Genzura ibimenyetso

REKA tuvuge ko uri ku kirwa cyitaruye kandi kidatuwe. Mu gihe ugenda ku nkombe, ubonye ahantu ku rutare handitse ngo “John 1800.” Ese wahita uvuga ko umuyaga cyangwa isuri ari byo byatumye ayo magambo yiyandika aho hantu, kubera ko icyo kirwa cyitaruye kandi kikaba kidatuwe? Birumvikana ko atari uko wabitekereza. Wahita utekereza ko hari umuntu wanditse ayo magambo. Kubera iki? Impamvu ya mbere ni uko inyuguti n’imibare byanditse neza, nubwo byaba biri mu rurimi rw’amahanga, bidashobora kwiyandika ahantu. Impamvu ya kabiri ni uko kuba ayo magambo akubiyemo ubutumwa bwumvikana, bigaragaza ko hari umuntu ufite ubwenge wayanditse.

Mu mibereho yacu ya buri munsi, ubutumwa butugeraho mu buryo butandukanye. Urugero, bushobora kutugeraho mu nyandiko zigenewe abantu babana n’ubumuga bwo kutabona, mu nyuguti, imbonerahamwe, amanota y’indirimbo, amagambo yavuzwe, amarenga, uburyo bukoreshwa na radiyo bwo gusakaza amajwi na porogaramu za orudinateri zakira ubutumwa hakoreshejwe imibare ibiri gusa, ari yo rimwe na zeru. Ubutumwa bushobora guhererekanywa hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye, yaba urumuri, uburyo bwo gusakaza amajwi ya radiyo cyangwa wino n’urupapuro. Uko byaba biri kose, iyo abantu babonye ubutumwa bufite icyo busobanura, bahita bemera ko buturutse ku muntu ufite ubwenge. Nyamara iyo babusanze mu ngirabuzimafatizo, bashaka kubihakana. Abemera inyigisho y’ubwihindurize bavuga ko ubwo butumwa bwapfuye kubaho cyangwa ko bwiyanditse. Ariko se koko ni ko byagenze? Reka dusuzume ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko atari uko byagenze.

Ese ubutumwa buhambaye bushobora kwiyandika?

Mu ntimatima y’ingirabuzimafatizo ziri mu mubiri wawe hafi ya zose, harimo aside yitwa ADN irimo ubutumwa butangaje. Ubwo butumwa buri kuri za atome zitondetse ku mirongo ibiri miremire imeze nk’urwego rwihotaguye. ADN ni nka porogaramu irimo ubutumwa bugena ukuntu ingirabuzimafatizo zawe zibarirwa muri za miriyari zibaho, uko zikura, uko zitabwaho n’uko zororoka. ADN igizwe n’ibice bine by’ingenzi. Buri gice cyitirirwa inyuguti ya A, C, G, T, hakurikijwe agace gato ko mu rwego rwa shimi kakigize.a Kimwe n’uko umuntu ateranya inyuguti zikavamo interuro, hari uburyo butandukanye ibyo bice bishobora gushyirwa hamwe maze bigakora icyo twagereranya n’interuro, ni ukuvuga amabwiriza agenga ibyo kwibaruka kw’ingirabuzimafatizo cyangwa agenga ibindi bintu biyikorerwamo.

ADN ibamo ubutumwa bwose bw’ibintu bikuranga. Bimwe mu bintu bikuranga biboneka muri ADN yawe uba ubyihariye wenyine, kubera ko ADN ari yo igaragaza imiterere yawe, urugero uko amaso yawe asa, ibara ry’uruhu rwawe, imiterere y’izuru ryawe n’ibindi. Muri make, ubwo butumwa bw’ibintu bikuranga buba muri ADN, bwagereranywa n’inzu nini y’ibitabo birimo amabwiriza arebana na buri rugingo rw’umubiri wawe, ukaba warabayeho hifashishijwe ayo mabwiriza.

Ubutumwa buba muri ibyo “bitabo” bungana bute? Bungana n’inyuguti zitondetse, cyangwa uduce twa ADN, zigera kuri miriyari eshatu. Hari umushinga wagaragaje ko izo nyuguti ziramutse zanditswe ku mpapuro, zajya mu bitabo by’amapaji 1.000 byandikwamo nomero za telefoni bigera kuri 200.

Ibyo bitwibutsa isengesho rishishikaje ryanditswe muri Bibiliya, ubu hakaba hashize imyaka igera ku 3.000. Iryo sengesho riboneka muri Zaburi 139:16, hagira hati “amaso yawe yabonye urusoro rwanjye, mu gitabo cyawe hari handitswemo ibirebana n’iminsi ingingo zarwo zose zaremeweho.” Birumvikana ko uwo mwanditsi atari umuhanga mu bya siyansi. Ariko kandi, yakoresheje imvugo yoroheje, maze yumvikanisha igitekerezo cy’ukuri, cyerekana ko Imana ifite ubwenge n’imbaraga biteye ubwoba. Koko rero, icyo gitabo cya Zaburi gitandukanye cyane n’ibindi bitabo bya kera byo mu rwego rw’idini, birimo inkuru z’impimbano n’imiziririzo.

Ni nde wakusanyije ibiri muri ibyo “bitabo”?

Umuntu wese muzima aramutse abonye ya magambo ngo “John 1800” ku rutare, ntiyahakana ko yanditswe n’umuntu ufite ubwenge. Ubwo se ntitwagombye kwitega ko ubutumwa buhambaye kandi busobanutse buboneka muri ADN, na bwo bufite uwabushyizemo? N’ubundi kandi, ubutumwa ni ubutumwa aho bwaba buboneka hose cyangwa icyo bwaba buriho cyose. Umuhanga mu bya orudinateri witwa Donald E. Johnson, yavuze ko amategeko yo mu rwego rwa shimi na fiziki ubwayo adashobora guhimba ubutumwa buhambaye, cyangwa ngo ashyireho uburyo bwo gusobanura ubwo butumwa. Nanone kandi, bihuje n’ubwenge kumva ko niba ubutumwa buhambaye, hari n’umuntu w’umuhanga cyane wabwanditse. Amagambo ngo “John 1800” n’umwana ashobora kuyandika. Ariko umunyabwenge ufite ubwenge ndengakamere ni we ushobora kwandika ubutumwa bukubiyemo amategeko agenga ubuzima. Ikindi kandi, hari ikinyamakuru cyavuze ko uko hagenda havumburwa ibintu bishya, “ari na ko urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima rugenda rurushaho kuba urusobe.”—Nature.

Kuvuga ko ubutumwa bwinshi buhambaye buboneka muri ADN bwapfuye kwiyandikamo nta wubwanditse, nta shingiro byaba bifite kandi byaba bihabanye n’ibyabayeho mu mateka y’abantu.b Kwemera ko ubwo butumwa bwapfuye kwiyandika byo bisaba ukwizera kudasanzwe!

Mu mihati myinshi abemera inyigisho y’ubwihindurize bagiye bashyiraho kugira ngo bagaragaze ko Imana itabaho, hari aho bageraga bakemeza ibintu, nyuma bikaza kugaragara ko bibeshye. Reka dufate urugero rw’igitekerezo kivuga ko 98 ku ijana by’ubutumwa bwose bw’ibintu bituranga buboneka muri ADN, ari “imfabusa.” Icyo gitekerezo kiramutse ari ukuri, byaba bigaragaza ko hari ubutumwa twagereranya n’amagambo abarirwa muri za miriyari, butagize icyo bumaze.

Ariko se koko ni “imfabusa”?

Abahanga mu by’ibinyabuzima bamaze igihe kirekire bemeza ko ADN irimo amabwiriza yo gukora za poroteyine gusa. Ariko uko igihe cyagiye gihita, byaje kugaragara ko ubutumwa bw’ibintu bikuranga buboneka muri ADN bungana na 2 ku ijana, ari bwo bwonyine bugira uruhare mu gukora poroteyine. None se 98 ku ijana bisigaye bimara iki? Umwarimu witwa John S. Mattick wigisha ibinyabuzima muri kaminuza ya Queensland, iri mu mugi wa Brisbane muri Ositaraliya, yavuze ko abantu “bahise bumva ko [ubwo butumwa bw’imfabusa] bwabayeho bitewe n’ubwihindurize.”

Imvugo ngo “ADN y’imfabusa,” yahimbwe n’umuhanga mu bya siyansi witwa Susumu Ohno, wemeraga inyigisho y’ubwihindurize. Mu nyandiko yanditse avuga ibya ADN y’imfabusa, yavuze ko “igizwe n’amabwiriza twavuga ko ari ibisigazwa, atarashoboye kugira icyo amara mu gihe cy’ubwihindurize.” Yunzemo ati “isi yuzuye ibisigazwa by’amoko y’ibinyabuzima bitakiriho. Ubwo se byaba bitangaje kumva ko na ADN yacu yuzuyemo amabwiriza atagifite icyo amaze, twagereranya n’ibisigazwa?”

None se igitekerezo cy’uko hariho ADN “y’imfabusa” cyagize izihe ngaruka kuri siyansi yiga iby’iyororoka? Umuhanga mu binyabuzima witwa Wojciech Makalowski, yavuze ko icyo gitekerezo “cyatumye abashakashatsi bazwi cyane badakora ubushakashatsi kuri ayo mabwiriza aba muri ADN abantu bumvaga ko adafite akamaro.” Yakomeje avuga ko abahanga mu bya siyansi bake gusa, ari bo “biyemeje gukora ubushakashatsi kuri icyo gice cya ADN kitazwi, nubwo bashoboraga kugirwa urw’amenyo. Uko abantu babonaga icyo bita ADN y’imfabusa . . . byatangiye guhinduka mu ntangiriro y’imyaka ya za 90, bitewe n’ibyo abo bashakashatsi bagezeho.” Yongeyeho ko ubu abahanga mu binyabuzima basigaye babona ko icyitwaga imfabusa “ari ubutumwa bw’agaciro kenshi buboneka muri ADN.”

Dukurikije ibyavuzwe na Mattick, inyigisho ivuga ko hariho ADN y’imfabusa, ni urugero rufatika rugaragaza ukuntu ibyo abahanga mu bya siyansi bemeraga, byatumye “badasesengura ibintu nta ho babogamiye.” Yongeyeho ko iryo kosa “rishobora kuba ari rimwe mu makosa aruta ayandi yakozwe n’abahanga mu bya siyansi yiga ibirebana n’ingirabuzimafatizo.” Biragaragara ko kugira ngo abahanga mu bya siyansi bamenye ukuri, bagombye kujya bashingira ku bimenyetso bifatika, aho gushingira ku byo abantu benshi bemera. None se dushingiye kuri ibyo, ibimenyetso bya vuba aha bigaragaza iki ku birebana n’akamaro k’icyo bita ADN y’imfabusa?

ADN bavuga ko ari imfabusa ikora iki?

Uruganda rukora imodoka rwifashisha imashini kugira ngo rukore ibice bigize imodoka. Ariko kuba ibyo bice bimaze gukorwa ntibivuga ko imodoka irangiye. Urwo ruganda ruba rukeneye ibikoresho byo guterateranya ibyo bice, uburyo bwo kubiteranya, n’ibindi bikoresho byo kugenzura ko ibyo bice birimo biterateranywa neza. Ibyo ni na ko bimeze ku mirimo ikorerwa mu ngirabuzimafatizo. Ibyo bice by’imodoka, twabigereranya na za poroteyine zikorerwa mu ngirabuzimafatizo. None se bya bikoresho biterateranya ibyo bice kandi bikagenzura ko byateranyijwe neza byagereranywa n’iki? Byagereranywa na ya ADN bavuga ko ari imfabusa. Abashakashatsi bavuga ko igice kinini cy’iyo ADN, kibonekamo amabwiriza agenga imikorere y’urusobe rwa za atome zigize ubundi bwoko bwa aside iba mu ntimatima y’ingirabuzima fatizo (ARN). Iyo aside igira uruhare rukomeye mu kugenzura uko ingirabuzimafatizo ibaho, uko ikura n’uko ikora.c Umuhanga mu by’ibinyabuzima witwa Joshua Plotkin, yaravuze ati “byonyine kuba hariho urwo rusobe rwa za atome zigenzura ibibera mu ngirabuzimafatizo, bigaragaza ko ibyo dusobanukiwe ku birebana n’ibintu by’ibanze kurusha ibindi, . . . ari bike cyane.”—Nature.

Nanone uruganda rukora neza ruba rufite urwego rushinzwe itumanaho rukora neza. Ibyo ni na ko bimeze ku ngirabuzimafatizo. Tony Pawson, umuhanga mu by’ibinyabuzima wo muri kaminuza y’i Toronto mu ntara ya Ontario, yavuze ko mu ngirabuzimafatizo habamo uburyo buhambaye kandi butandukanye bwo guhererekanya amakuru kurusha uko abantu babyibwiraga. Koko rero, nk’uko umuhanga mu by’iyororoka wo muri kaminuza ya Princeton yabivuze, “amenshi mu mahame na tekiniki bigenga ibibera mu ngirabuzimafatizo n’agenga imikoranire y’ingirabuzimafatizo, aracyari iyobera.”

Buri kintu gishya kivumbuwe ku ngirabuzimafatizo, kigaragaza ko zifite gahunda yo mu rwego rwo hejuru kandi ko zihambaye. None se niba ari uko bimeze, kuki abantu bakomeza gutsimbarara ku gitekerezo cy’uko ubuzima hamwe n’ubutumwa buhambaye buba mu ngirabuzimafatizo, byabayeho biturutse ku bwihindurize?

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 5]

ADN YAWE IRESHYA ITE?

Uramutse urambuye ADN iri muri imwe mu ngirabuzimafatizo zawe, yareshya na metero hafi ebyiri. Hari abavuga ko uramutse ufashe ADN ziri mu ngirabuzimafatizo zawe zibarirwa mu mamiriyari, maze ukagenda uzihambiranya, ugereranyije zareshya n’urugendo rwo kugenda no kugaruka ruri hagati y’isi n’izuba, ukubye incuro zigera hafi kuri 670. Kugira ngo ukore urwo rugendo ugendera ku muvuduko nk’uw’urumuri, byagutwara amasaha agera ku 185.