Bibiliya yanditswe ryari?

Bibiliya ni igitabo cyihariye. Abantu barenga miriyari eshatu babona ko icyo gitabo ari icyera. Abantu bavuga ko ari cyo gitabo cyagurishijwe cyane kurusha ibindi mu bihe byose. Hacapwe Bibiliya zigera kuri 6.000.000.000 (yaba yose uko yakabaye cyangwa ibice byayo) mu ndimi zirenga 2.400.

NUBWO Bibiliya ari cyo gitabo cyasomwe n’abantu benshi kurusha ibindi byose mu mateka, hari ibitekerezo byinshi ku birebana n’igihe yandikiwe, cyane cyane Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo bakunze kwita Isezerano rya Kera. Ushobora kuba warasomye bimwe muri ibyo bitekerezo mu binyamakuru no mu bitabo, cyangwa ukaba warabyumvise mu biganiro bihita kuri televiziyo, bisobanurwa n’intiti. Dore amwe mu magambo agaragaza uko abantu bo muri iki gihe babibona.

▪ “Inyandiko za Bibiliya nyinshi zanditswe hagati y’ikinyejana cya munani n’icya gatandatu Mbere ya Yesu, cyangwa hagati y’igihe Yesaya yahanuriye n’igihe Yeremiya yahanuriye.”

▪ “Hashize imyaka igera kuri magana abiri intiti za Bibiliya zemera ko muri rusange, Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo byanditswe mu gihe cy’Abaperesi n’Abagiriki (hagati y’ikinyejana cya gatanu n’icya kabiri Mbere ya Yesu).”

▪ “Imyandiko yose ya Bibiliya yo mu giheburayo iriho muri iki gihe, yanditswe mu gihe cy’Abagiriki (hagati y’impera z’ikinyejana cya kabiri n’icya mbere [Mbere ya Yesu]).”

None se Umukristo wizera ko “Ibyanditswe byera byose byahumetswe n’Imana,” yagombye kubona ate ibyo bitekerezo bivuguruzanya (2 Timoteyo 3:16)? Kugira ngo tubone igisubizo cy’icyo kibazo, reka dusuzume ibintu bibiri bitandukanye bifitanye isano na cyo.

Ingengabihe ya Bibiliya

Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo birimo imirongo igaragaza uko ibintu byagiye bikurikirana. Iyo mirongo igaragaza ko ibitabo bya mbere byanditswe mu gihe cya Mose na Yosuwa, ubu hakaba hashize imyaka igera ku 3.500.a Samweli, Dawidi, Salomo n’abandi, na bo baje kongeraho ibindi bitabo mu kinyejana cya 11 Mbere ya Yesu. Nyuma yaho haje kwandikwa ibitabo by’amateka, iby’ubusizi n’iby’ubuhanuzi, bikaba byaranditswe guhera mu kinyejana cya cyenda kugeza mu cya gatanu Mbere ya Yesu.

Uretse igitabo cya Esiteri, kopi cyangwa ibice by’ibyo bitabo bya Bibiliya biboneka mu cyiswe Imizingo yo ku Nyanja y’Umunyu. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kubara bwa karuboni (karuboni 14) ndetse n’ubuhanga bwo gusesengura inyandiko za kera, byemeza ko igitabo cyanditswe kera kurusha ibindi muri iyo mizingo, cyanditswe hagati y’umwaka wa 200 n’uwa 100 Mbere ya Yesu.

Icyo abajora Bibiliya babivugaho

Impamvu y’ingenzi ituma abantu bashidikanya ku gihe ibintu bivugwa muri Bibiliya byabereye n’uko byakurikiranye, ni uko yo ubwayo yivugaho ko yahumetswe n’Imana. Uwitwa Porofeseri Walter C. Kaiser, Jr. yagize icyo abivugaho mu gitabo yanditse, agira ati “umwandiko [wa Bibiliya] ushidikanywaho kubera ko wihandagaza uvuga ko uturuka ku Mana, ukaba uvuga ko habayeho ibitangaza kandi ukavuga ibyerekeye Imana” (The Old Testament Documents). Intiti zitemera ko Bibiliya yahumetswe n’Imana, zemeza ko ibivugwa muri Bibiliya byagombye kujorwa nk’uko bigenda ku kindi gitabo cyose.

