Igitabo ushobora kwiringira​—Igice cya 6

Abaroma mu mateka ya Bibiliya

Iyi ni ingingo ya gatandatu mu ngingo ndwi zasohotse mu igazeti ya “Nimukanguke!,” zivuga ibirebana n’ubutegetsi burindwi bw’ibihangange ku isi buvugwa mu mateka yo muri Bibiliya. Izo ngingo zigamije kugaragaza ko Bibiliya ari iyo kwiringirwa, ko yahumetswe n’Imana, kandi ko ubutumwa bwayo butanga ibyiringiro by’uko imibabaro yatewe n’ubutegetsi bubi bw’abantu izashira.

MU GIHE cy’Ubwami bw’Abaroma, ni bwo Yesu yatangije ubukristo hanyuma abigishwa be babukwirakwiza hirya no hino. No muri iki gihe, ushobora kwibonera imihanda y’Abaroma, imiyoboro y’amazi n’inyubako zabo mu bihugu bitandukanye, urugero nko mu Bwongereza no muri Egiputa. Ibyo bintu Abaroma bubatse byabayeho koko. Ku bw’ibyo, kuba byarabayeho bigaragaza ko Yesu n’intumwa ze na bo babayeho, ko ibyo bavuze ari ukuri kandi ko ibyo bakoze byabayeho. Nk’ubu uramutse unyuze mu Muhanda wa Apiyo wa kera, waba urimo unyura mu nzira intumwa Pawulo ashobora kuba yaranyuzemo agiye i Roma.—Ibyakozwe 28:15, 16.

Amateka yiringirwa

Inkuru ya Bibiliya ivuga ibya Yesu n’abigishwa be, ivugwamo ibintu bitandukanye byabaye mu kinyejana cya mbere. Urugero, zirikana ukuntu umwanditsi wa Bibiliya witwa Luka yagaragaje neza umwaka wabayemo ibintu bibiri by’ingenzi cyane, ni ukuvuga igihe Yohana Umubatiza yatangiriye umurimo we n’igihe Yesu yabatirijwe, ari na bwo yabaye Kristo cyangwa Mesiya. Luka yanditse ko ibyo byabaye mu “mwaka wa cumi n’itanu w’ingoma ya Tiberiyo Kayisari [mu wa 29], igihe Ponsiyo Pilato yari guverineri w’i Yudaya, na Herode ategeka intara ya Galilaya” (Luka 3:1-3, 21). Nanone, Luka yavuze iby’abategetsi bane bakomeye bariho icyo gihe, ari bo Filipo (wavaga inda imwe na Herode), Lusaniya, Ana na Kayafa. Abahanga mu by’amateka bemeje ko abo bantu uko ari barindwi babayeho koko. Ariko reka twibande kuri Tiberiyo, Pilato na Herode.

Tiberiyo Kayisari. Arazwi cyane, kandi abanyabugeni bagiye bamushushanya. Sena y’Abaroma yamugize umwami w’abami ku itariki ya 15 Nzeri mu mwaka wa 14. Icyo gihe Yesu yari afite imyaka igera kuri 15.

Ponsiyo Pilato. Iryo zina riboneka riri kumwe n’irya Tiberiyo, mu nkuru yanditswe hashize igihe gito Bibiliya irangije kwandikwa, ikaba yaranditswe n’umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umuroma witwa Tacite. Ku birebana n’izina “Abakristo,” Tacite yaranditse ati “iryo zina barikomoye kuri Kristo, wakatiwe urwo gupfa ku ngoma ya Tiberiyo, ku itegeko ry’umwe mu bategetsi bacu, ari we Ponsiyo Pilato.”

Herode Antipa. Azwiho ko ari we wubatse umugi wa Tiberiyo ku nkombe z’Inyanja ya Galilaya, akaba yaranahatuye. Herode ni we wategetse ko Yohana Umubatiza acibwa umutwe, bikaba bishoboka ko bamwiciye mu mugi wa Tiberiyo.

Nanone, inkuru za Bibiliya zivuga ibintu bidasanzwe byabayeho mu gihe cy’Abaroma. Bibiliya ivuga iby’ivuka rya Yesu, igira iti “muri iyo minsi itegeko rituruka kuri Kayisari Awugusito, risaba ko abo mu isi yose ituwe bajya kwibaruza. (Iryo barura rya mbere ryabaye igihe Kwirini yari guverineri wa Siriya.) Nuko abantu bose bakora urugendo bajya kwibaruza, buri wese mu mugi w’iwabo.”—Luka 2:1-3.

Tacite hamwe n’umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umuyahudi witwa Josèphe, bombi bavuze ibya Kwirini. Hari inyandiko iriho itegeko ryatanzwe na guverineri w’Umuroma iboneka mu Nzu y’ibitabo y’u Bwongereza, yemeza ko amabarura nk’ayo yabagaho. Iryo tegeko rigira riti “kubera ko igihe cyo kubarura buri rugo kigeze, ni ngombwa gusaba abantu bose bataba mu turere bavukamo bitewe n’impamvu zitandukanye, gusubira iwabo.”

