ku bihereranye n’uwanditse igitabo cya Yesaya?

⁹ Icyakora ntibyagarukiye aho. Igitekerezo cy’uko haba harabayeho Yesaya wa kabiri cyatumye abantu bumva ko hagomba no kuba harabayeho Yesaya wa gatatu.c Ubwo igitabo cya Yesaya cyarongeye kigabagabanywamo ibice! Hari umuhanga umwe wavuze ko igice cya 15 n’icya 16 ari iby’undi muhanuzi utazwi, undi we akaba yarashidikanyije ku wanditse guhera ku gice cya 23 kugeza ku cya 27. Hari undi wavuze ko Yesaya adashobora kuba ari we wanditse amagambo dusanga mu gice cya 34 n’icya 35. Kubera iki? Ngo kubera ko ibivugwa muri ibyo bice bisa cyane n’ibivugwa mu gice cya 40 kugeza ku cya 66, kandi ibyo bice bakaba bari baramaze kubyitirira undi muntu utari Yesaya tuzi wo mu kinyejana cya munani! Umuhanga mu bya Bibiliya witwa Charles C. Torrey yavuze mu magambo make yumvikana neza ingaruka z’iyo mitekerereze. Yagize ati “uwahoze ari ‘Umuhanuzi ukomeye w’abari kuzajyanwa mu Bunyage’ bamutesheje agaciro kuko igitabo cye bagiteye imirwi bakamushyira ku ruhande rwose.” Icyakora, abahanga mu bya Bibiliya bose si ko bemera iryo gabagabanywa ry’igitabo cya Yesaya.

Ibihamya bigaragaza ko cyanditswe n’umuntu umwe

10. Tanga urugero rugaragaza ko kuba mu gitabo cya Yesaya hari amagambo amwe yagiye agaruka kenshi bigaragaza ko cyanditswe n’umuntu umwe.

¹⁰ Hari impamvu zikomeye zemeza ko igitabo cya Yesaya cyanditswe n’umuntu umwe. Kimwe mu bintu bibigaragaza ni uko hari amagambo amwe yagiye agaruka kenshi muri icyo gitabo. Urugero, itsinda ry’amagambo “Uwera wa Isirayeli” riboneka incuro 12 mu gitabo cya Yesaya igice cya 1 kugeza ku cya 39, naho mu gice cya 40 kugeza ku cya 66 rikabonekamo incuro 13, ariko mu bindi Byanditswe bya Giheburayo Yehova yiswe atyo incuro 6 gusa. Kuba iyo mvugo itarakoreshejwe kenshi mu bindi bitabo igaruka kenshi mu gitabo cya Yesaya, bigaragaza rwose ko icyo gitabo cyanditswe n’umuntu umwe.

11. Ni irihe sano ibivugwa mu gitabo cya Yesaya uhereye ku gice cya 1 kugeza ku cya 39 bifitanye n’ibivugwa mu gice cya 40 kugeza ku cya 66?

¹¹ Ibivugwa mu gitabo cya Yesaya uhereye ku gice cya 1 kugeza ku cya 39 bifite ikindi bihuriyeho n’ibivugwa mu gice cya 40 kugeza ku cya 66 by’icyo gitabo. Muri ibyo bice byombi hakoreshejwe imvugo z’ikigereranyo zimwe, urugero nk’umugore uri ku nda, “inzira” cyangwa “inzira ngari.”d Ikindi nanone, izina “Siyoni” ryavuzweho kenshi; mu gice cya 1 kugeza ku cya 39 ryavuzweho incuro 29 naho mu gice cya 40 kugeza ku cya 66 rivugwa incuro 18. N’ubundi kandi mu gitabo cya Yesaya ni ho honyine izina Siyoni rivugwaho kenshi kurusha mu kindi gitabo icyo ari cyo cyose cyo muri Bibiliya! Hari igitabo cyavuze ko ibyo bintu byose “bituma kiba igitabo cyihariye,” kandi ibyo ntibyari gushoboka iyo kiba cyaranditswe n’abantu babiri, batatu cyangwa se benshi.—The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.

12, 13. Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo bigaragaza bite ko igitabo cya Yesaya cyanditswe n’umuntu umwe?

¹² Igihamya gikomeye kurusha ibindi byose cy’uko igitabo cya Yesaya cyanditswe n’umuntu umwe tugisanga mu Byanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo byahumetswe. Ibyo bigaragaza neza ko Abakristo bo mu kinyejana cya mbere bemeraga ko igitabo cya Yesaya cyanditswe n’umuntu umwe. Urugero, Luka avuga ibihereranye n’inkuru y’Umunyetiyopiya wakoraga ibwami warimo asoma amagambo ubu dusanga muri Yesaya igice cya 53, abantu bajora bavuga ko cyanditswe na Yesaya wa Kabiri. Ariko rero, Luka yavuze ko uwo Munyetiyopiya ‘yasomaga igitabo cy’umuhanuzi Yesaya.’—Ibyakozwe 8:26-28.