Mu gihe cyashize, inyigisho y’ubwihindurize ya Darwin yakoreshwaga mu gusobanura ukuntu amadini yatangiye asenga ibintu bidafite ubuzima, hanyuma agatangira gusenga imana nyinshi, maze amaherezo akaza kugera ku gitekerezo cyo gusenga imana imwe. Kubera ko ibitabo bya mbere bya Bibiliya bivuga ibirebana no gusenga Imana imwe, hari abavuga ko ibyo bitabo bigomba kuba byaranditswe nyuma y’igihe kirekire, kurusha uko abantu babitekereza.

Kuva icyo gihe, abantu bagiye basesengura Bibiliya mu buryo butandukanye. Urugero, vuba aha hasohotse inkoranyamagambo isobanura Isezerano rya Kera, irimo ingingo zisesengura uko Bibiliya yanditse, ukuri kw’inkuru zivugwamo, isano inkuru zivugwamo zifitanye n’imigenzo gakondo hamwe n’ibindi.

Nubwo intiti zitavuga rumwe ku birebana n’igihe ibitabo byo muri Bibiliya byandikiwe, inyinshi muri zo zemera ko uburyo bwagaragajwe na Porofeseri R. E. Friedman ari bwo bwiza. Yaranditse ati “abanditsi ba kera banditse inyandiko z’ubusizi, izisanzwe cyangwa iz’amategeko mu gihe cy’imyaka ibarirwa mu magana. Nyuma yaho, abandi banditsi bifashishije izo nyandiko maze bandika Bibiliya.”

Hari igitabo cyagize icyo kivuga kuri ibyo bitekerezo n’ibindi bijora Bibiliya. Icyakora, cyavuze muri make ko “nubwo intiti zihuriye ku gitekerezo cyo kutemera Ibyanditswe kandi zikaba zitsimbaraye cyane ku bitekerezo byazo, na zo zirajorana cyane hagati yazo.”—Faith, Tradition, and History.

Ibimenyetso bishyigikira ingengabihe ya Bibiliya

Ibitabo bya mbere bya Bibiliya byari byanditse ku bikoresho byangirika. Ku bw’ibyo, ntibihuje n’ubwenge kwitega ko inyandiko z’umwimerere, cyangwa kopi za mbere zo mu gihe cya Mose, Yosuwa, Samweli cyangwa Dawidi zizaboneka. Icyakora, birashoboka ko twasesengura ibimenyetso biziguye by’amateka, bigaragaza ko amatariki avugwa muri Bibiliya ari ay’ukuri, nk’uko intiti zemewe hamwe n’abahanga mu bushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo babyemera. None se ibyo bimenyetso bigaragaza iki? Reka dufate ingero zimwe na zimwe.

▪ Ese abantu bo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati babayeho mbere y’imyaka 3.500 ishize, ari na cyo gihe Mose na Yosuwa babayeho nk’uko Bibiliya ibivuga, bandikaga ibitabo? Hari inyandiko zivuga iby’amateka, idini, amategeko n’ubuvanganzo, zandikirwaga muri Mezopotamiya ya kera no muri Egiputa. Bite se ku birebana na Mose n’Abisirayeli? Hari igitabo cyagize kiti “nta mpamvu yo guhakana ko abantu b’i Kanani bandikaga ibitabo hagati y’umwaka wa 1550 n’uwa 1200 Mbere ya Yesu” (Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch). Icyo gitabo cyunzemo kiti “kubera ko abantu ba kera bari bafite akamenyero ko kwandika, nta mpamvu dufite yo guhakana ko inyandiko bavuga ko zanditswe na Mose hamwe n’izindi zose, zabayeho.”—Kuva 17:14; 24:4; 34:27, 28; Kubara 33:2; Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 31:24.

▪ Ese abanditsi ba Bibiliya bifashishije ibitabo bya kera mu kwandika? Ibyo ni ko biri, kuko bamwe muri bo bavuze ko bifashishije ‘ibitabo.’ Ibyo bitabo bishobora kuba byari inyandiko zo mu butegetsi, iz’ibisekuruza, iz’amateka cyangwa iz’imiryango runaka.—Kubara 21:14; Yosuwa 10:13; 2 Samweli 1:18; 1 Abami 11:41; 2 Ibyo ku Ngoma 32:32.

▪ Kuki nta nyandiko za Bibiliya za kera zabayeho mbere y’Imizingo yo ku Nyanja y’Umunyu, zari zaboneka? Hari ikinyamakuru cyasobanuye kiti “mu gice kinini cya Palesitina, nta nyandiko zanditswe ku mpapuro z’imfunzo cyangwa ku mpu zigeze zirokoka, keretse izabaga mu turere twari dukakaye, urugero nk’udukikije Inyanja y’Umunyu. Iyo izo nyandiko ziri ahantu hahehereye zirangirika. Ubwo rero, kuba zitarigeze zivumburwa ntibisobanura ko zitigeze zibaho” (Biblical Archaeology Review). Koko rero, habonetse kashe zikoze mu ibumba zibarirwa mu magana, zakoreshwaga mu gushyira ikimenyetso gifatanya ku nyandiko. Inyandiko zanditswe ku mpapuro z’imfunzo no ku mpu zarabuze bitewe n’uko zahiye cyangwa zikaborera mu butaka buhehereye, ariko kashe zikoze mu ibumba zo ziracyariho. Izo kashe ni izo hagati y’ikinyejana cya cyenda n’icya gatanu Mbere ya Yesu.

▪ None se inyandiko za Bibiliya zandikishijwe intoki zarinzwe zite? Hari igitabo cyagize kiti “inkuru, za zaburi, amategeko n’ubuhanuzi biboneka muri Bibiliya dufite ubu, bigomba kuba byaragiye byandukurwa incuro nyinshi, ndetse n’igihe Bibiliya ubwayo yandikwaga. . . . Niba iyo myandiko yaragiye yandukurwa kenshi no mu gihe Bibiliya yandikwaga, ni uko icyo gihe byakoreshwaga, abantu bakaba barabikeneraga mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi. . . . Nta muntu wari kwirushya yandukura iyo myandiko kandi nta cyo ari buyimaze.”—Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 17:18; Imigani 25:1.

Ibyo byumvikanisha ko ibitabo bya mbere bya Bibiliya byamaze imyaka igera ku 1.500 byandukurwa, kugeza mu kinyejana cya mbere. Hari igitabo cyavuze ko kwandukura umwandiko neza, byari bikubiyemo “guhuza umwandiko n’amategeko y’ikibonezamvugo n’ay’imyandikire ahuje n’igihe, ibyo akaba ari ibintu byakundaga gukorwa mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati” (On the Reliability of the Old Testament).b Ibyo rero, bituma abantu bibaza niba ibyo abantu bajora ku birebana n’imiterere n’imyandikire y’imyandiko ya Bibiliya, ari ukuri koko.

Bibiliya yanditswe ryari?

Ese byaba bikwiriye gukomeza kwemeza ko ibitabo byo muri Bibiliya bitanditswe kera cyane nk’uko bivugwa, kubera ko nta nyandiko ziriho zandikishijwe intoki zo mu gihe cya Mose, Yosuwa, Samweli n’abandi? Intiti nyinshi zemeza ko kuba izo nyandiko nta ziriho bidasobanura ko zitabayeho. Kandi se dushyize mu gaciro, inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki kandi zanditse ku bikoresho byangirika zashoboye kurokoka, zingana iki? Urugero, umuhanga mu by’amateka ya Misiri witwa K. A. Kitchen yavuze ko ugereranyije, nta nyandiko zo mu Misiri za mbere y’igihe cy’Abaroma n’Abagiriki zanditswe ku mpapuro z’imfunzo, zikiriho.

Abantu bubaha Bibiliya bashobora kwibaza nanone bati “Yesu yabonaga ate Ibyanditswe bya Giheburayo?” Icyo gihe kumenya igihe ibintu byabereye ntibyari ikibazo. Kimwe n’Abayahudi muri rusange, Yesu yemeraga ko uko ibivugwa mu nkuru zo mu Byanditswe byagiye bikurikirana, ari ukuri. Ese yemeraga ko abanditse ibitabo bya mbere byo muri Bibiliya ari bo koko?

Yesu yerekeje ku nyandiko za Mose. Urugero, yavuze iby’‘igitabo cya Mose’ (Mariko 12:26; Yohana 5:46). Nanone yerekeje ku nkuru zivugwa mu Ntangiriro (Matayo 19:4, 5; 24:37-39), izivugwa mu Kuva (Luka 20:37), mu Balewi (Matayo 8:4), mu Kubara (Matayo 12:5) no mu Gutegeka kwa Kabiri (Matayo 18:16). Yaravuze ati “ibintu byose byanditswe kuri jye mu mategeko ya Mose n’abahanuzi no muri za Zaburi bigomba gusohora” (Luka 24:44). Niba yaremeraga ko Mose n’abandi ari bo banditse ibyo bitabo koko, nta gushidikanya ko yanemeraga ko uko ibintu bivugwa mu Byanditswe bya Giheburayo byakurikiranye, ari ukuri.

None se ubwo Bibiliya yanditswe ryari? Ese ingengabihe y’ibivugwa muri Bibiliya ni iyo kwiringirwa? Twabonye ibyo abahanga benshi bajoye, tubona ibyo Bibiliya yavuze, tubona ibimenyetso biziguye by’amateka kandi tubona uko Yesu yabibonaga. Ese ushingiye kuri ibyo bintu byose tumaze kubona, igisubizo cyawe gihuje n’ibyo Yesu yavuze igihe yasengaga Se Yehova Imana, agira ati “ijambo ryawe ni ukuri”?—Yohana 17:17.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Imbonerahamwe/Amafoto yo ku mapaji ya 20-23]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

(Igihe ibitabo bya Bibiliya bishobora kuba byarandikiwe)

2000 M.Y.

1800

[Ifoto]

Abanditsi b’Abanyegiputa banditse ibitabo na mbere y’igihe cya Mose

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

© DeA Picture Library / Art Resource, NY

1600

[Ifoto]

Mose yarangije kwandika igitabo cy’Intangiriro mu mwaka wa 1513 M.Y., acyandika ku bikoresho byangirika

Intangiriro 1513 M.Y.

Yosuwa

1400

1200

Samweli

1000 M.Y.

[Ifoto]

Haracyariho kashe zikoze mu ibumba zibarirwa mu magana

900 kugeza 500 M.Y.

Yona

800

Yesaya

600

Yeremiya

Daniyeli

[Ifoto]

Inyandiko yanditswe ku mpapuro z’imfunzo izinze, ihambirijwe umugozi, iriho na kashe ikoze mu ibumba

449 M.Y.

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Brooklyn Museum, Bequest of Theodora Wilbour from the collection of her father, Charles Edwin Wilbour.

400

200

[Ifoto]

Imizingo yo ku Nyanja y’Umunyu yari ipfunyitswe mu bitambaro ibitswe mu bibindi. Ni yo myandiko ya kera ya Bibiliya ikiriho

200 kugeza 100 M.Y.

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Shrine of the Book, Photo © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem