Ougarit ni umujyi wa kera wari wiganjemo ibyo gusenga Baali

MU MWAKA wa 1928, isuka y’umuhinzi wo muri Siriya yakubise ku kibuye cyari gitwikiriye imva irimo ibintu bya kera by’ibumba. Ashobora kuba atariyumvishaga agaciro k’ibyo yari avumbuye. Itsinda ry’Abafaransa rigizwe n’abahanga mu bushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo ryari riyobowe na Claude Schaeffer rimaze kumva ibyo bintu byavumbuwe mu buryo bw’impanuka, ryagiye aho hantu mu mwaka wakurikiyeho.

Bidatinze, abagize iryo tsinda bataburuye inyandiko yabafashije kumenya ayo matongo ayo ari yo. Yari ay’umujyi wa Ougarit, “umwe mu mijyi ya kera yari ikomeye cyane mu Burasirazuba.” Ndetse hari umwanditsi witwa Barry Hoberman wagize ati “nta byataburuwe mu matongo, ndetse na ya mizingo yo ku nyanja y’umunyu, byadufashije gusobanukirwa Bibiliya cyane kurusha ibyataburuwe muri uwo mujyi.”—The Atlantic Monthly.

Wari ihuriro ry’imihanda

Wari ahitwa i Ras Shamra, ku nkengero z’inyanja ya Mediterane, mu majyaruguru ya Siriya y’ubu. Mu myaka isaga 3.000 ishize, Ougarit wari umujyi mpuzamahanga ukungahaye. Wari mu karere k’ibirometero 60 uvuye ku musozi wa Casios mu majyaruguru ukagera kuri Tell Sukas mu majyepfo, n’ibirometero 30 cyangwa 45 uvuye kuri Mediterane iburengerazuba ukagera mu gikombe cya Oronte iburasirazuba.

Muri Ougarit ntihakonjaga cyane kandi ntihashyuhaga cyane, bigatuma amatungo yororoka cyane. Heraga ibinyampeke, amavuta ya elayo, divayi n’ibiti byiza byo kubakisha bitabonekaga muri Mezopotamiya no mu Misiri. Byongeye kandi, kuba uwo mujyi wari mu ihuriro ry’imihanda y’ubucuruzi, byatumye uba umwe mu byambu mpuzamahanga bya mbere bikomeye. Abacuruzi baturutse mu karere k’inyanja ya Égée, Anatoliya, i Babuloni, mu Misiri no mu tundi duce tw’u Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, bazaga mu mujyi wa Ougarit gucuruza ibyuma, imyaka n’ibindi byinshi bavanaga iwabo.

N’ubwo Ougarit wari umujyi ukungahaye bwose, wahoraga ugendera ku mategeko y’ubundi bwami. Uwo mujyi wari inkambi ya gisirikare yo mu majyaruguru y’ubwami bwa Misiri kugeza igihe womekewe ku bwami bw’Abaheti mu kinyejana cya 14 M.I.C. Umujyi wa Ougarit wahatirwaga gutanga imisoro n’abasirikare ubiha ubwami bwabategekaga. Igihe ibitero by’ “abaturage b’inyanja”a byatangiraga kwibasira Anatoliya (ubu ni muri Turukiya rwagati) no mu majyaruguru ya Siriya, Abaheti bahamagaje ingabo za Ougarit n’amato yabo. Ibyo byatumye umujyi wa Ougarit usigara utagira kirengera maze urimburwa burundu ahagana mu mwaka wa 1200 M.I.C.

Bavumburamo ibya kera

Ougarit imaze kurimbuka yasigaye ari ikirundo kinini kingana na metero 20 z’ubutumburuke kandi kiri kuri hegitari 25. Kimwe cya gatandatu cyonyine cy’aho ni cyo cyataburuwe. Muri ayo matongo, abahanga mu bushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo bavumbuyemo ibisigazwa by’ingoro y’ibwami iri ku buso bwa metero kare 10.000 yari ifite hafi ibyumba ijana n’ingo nibura esheshatu. Iyo ngoro yarimo amazi, aho kogera, n’amatiyo asohora imyanda. Ibikoresho byo mu nzu byari bisizwe zahabu, hatatswe amabuye y’agaciro n’amahembe y’inzovu. Habonetsemo n’ibindi bintu bibajwe mu mahembe y’inzovu. Ubusitani bwubakiye kandi burimo ikidendezi bwatumaga iyo ngoro irushaho kuba nziza.

Uwo mujyi n’ikibaya cyari kiwukikije byari byiganjemo insengero za Baali na Dagani.b Izo nsengero zabaga zifite hafi metero 60 z’uburebure, zabagamo ahantu hato umuntu yinjiriraga ajya mu cyumba cy’imbere cyarimo ishusho y’ikigirwamana. Hariho ingazi umwami yanyuragaho agiye ku ibaraza aho yayoboreraga imihango inyuranye. Mu ijoro cyangwa mu gihe cy’imvura y’amahindu, bashobora kuba barashyiraga amatara hejuru y’izo nsengero kugira ngo ayobore amato ku cyambu nta nkomyi. Kubera ko abasare batekerezaga ko imana y’imvura Baal-Hadad ari yo yatumaga batahuka amahoro, nta gushidikanya ko ari bo bahiguriye icyo kigirwamana amabuye 17 batsikishaga ubwato yabonetse mu ngoro yacyo.

Havumburwa inyandiko z’agaciro

Mu matongo ya Ougarit bahavumbuye ibintu byinshi by’ibumba byanditsweho. Habonetse inyandiko zivuga iby’ubucuruzi, iby’amategeko, iby’ububanyi n’amahanga, n’iz’iby’ubutegetsi zanditswe mu ndimi umunani, mu nyuguti z’ubwoko butanu. Rya tsinda ryari riyobowe na Schaeffer ryabonye inyandiko zari mu rurimi kugeza icyo gihe rutari ruzwi, ruhabwa izina rya Ugaritiki. Urwo rurimi rukoresha ibimenyetso 30 by’inyuguti zisongoye, zikaba ari zimwe mu nyuguti za kera cyane zavumbuwe.

Inyandiko z’ahahoze umujyi wa Ougarit ntizivuga ibintu bisanzwe gusa, ahubwo harimo n’inyandiko zatumye tumenya imyizerere y’amadini yo muri icyo gihe n’imihango yayo. Idini ryo mu mujyi wa Ougarit ryari rifite byinshi rihuriyeho n’iry’abaturanyi babo b’Abanyakanaani. Dukurikije ibyavuzwe na Roland de Vaux, izo nyandiko “zigaragaza neza imyifatire y’abaturage bo mu gihugu cya Kanaani mbere y’uko Abisirayeli bahigarurira.”

Idini ryo mu mujyi wa Baali

Hari imana n’imanakazi zisaga 200 zivugwa mu nyandiko zabonetse i Ras Shamra. Ikigirwamana gikomeye El, bacyitaga ko ari se w’imana n’abantu. Naho imana y’imvura yitwaga Baal-Hadad, yari “umugenga w’ibicu” n’ “umwami w’isi.” Bashushanya El nk’umusaza w’umunyabwenge, ufite ubwanwa bw’imvi, uba kure y’abantu. Naho Baali yo, ni imana y’inyambaraga kandi irarikira, ishaka gutegeka izindi mana n’abantu.

Birashoboka ko izo nyandiko zavumbuwe zasomwaga mu minsi mikuru yo mu rwego rw’idini, nk’igihe cy’ubunani cyangwa igihe cy’isarura. Icyakora, ibisobanuro nyakuri byazo biracyari urujijo. Mu gisigo kimwe kivuga ku ntambara y’ubutegetsi, bavuga ko Baali yatsinze umuhungu w’umutoni wa El witwaga Yamm, wari imana y’inyanja. Birashoboka ko uko gutsinda kwatumye abasare bo muri Ougarit bizera ko Baali yari kujya ibarinda bari mu nyanja. Hanyuma Baali yarwanye na Mot, Baali iratsindwa maze ijya ikuzimu. Ngo hakurikiyeho amapfa maze ubuzima bw’abantu burahagarara. Umugore wa Baali wari na mushiki wayo witwaga Anat, ari yo mana y’urukundo n’intambara, yishe Mot maze azura Baali. Baali na yo yishe abana b’umugore wa El, ari we Athirat (Ashera), maze Baali yongera kwigarurira ingoma. Icyakora, nyuma y’imyaka irindwi Mot yaragarutse.

Bamwe bavuga ko icyo gisigo gisobanura ukuntu ibihe bigenda bisimburana mu mwaka, imvura itanga ubuzima igatsindwa n’izuba ryinshi ry’impeshyi ikazongera kugwa ku muhindo. Abandi bo batekereza ko isimburana ry’ibihe mu myaka irindwi rifitanye isano no gutinya inzara n’amapfa. Uko byaba biri kose, abantu bumvaga ko Baali yagombaga gusumba izindi mana zose kugira ngo abantu bagire icyo bageraho. Intiti yitwa Peter Craigie yagize iti “intego yo gusenga Baali yari iyo gutuma ikomeza kuba hejuru y’izindi mana; abayisengaga bemeraga ko ibintu by’ingenzi mu mibereho y’abantu, ni ukuvuga imyaka n’amatungo byabo, byakomezaga gusugira ari uko gusa Baali ikomeje gusumba izindi mana.”

Amategeko akumira ubupagani

Ikintu kigaragara neza mu nyandiko zataburuwe, ni ubwiyandarike bukabije bwarangwaga mu madini yari mu mujyi wa Ougarit. Hari igitabo kigira kiti “izo nyandiko zigaragaza ukuntu izo mana zononaga imico y’abazisengaga; izo mana zashyigikiraga intambara, ubusambanyi bwo mu nsengero zazo, irari ry’ibitsina, ibyo bigatuma abantu bononekara mu by’umuco” (The Illustrated Bible Dictionary). Uwitwa De Vaux we agira ati “iyo umuntu asomye ibyo bisigo asobanukirwa neza impamvu abasengaga Yehova by’ukuri hamwe n’abahanuzi bakomeye, bangaga gusenga izo mana.” Amategeko Imana yahaye ishyanga rya kera rya Isirayeli yari urukuta rukumira bene uko gusenga kw’ikinyoma.

Ubupfumu, kuragurisha inyenyeri n’ubumaji, byari byogeye mu mujyi wa Ougarit. Iyo baraguraga ntibareberaga ku nyenyeri gusa ahubwo n’iyo basangaga ibirambu n’inyama zo mu nda by’amatungo babaze bifite ubusembwa bavugaga ko hari icyo bisura. Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Jacqueline Gachet agira ati “abantu bemeraga ko imana batambiraga itungo yigaragarizaga muri ryo, kandi ko umwuka w’iyo mana wivangaga n’uw’iryo tungo. Ubwo rero, umuntu wasuzumaga ibimenyetso biri ku nyama zo mu nda z’iryo tungo, yamenyaga icyo imana zishaka, kandi zashoboraga kumuha igisubizo cyiza cyangwa kibi ku bintu bizabaho, cyangwa ku byo umuntu yagombye gukora mu mimerere runaka” (Le pays d’Ougarit autour de 1200 av. J.C.). Abisirayeli bo bagombaga kwirinda bene iyo migenzo.—Gutegeka 18:9-14.

Amategeko ya Mose yabuzanyaga rwose kuryamana n’inyamaswa (Abalewi 18:23). Ariko se mu mujyi wa Ougarit bafataga bate ibyo kuryamana n’inyamaswa? Mu nyandiko zataburuwe, handitswemo ko Baali yaryamanaga n’inyana. Uwitwa Cyrus Gordon, umuhanga mu bushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo, yagize ati “niba bavuga ko Baali yafataga isura y’ikimasa muri icyo gikorwa, ntitwavuga ko n’abatambyi ba Baali basubiragamo umukino we na bo bahindukaga ibimasa.”

Abisirayeli bari barahawe itegeko rigira riti “ntimukiraburishe kwikeba ku mubiri” (Abalewi 19:28). Ariko igihe Baali yapfaga El “yafashe icyuma yikebagura umubiri wose; ifata urwembe yica indasago ku matama no ku kananwa.” Uko bigaragara, uwo muhango wo kwikebagura wari wogeye mu bantu basengaga Baali.—1 Abami 18:28.

Hari igisigo cyo muri Ougarit gisa n’ikigaragaza ko guteka umwana w’ihene mu mahenehene byakorwaga mu muhango w’iby’uburumbuke wari umenyerewe mu idini ry’Abanyakanaani. Ariko mu mategeko ya Mose, Abisirayeli bari barategetswe ngo ‘ntimugatekeshe umwana w’ihene amahenehene ya nyina.’—Kuva 23:19.

Inyandiko zo mu mujyi wa Ougarit zagereranyijwe n’iza Bibiliya

Inyandiko zo muri Ougarit zabanje guhindurwa hifashishijwe Igiheburayo cyo muri Bibiliya. Uwitwa Peter Craigie yagize ati “hari amagambo menshi yakoreshejwe mu Giheburayo cyo muri Bibiliya adasobanutse neza kandi rimwe na rimwe akaba atazwi; abahinduzi ba mbere y’ikinyejana cya 20 barakekeranyaga bakoresheje uburyo bunyuranye bakamenya ibisobanuro ashobora kugira. Ariko iyo ayo magambo aboneka no mu nyandiko zo muri Ougarit, kuyasobanukirwa birashoboka.”

Urugero, ijambo ry’Igiheburayo ryakoreshejwe muri Yesaya 3:18, ubusanzwe rihindurwamo “ibikubwe.” Umuzi w’iryo jambo mu rurimi rwa Ugaritiki uvuga izuba n’imanakazi y’izuba. Ku bw’ibyo, abo bagore b’i Yerusalemu bavugwa mu buhanuzi bwa Yesaya bari banigirije utuzuba duto n’ “ibirezi” bifite ishusho y’ukwezi kugira ngo bahe icyubahiro imana z’Abanyakanaani.

Mu migani 26:23 mu nyandiko z’Abamasoreti, “ururimi ruvuga urukundo ruvanze n’umutima mubi” rugereranywa n’igikoresho cy’ibumba gisizwe “ifeza idacenshuye.” Umuzi w’iryo jambo mu rurimi rwa Ugaritiki utuma umuntu yarugereranya “n’ifeza isize ku rujyo.” Bibiliya yitwa Traduction du monde nouveau, ihindura neza uwo murongo igira iti “iminwa ishishikarira kuvuga ibyiza bivuye mu mutima mubi ni nk’ifeza isize ku rujyo.”

Ese ni urufatiro rw’inyandiko za Bibiliya?

Gusuzuma inyandiko zataburuwe muri Ras Shamra byatumye intiti zimwe na zimwe zivuga ko imirongo imwe ya Bibiliya yagiye ikurikiza uko ibisigo byo muri Ougarit byanditswe. Uwitwa André Caquot, umwe mu bagize ishami ryo mu Bufaransa ry’ibyataburuwe mu matongo, yagize ati “umuco w’Abanyakanaani ukomoka mu idini ry’Abisirayeli.”

Uwitwa Dahood wo mu ishami ry’i Roma ryiga ibya Bibiliya yavuze kuri Zaburi ya 29 agira ati “abasenga Yehova bakomoye iyi zaburi ku ndirimbo ya kera Abanyakanaani baririmbiraga imana y’imvura Baali . . . Hafi buri jambo muri iyo zaburi rishobora kubona irindi bisa mu nyandiko za kera z’Abanyakanaani.” Ese uwo mwanzuro urahwitse? Oya rwose!