¹³ Reka noneho tujye ku mwanditsi w’Ivanjiri Matayo, wasobanuye ukuntu umurimo wa Yohana Umubatiza washohoje amagambo y’ubuhanuzi ubu dusanga muri Yesaya 40:3. Matayo yavuze ko ubwo buhanuzi bwanditswe na nde? Yaba se yaravuze ko bwanditswe n’umuntu utazwi wiswe Yesaya wa Kabiri? Oya. Ahubwo yavuze ko bwanditswe n’ “umuhanuzi Yesaya”e (Matayo 3:1-3). Ikindi gihe nanone, Yesu yafashe umuzingo asoma amagambo ubu dusanga muri Yesaya 61:1, 2. Igihe Luka yabaraga iyo nkuru, yaravuze ati “bamuha igitabo cy’umuhanuzi Yesaya” (Luka 4:17). Mu ibaruwa Pawulo yandikiye Abaroma, yagiye avuga kenshi kuri ibyo bice byombi bya Yesaya, ariko ntiyigeze na rimwe avuga ko byanditswe n’undi muntu utari Yesaya (Abaroma 10:16, 20; 15:12). Birumvikana rero ko Abakristo bo mu kinyejana cya mbere batemeraga na busa ko igitabo cya Yesaya cyanditswe n’abantu babiri, batatu cyangwa se benshi.

14. Ni mu buhe buryo Imizingo yo ku Nyanja y’Umunyu yatanze urumuri ku birebana n’uwanditse igitabo cya Yesaya?

¹⁴ Reka turebe n’ibihamya bitangwa n’Imizingo yo ku Nyanja y’Umunyu, izo akaba ari inyandiko za kera, inyinshi muri zo akaba ari iza mbere y’ivuka rya Yesu. Inyandiko imwe ya Yesaya yandikishijwe intoki yitwa nyine Umuzingo wa Yesaya yanditswe mu kinyejana cya kabiri M.I.C., inyomoza abajora bavuga ko Yesaya wa Kabiri yanditse ahereye ku gice cya 40. Ibanyomoza ite? Muri iyo nyandiko ya kera, interuro ibanza y’igice cya 40 itangiriye ku murongo wa nyuma w’inkingi igasozerezwa ku yindi nkingi ikurikiyeho. Birumvikana rero ko uwacyandukuye atatekerezaga ko igice atangiye ari icy’undi mwanditsi cyangwa ko aho ari ho ikindi gice cy’icyo gitabo gihereye.

15. Umuhanga mu by’amateka wo mu kinyejana cya mbere witwa Flavius Josèphe yavuze iki ku buhanuzi bwa Yesaya bwavugaga kuri Kuro?

¹⁵ Igihamya cya nyuma tugihabwa n’umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umuyahudi witwa Flavius Josèphe wabayeho mu kinyejana cya mbere. Ntiyavuze gusa ko ubuhanuzi bwo muri Yesaya buvuga ibya Kuro bwanditswe mu kinyejana cya munani M.I.C., ahubwo yanavuze ko Kuro na we ubwe yari abuzi. Josèphe yaranditse ati “ibyo nta handi Kuro yabikuye atari mu gusoma igitabo cy’ubuhanuzi Yesaya yari amaze imyaka magana abiri na cumi yanditse.” Josèphe atekereza ko kumenya ubwo buhanuzi bigomba no kuba biri mu byatumye Kuro yemera gusubiza Abayahudi mu gihugu cyabo, kuko yanditse ko Kuro “yumvaga ashaka cyane gukora ibyari byaranditswe.”—Jewish Antiquities, Igitabo cya XI, igice cya 1, paragarafu ya 2.

16. Kuba abajora igitabo cya Yesaya bavuga ko mu gice cyacyo cya nyuma Babuloni ivugwa nk’aho ari yo yari ubutegetsi bw’igihangange, twabivugaho iki?

¹⁶ Nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru, abenshi mu bajora igitabo cya Yesaya bavuga ko kuva ku gice cya 40 gukomeza, Babuloni ivugwa nk’aho ari yo yari ubutegetsi bw’igihangange, kandi Abisirayeli bakavugwa nk’aho bari baramaze kujyanwa mu bunyage. Ese ibyo ntibyaba byumvikanisha ko umwanditsi wacyo yabayeho mu kinyejana cya gatandatu M.I.C.? Si ngombwa, kubera ko no mu bice bibanziriza igice cya 40, hari aho Babuloni ivugwa nk’aho ari yo yategekaga isi. Urugero, nko muri Yesaya 13:19, Babuloni yiswe ‘icyubahiro cy’amahanga y’abami’ cyangwa se nk’uko Bibiliya Ntagatifu ibivuga, yari “umutako w’abami n’ingoma zabo.” Nta gushidikanya ko ayo magambo ari ubuhanuzi, kuko Babuloni yabaye ubutegetsi bw’igihangange imyaka irenga ijana nyuma yaho. Umwe muri abo bajora igitabo cya Yesaya “yakemuye” icyo bitaga ikibazo avuga ko igice cya 13 cyanditswe n’undi muntu! Ariko ubundi birasanzwe ko mu buhanuzi bwo muri Bibiliya, ibintu bizaba mu gihe kiri imbere bivugwa nk’ibyamaze kuba. Ubwo ni uburyo abanditsi bakoresha bashaka gutsindagiriza ko ubwo buhanuzi buba buzasohora nta kabuza (Ibyahishuwe 21:5, 6). Koko rero, Imana y’ubuhanuzi nyakuri ni yo yonyine ishobora kuvuga iti “ibishya ndabibamenyesha mbibabwire bitari byaba.”—Yesaya 42:9.

