Uko ubushyamirane hagati ya siyansi n’idini bwatangiye

UMUHANGA mu by’inyenyeri wari ufite imyaka 70 yari ashigaje igihe gito agapfa. Yari afite mu biganza inyandiko we ubwe yari yarandikishije intoki y’igitabo yiteguraga kohereza mu icapiro, akaba yarimo arwana no kuyisoma. Yaba yari abizi cyangwa atari abizi, igitabo cye cyari kuzahindura mu buryo budasubirwaho imitekerereze y’abantu ku birebana n’isanzure ry’ikirere. Nanone kandi, cyari kuzateza amakimbirane akaze mu madini yiyita aya gikristo, kandi ingaruka z’ayo makimbirane na n’ubu ziracyigaragaza.

Icyo gihe hari mu mwaka wa 1543 kandi uwo muntu wari ushigaje igihe gito agapfa, yari Umunyapolonye w’Umugatolika witwaga Nicolas Copernic. Icyo gitabo cye (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), cyasobanuraga ko izuba ari ryo riri mu izingiro rikaba rigaragiwe n’indi mibumbe, aho kuba isi. Muri icyo gitabo, Copernic yavuguruje igitekerezo kigoye cyane kumva cy’uko isi iri mu izingiro, agisimbuza ikindi gitekerezo cyoroshye kumva cy’uko ahubwo izuba ari ryo riri mu izingiro.

Mu mizo ya mbere, nta bimenyetso byinshi byagaragazaga ko hari kuzavuka ubushyamirane. Impamvu ya mbere yabiteye, ni uko Copernic yagize amakenga mu gutanga ibitekerezo bye. Nanone kandi, Kiliziya Gatolika yashyigikiraga igitekerezo cy’uko isi iri mu izingiro, yasaga n’aho yemera ibitekerezo byo gukekeranya by’abahanga muri siyansi b’icyo gihe. Yemwe, na papa ubwe yateye Copernic inkunga yo gusohora igitabo cye. Amaherezo, igihe Copernic yasohoraga igitabo cye, umucapyi wacyo yagize ubwoba ashyiramo ijambo ry’ibanze rye, agaragaza ko igitekerezo cy’uko izuba riri mu izingiro cyangwa ko ari ryo indi mibumbe igaragiye, ari igitekerezo gihuje n’ukuri mu mibare, ariko ko byanze bikunze atari igitekerezo gihuje n’ukuri mu byerekeye ubumenyi bw’inyenyeri.

Ubushyamirane bukaza umurego

Uwakurikiyeho mu guteza ubushyamirane ni Umutaliyani wari umuhanga mu by’inyenyeri, imibare na fiziki witwaga Galilée (1564-1642), na we akaba yari Umugatolika. Galilée yakoresheje za telesikopi yari yarakoze zarimo ubwoko bw’uturahuri twari duherutse kuvumburwa, abona ibintu byinshi mu kirere abamubanjirije batari barigeze babona. Ibyo yabonye byamwemeje ko Copernic yavuze ukuri. Galilée yanabonye ibizinga ku zuba, bityo avuguruza ikindi gitekerezo abahanga muri filozofiya no mu by’idini bemeraga cyane, cy’uko izuba ridashobora guhinduka cyangwa ngo ryangirike.

Galilée ntiyitwaye nka Copernic, kuko we yagaragaje ishyaka n’ubushizi bw’amanga mu gutangaza ibitekerezo bye. Ibyo yabikoze mu gihe imimerere yo mu rwego rw’idini yari yararushijeho kuba mibi, kubera ko Kiliziya Gatolika yari yaratangiye kurwanya ku mugaragaro igitekerezo cya Copernic. Bityo, igihe Galilée yemezaga ko igitekerezo cy’uko izuba riri mu izingiro kidahuje n’ukuri gusa ahubwo ko kinahuje n’Ibyanditswe, kiliziya yahise imukekaho ubuhakanyi.a

Galilée yagiye i Roma kwiregura ariko ntibyagira icyo bitanga. Mu mwaka wa 1616, kiliziya yamubujije gukomeza gutangaza mu ruhame ibitekerezo bya Copernic. Galilée yabiretse igihe gito, hanyuma mu mwaka wa 1632 asohora ikindi gitabo cyashyigikiraga Copernic. Mu mwaka wakurikiyeho, Urukiko rwa Kiliziya rwamukatiye gufungwa burundu. Icyakora kubera imyaka yari afite, bahise bamugabanyiriza igihano, bamuhanisha gufungishwa ijisho.

Abenshi babona ko ubushyamirane bwabaye hagati ya Galilée na kiliziya, bugaragaza ko siyansi yatsinze idini mu buryo budasubirwaho, cyangwa se ko muri rusange yatsinze Bibiliya. Icyakora, nk’uko turi buze kubibona mu ngingo ikurikira, abafata uwo mwanzuro batatekereje cyane hari ibihamya byinshi baba birengagije.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 3]

Copernic

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Taken from Giordano Bruno and Galilei (German edition)

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 3]

Galilée yiregura imbere y’Urukiko rwa Kiliziya i Roma

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

From the book The Historian’s History of the World, Vol. IX, 1904

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 3 yavuye]

Background: Chart depicting Copernicus’ concept of the solar system