Hari intiti nyinshi zishyira mu gaciro zemera ko uko guhuza kwakabirijwe cyane. Umuhanga muri tewolojiya witwa Garry Brantley yavuze ko “nta nyandiko yo muri Ougarit isa neza neza na Zaburi ya 29. Kuvuga ko iyo Zaburi (cyangwa indi nyandiko iyo ari yo yose ya Bibiliya) yanditswe bafatiye ku migani y’abapagani, nta shingiro bifite.”

Ese kuba hari aho Bibiliya ihuza n’izo nyandiko mu mvugo z’ikigereranyo, mu busizi no mu myandikire, ni igihamya cy’uko ari zo bahereyeho bayandika? Oya, ahubwo twagombye kwitega ko bigira aho bihurira. Hari igitabo kigira kiti “impamvu bifite aho bihuriye mu myandikire hamwe n’ibirimo, ishingiye ku muco. N’ubwo Isirayeli na Ougarit byari ahantu hatandukanye cyane kandi hakaba hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe byabitandukanyaga, byari bihuriye ku muco, akaba ari na wo watumye ibisigo by’abantu baho n’amagambo y’idini bigira aho bihurira” (The Encyclopedia of Religion). Bityo rero, uwitwa Garry Brantley atanga umwanzuro agira ati “kwaba ari ugusobanura ibintu nabi umuntu aramutse atsimbaraye avuga ko Bibiliya yanditswe bafatiye ku myizerere y’abapagani ngo ni uko gusa hari aho indimi zihuza.”

Hanyuma rero, umuntu yavuga ko niba hari aho inyandiko z’i Ras Shamra zihuriye n’inyandiko za Bibiliya, zihuza mu miterere y’indimi, ntizihuza mu nyigisho y’imyizerere. Umuhanga mu byataburuwe mu matongo witwa Cyrus Gordon agira ati “amategeko n’amahame mbwirizamuco byo mu rwego rwo hejuru biboneka muri Bibiliya, ntibiri mu nyandiko zo muri Ougarit.” Koko rero, aho bitandukaniye ni ho henshi cyane kuruta aho byaba bihuriye.

Kwiga iby’uwo mujyi wa Ougarit bishobora gukomeza gufasha abigishwa ba Bibiliya gusobanukirwa umuco, amateka n’amadini by’aho abanditsi ba Bibiliya babaga kandi bakamenya ishyanga ry’Abaheburayo muri rusange. Byongeye kandi, gusuzuma inyandiko z’i Ras Shamra bishobora nanone kuzatuma Igiheburayo cya kera kirushaho gusobanuka. Icyakora, ikirenze byose ni uko ibyataburuwe mu matongo y’umujyi wa Ougarit bitsindagiriza cyane itandukaniro riri hagati y’ugusenga kwandavuye kwa Baali n’ugusenga k’ukuri kwa Yehova.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 25]

Ibyataburuwe mu matongo y’umujyi wa Ougarit byatumye turushaho gusobanukirwa Ibyanditswe

[Ikarita/Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 24 n’iya 25]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

Ubwami bw’Abaheti mu kinyejana cya 14 M.I.C.

INYANJA YA MEDITERANE

Ufurate

UMUSOZI WA CASIOS (JEBEL EL-AGRA)

Ougarit (Ras Shamra)

Tell Sukas

Oronte

SIRIYA

EGIPUTA

[Aho amafoto yavuye]

Ishusho ya Baali n’urwabya rufite ishusho y’umutwe w’inyamaswa: Musée du Louvre, Paris; painting of the royal palace: © D. Héron-Hugé pour “Le Monde de la Bible”

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 25]

Ibisigazwa by’irembo ry’ingoro

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 26]

Igisigo cyo mu migani ya kera yo muri Ougarit gishobora gutanga amateka y’ibivugwa mu Kuva 23:19

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 27]

Inkingi ya Baali

Isahane ya zahabu iriho ibishushanyo by’abahigi

Umupfundikizo ubajwe mu mahembe y’inzovu ushushanyijeho imanakazi y’uburumbuke

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Amashusho yose: Musée du Louvre, Paris