Igitabo cy’ubuhanuzi bwiringirwa

17. Sobanura impamvu yatumye Yesaya ahindura imvugo kuva ku gice cya 40 gukomeza.

¹⁷ Ibyo bihamya bitugeza ku wuhe mwanzuro? Bitugeza ku mwanzuro w’uko igitabo cya Yesaya cyanditswe n’umuntu umwe wahumekewe. Hashize ibinyejana byinshi icyo gitabo kizwi ko ari igitabo cyanditswe n’umuntu umwe; nta bwo ari babiri cyangwa benshi. Ni koko, hari bamwe bashobora kuvuga ko uhereye ku gice cya 40 gukomeza hari ukuntu imvugo yakoreshejwe yagiye ihinduka ho gato. Wibuke ariko ko Yesaya yamaze imyaka itari munsi ya 46 ari umuhanuzi w’Imana. Ntibitangaje rero ko muri iyo myaka yose, ari ubutumwa yatangaga ari n’uburyo yabuvugagamo byari kugenda bihinduka. N’ubundi kandi Imana ntiyari yamutumye gutanga umuburo w’urubanza rukomeye gusa. Yagombaga no kuvuga amagambo Yehova yari yamutumye agira ati “nimuhumurize abantu banjye, mubahumurize” (Yesaya 40:1). Ubwoko bw’Imana bw’isezerano bwari guhumurizwa rwose n’uko yari yarabasezeranyije ko nyuma y’imyaka 70 bwari kuzamara mu bunyage, Abayahudi bari kuzasubizwa mu gihugu cyabo.

18. Ni ibihe bintu bizagenda bigarukwaho kenshi muri iki gitabo cya Yesaya?

¹⁸ Ibice byinshi byo mu gitabo cya Yesaya byasuzumwe muri iki gitabo bivuga ibihereranye no kubohorwa kw’Abayahudi bavanwa i Babuloni mu bunyage.f Nk’uko tuzabibona, ubwinshi muri ubwo buhanuzi bwagize irindi sohozwa muri iki gihe. Ikindi nanone, muri iki gitabo cya Yesaya dusangamo ubuhanuzi bushishikaje cyane bwashohojwe n’imibereho y’Umwana w’Imana w’ikinege mu gihe yari ku isi n’igihe yapfaga. Nta gushidikanya rwose ko kwiga ubwo buhanuzi bw’ingenzi cyane buri mu gitabo cya Yesaya bizungura abagaragu b’Imana ndetse n’abandi bantu bo ku isi hose. Koko rero, ubwo buhanuzi ni umucyo ku bantu bose.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 9]

Ibihamya bishingiye ku mateka y’ururimi

Ishami ryiga ku birebana n’uko indimi zagiye zihindagurika mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi ryatanze ibindi bihamya bigaragaza ko igitabo cya Yesaya cyanditswe n’umuntu umwe. Iyo igice kimwe cy’igitabo cya Yesaya kiza kuba cyaranditswe mu kinyejana cya munani M.I.C., ikindi kikandikwa imyaka 200 nyuma yaho, Igiheburayo cyakoreshejwe muri ibyo bice byombi cyari kuba gitandukanye. Ariko hari ikinyamakuru cyarimo raporo yavugaga ko “ibihamya byatanzwe n’ubushakashatsi ku mateka y’ururimi bishyigikira cyane ko kuva ku gice cya 40-66 by’igitabo cya Yesaya byanditswe mbere y’uko Abisirayeli bajya mu bunyage” (Westminster Theological Journal). Uwakoze ubwo bushakashatsi yashoje agira ati “niba intiti zijora icyo gitabo zikomeza gutsimbarara zivuga ko igitabo cya Yesaya cyanditswe mu gihe Abisirayeli bari mu bunyage cyangwa nyuma yaho, ni akazi kazo; ariko zigomba kumenya ko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku mateka y’ururimi buzivuguruza.”

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 11]

Igice cy’Umuzingo wa Yesaya wo ku Nyanja y’Umunyu. Aho igice cya 39 kirangirira ni aho hari akamenyetso

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 12 n’iya 13]

Yesaya yahanuye ko Abayahudi bari kuzabohorwa bakavanwa mu bunyage imyaka 200 mbere y’uko ibyo biba