Nanone, Bibiliya ivuga iby’‘inzara ikomeye yateye mu gihe cy’[Umwami w’Abami w’Umuroma] Kalawudiyo’ (Ibyakozwe 11:28). Umuhanga mu by’amateka wo mu kinyejana cya mbere witwa Josèphe yemeje ko iyo nkuru ari ukuri. Yaranditse ati “icyo gihe hateye inzara, abantu benshi barapfa.”

Nanone, mu Byakozwe 18:2, havuga ko “Kalawudiyo yari yarategetse Abayahudi bose kuva i Roma.” Inyandiko y’umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umuroma witwa Suétone ivuga ibirebana n’ubuzima bwa Kalawudiyo, yanditswe ahagana mu mwaka wa 121, yemeza ko iyo nkuru ari ukuri. Suétone yavuze ko Kalawudiyo “yirukanye Abayahudi bose i Roma,” maze yongeraho ko kuba Abayahudi barangaga Abakristo, byatumaga Abayahudi “bahora bateza imyivumbagatanyo.”

Bibiliya ivuga ko mu gihe cya ya nzara twigeze kuvuga, Herode Agiripa yambaye “imyambaro ye y’ubwami,” akaganiriza rubanda rwamukundaga cyane, maze abari aho bakamubwira bati “noneho ni ijwi ry’imana, si iry’umuntu!” Iyo nkuru ikomeza ivuga ko nyuma yaho Agiripa ‘yatangiye kugwa inyo maze agapfa’ (Ibyakozwe 12:21-23). Josèphe na we yanditse iby’iyo nkuru, ariko agira ibindi bintu yongeraho. Yanditse ko Agiripa yaganirije rubanda yambaye “imyenda ikozwe mu ifeza gusa.” Yanavuze ko ‘Agiripa yahise aribwa mu nda cyane, kandi ko yafashwe ataka bikabije.’ Josèphe yavuze ko yapfuye nyuma y’iminsi itanu.

Ubuhanuzi bukwiriye kwiringirwa

Nanone Bibiliya ikubiyemo ubuhanuzi butangaje bwanditswe mu gihe cy’Abaroma, kandi bugasohora muri icyo gihe. Urugero, igihe Yesu yajyaga i Yerusalemu ari ku cyana cy’indogobe, yaririye uwo mugi kandi ahanura ko ingabo z’Abaroma zari kuzawusenya. Yesu yaravuze ati “iminsi izaza, ubwo abanzi bawe bazakubakaho uruzitiro rw’ibisongo.” Yunzemo ati “ntibazagusigira ibuye rigeretse ku rindi, kuko utamenye igihe wagenzuriwemo.”—Luka 19:41-44.

Icyakora, abigishwa ba Yesu bashoboraga kurokoka. Ariko se bari kurokoka bate? Yesu yabahaye amabwiriza asobanutse neza mbere y’igihe. Yabahaye umuburo agira ati “nimubona Yerusalemu igoswe n’ingabo zikambitse, muzamenye ko iri hafi guhindurwa amatongo. Icyo gihe abazaba bari i Yudaya bazatangire guhungira mu misozi, abazaba bari muri Yerusalemu bazayivemo” (Luka 21:20, 21). Abigishwa ba Yesu bashobora kuba baribajije bati “tuzahunga dute kandi umugi uzaba wagoswe?”

Josèphe yanditse uko byagenze. Mu mwaka wa 66, guverineri wa Roma yavanye mu bubiko bw’amaturo bw’urusengero imisoro Abayahudi bagombaga kubishyura. Ibyo byatumye bamwe mu Bayahudi b’ibyigomeke barakara maze bica ingabo z’Abaroma, kandi bahita batangaza ko babonye ubwigenge. Mu mpera z’uwo mwaka, guverineri w’Umuroma wategekaga intara ya Siriya witwa Cestius Gallus yateye Yerusalemu ari kumwe n’abasirikare 30.000, icyo gihe hakaba hari mu gihe cy’umunsi mukuru w’idini. Gallus yinjiye mu nkengero z’umugi, maze atangira gusenya urukuta rw’urusengero abari bigometse bari bahungiyemo. Hanyuma, Gallus yagize atya asubira inyuma ku mpamvu zidasobanutse. Abayahudi barishimye maze bakurikirana ingabo ze zari zisubiye inyuma.

Icyakora, aho kugira ngo Abakristo bizerwa bashukwe n’ibyari bimaze kuba, babonye ko ibyo Yesu yari yarababwiye bisohoye. Uwo mugi wagoswe n’ingabo maze zihashinga ibirindiro. Abo basirikare bamaze gusubira inyuma, Abakristo bizerwa baboneyeho uburyo bwo guhunga. Abenshi bahungiye mu mugi w’Abanyamahanga wa Pela utari ufite aho ubogamiye muri politiki, ukaba wari wubatse mu misozi yo hakurya ya Yorodani.

Byaje kugendekera bite Yerusalemu? Ingabo z’Abaroma zaje kugaruka, ziyobowe na Vespasien n’umuhungu we Titus, icyo gihe noneho bakaba bari abasirikare 60.000. Bateye uwo mugi mbere gato y’uko Pasika y’umwaka wa 70 iba, bagwa gitumo abaturage baho n’abandi bantu benshi bo mu tundi duce bari baje kwizihiza uwo munsi mukuru. Ingabo z’Abaroma zatemye ibiti byo muri iyo ntara, maze zubaka uruzitiro rw’ibisongo, nk’uko Yesu yari yarabihanuye. Uwo mugi waguye mu maboko y’Abaroma nyuma y’amezi agera kuri atanu.

Titus yategetse ko badasenya urusengero. Icyakora hari umusirikare warutwitse, maze rurasenyuka ntihasigara ibuye rigeretse ku rindi, nk’uko Yesu yari yarabihanuye. Josèphe yavuze ko icyo gihe Abayahudi n’abanyamahanga bahindukiriye idini ry’Abayahudi bagera kuri 1.100.000, bahasize ubuzima. Abenshi muri bo bishwe n’inzara abandi bicwa n’indwara, naho abandi 97.000 bajyanwa ari imbohe. Abenshi muri izo mbohe, bajyanywe i Roma bagirwa abacakara. Muri iki gihe uramutse ugeze i Roma, ushobora kubona inzu y’imikino izwi cyane yubatswe na Titus, amaze kwigarurira intara ya Yudaya. Nanone ushobora kuhabona urwibutso rwa Titus, rugaragaza ukuntu Abaroma bafashe umugi wa Yerusalemu. Koko rero, ubuhanuzi bwose bwo muri Bibiliya burasohora uko bwakabaye. Ku bw’ibyo, ni iby’ingenzi cyane ko tuzirikana ibyo Bibiliya ivuga ku birebana n’igihe kizaza.

Amasezerano ushobora kwiringira

Igihe Yesu yari imbere ya guverineri w’Umuroma witwa Ponsiyo Pilato, yavuze iby’Ubwami cyangwa ubutegetsi ‘butari ubw’iyi si’ (Yohana 18:36). Koko rero, Yesu yigishije abigishwa be gusenga basaba ubwo Bwami. Yaravuze ati ‘Data uri mu ijuru, Ubwami bwawe nibuze. Ibyo ushaka bikorwe mu isi nk’uko bikorwa mu ijuru’ (Matayo 6:9, 10). Uzirikane ko Ubwami bw’Imana ari bwo buzatuma ibyo Imana ishaka bikorwa ku isi. Ibyo abantu barangwa n’ubwibone n’umururumba bashaka, si byo bizakorwa.

Yesu ni Umwami w’ubwo Bwami bwo mu ijuru. Azahindura isi yose paradizo, nk’uko Imana yari yarabiteganyije kuva kera.—Luka 23:43.

None se Ubwami bw’Imana buzakemura ibibazo by’abantu ryari? Hashize igihe Yesu amaze kuzuka, yashubije icyo kibazo igihe yavuganaga n’intumwa Yohana wari ufungiye ku kirwa cya Patimosi, ku ngoma y’Umwami w’Abami w’Umuroma witwa Domitien wavaga inda imwe na Titus. Yesu yaramubwiye ati “hari abami barindwi: batanu baraguye, umwe ariho, undi ntaraza ariko naza agomba kugumaho igihe gito.”—Ibyahishuwe 17:10.

Igihe Yohana yandikaga ayo magambo, “abami” batanu cyangwa ubwami butanu bwari bwaraguye. Ubwo bwami ni Egiputa, Ashuri, Babuloni, Abamedi n’Abaperesi n’u Bugiriki. Ubwari ‘buriho’ cyangwa bwabayeho mu gihe cy’intumwa Yohana ni Roma. Ku bw’ibyo hari hasigaye umwami umwe cyangwa ubwami bumwe, ni ukuvuga ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bwa nyuma ku isi buvugwa mu mateka ya Bibiliya. Ubwo butegetsi bwaje kuba ubuhe? Buzategeka igihe kingana iki? Ibyo bibazo biri busuzumwe mu yindi ngingo iri muri iyi gazeti.

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 10]

Pawulo yanyuze mu Muhanda wa Apiyo

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 10]

Tiberiyo Kayisari ni umwe mu bategetsi b’Abaroma bavugwa mu Ivanjiri ya Luka

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 11]

Ahantu handitse izina rya Ponsiyo Pilato

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 12, 13]

Igiceri cy’Abaroma gishushanyijeho Titus, mwene Vespasien

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Musée de Normandie, Caen, France

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 13]

Urwibutso rwa Titus rugaragaza ukuntu Yerusalemu yarimbuwe mu wa 70

[Aho amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 10 yavuye]

Top, time line: Egyptian wall relief and bust of Nero: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum; Persian wall relief: Musée du Louvre, Paris; bottom, bust of Tiberius Caesar: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum