MASAKU: Ma papyris na misokya ya nyema ngi ibaadi ifubishwe bwa kufunda bifumdwe bya kumpala bya Bible kwi bafundji na bantu babaadi abamutentula.a (2 Timote 4:13) Bino bintu bibatudile Bible mu masaku naminyi?

Papyrus abombaa, kukatuka elangi, na kubofula bukidi. Richard Parkinson muntu mulongye myanda ya mu Ejiipitu akula’shi: “Kipese kya Papyrus ki kubanga kusungika bifingifingi kyashaala nka penda lufuufi.” Payidi itulwe mututo, mufungofungo ngulombeene kubanga kulwila na mashika wabanga kwela mbu; na twishi bikishekishe buswa mbulombeene kubanga kwiyidya su mbeyishikye mu nsenga. Angi ma papyrus abaadi aalwila bukidibukidi su beatuula mu kanya ke bukopo sunga mu mashika ebukopo.

Misokya ibaadi ayiisha kukila papyrus, kadi ayo namu ibaadi ayilwila su beyituula pa mbalo ibubi sunga kwiyituula pa kibobo sunga mashika akilekile.b Misokya babaadi abeyidi dingi kwi twishi. Ungi mukanda (L’écriture de tous les jours dans le gréco-romain d’Orient) auleesha’shi pa mwanda wa byabya, “bi bukopo bwa’shi bifundwe bya kala bipande.” Su Bible badya kushimina sunga kulwila, mukandu wi mwanka namu ubadya kushimina.

BIBAPANDILE BIBLE: Miiya ya beena Yuuda ibaadi ayitakula nfumu ooso ashaala bwa’shi ‘atentule’ye nabeene miiya mu mukanda wabo,’ mu mikanda 5 ya kumpala ya mu Bible. (Miiya Ikituulwe 17:18) Na dingi, bafundi be na bukalamwino babaadi batuushe mifungofungo ibungi ngi bwakinyi mu siekele a kumpala B.B. (Bipungo Byeetu), Bifundwe bibaadi abisanganyibwa mu bitumbwilo bibungi bya mu Isaleele mpa na mu ma mbalo e kula bu mu Masedwane! (Luka 4:16, 17; Bikitshino 17:11) Angi ma maniskri e kwanka mpa na lelo uno abaadi apande naminyi?

Philip W. Comfort, muntu mulongye myanda ya mu kilombeeno kipya akula’shi: “Beena Yuuda babaadi na kyubishi kya kwela mifungofungo ya Bifundwe mu tubuka sunga tu malondo bwa kwiyilama kalolo.” Beena Kidishitu babaadi bayididiile na kwikala na kino kyubishi. Pa mwanda wa byabya, angi ma maniskri a Bible mbeapete ano mafuku eetu mu malondo sunga mabuka a ema mu mambalo afwame mpa na mu mbwebwe, ingi nsaa na mu ma mbalo aume.

KIPETA: Angi ma maniskri a Bible​—apwe kukita pangi bipwa 2 000—ngapande na e kwanka lelo uno. Ta kwi ungi mukanda wa kala wi na ma maniskri ebungi na abakitshi bipwa bibungi bu Bible.

MASAKU: Bakata ba politike na bakata ba bipwilo bebungi babaadi baate kitshibilo kya kushimisha Bible. Misusa ibungi, babaadi abafubisha matalwa aabo bwa kukandika bantu bwa’shi tabekalanga abapete Bible, kumutuusha, sunga kumwaluula. Tubande kutaluula bino bileshesho bibidi:

• Mu kipwa kya 167 K.B.B.: Antiochus Epiphanes nfumu a mu Seleucid baadi akyebe kukitshisha beena Yuuda lulangwilo lwa beena Greke pabukopo, aye nkutuma eyi bwa’shi balwishe mikanda yooso i na Bifundwe bya kina Ebelu. Na kutuma eyi’shi “saanayi na kushiika mifungofungo yooso ya miiya yanwibasangana nayo kaalo,” ungi mufundi a myanda ya kala abetanyina bu Heinrich Graetz akula’shi; “babadi bayipe muntu ooso ababadi basangane na bukome na ooso baadi ebadikila n’eyi diikye.”

• Mu moyen âge: Bangi bakata ba beena Katolike, babadi bafitshile bakata ba bingi bipwilo munda’shi bakwete kulongyesha bantu akyamba Bible pamutwe pa kulongyesha bipikwa bya beena Katolike. Babadi abamono mukata ooso a kipwilo e na mikanda ya mu Bible kukatusha penda mukanda wa Misambo ya mu Latin bu mpangano sunga musumbule lukumiino. Mungi mukata a kipwilo kya katolike baadi munyingishe uno mwiya pa kwenda efunyanga na kisaka kya bantu “na katshintshi kooso, na lulamato, bwa kukimba ku mashibo, nkutwela na mu mashibo a muushi mwa nsenga bwa’shi mu nshibo yooso mwabasangana mukata a kingi kipwilo bamwambe’shi sha madimi na kubuula yaya nshibo.”

Su beshikwanyi ba Bible babadya koobesha kumushimisha sunga kumulwisha, mukandu wi mwanka ubadya kushimina namu.

BIBAPANDILE BIBLE: Nfumu antiochus baadi mukite kampanye ka kushimisha Bible mu Isaleele, anka beena Yuuda babaadi bapalakane mu angi maumbo. Byabya, bantu balongye abapwandikisha’shi mu siekele a kumpala B.B., beena Yuuda 60 pa lukama babaadi bakatukye mu Isaleele benda mu angi maumbo. Beena Yuuda babaadi balame mifungofungo mu bitumbwilo byaabo​—ino mifungofungo ya Bifundwe ngi ibaabadi abafubisha kwi bantu ba mu bipungo abilondo, mpa na beena Kidishitu.​—Bikitshino 15:21.

Mu moyen âge, bantu babaadi bafule Bible babaadi bakambile kubingwabingwa na kutungunuka na kumutentula mpa na kumwaluula mu ingi ndimi. Kumpala kwa’shi batuushe byamo bya kutuusha mikanda mu siekele a 15, babaadi basangane bipindji bya Bible mu ndimi ifikye ku 33. Kunyima kwa mafuku, babalulwile Bible na kumutuusha ngofu kukila bibaabadi abakitshi kumpala.

KIPETA: Sunga bibaabadi bamushikwe kwi ba nfumu be na bukome na bakata ba bipwilo, Bible mmukanda upalakane ngofu na wabadi baluule kukila ingi mikanda yooso. Mmukwashe bwa kulumbuula miiya na ndimi ya angi maumbo, mpa na nshalelo a bantu midiyo.

MASAKU: Masaku a kulwila na mushikwa wa bantu, tambyobeshe kushimisha Bible nya. Anka, bamo baluudi mpa na bantu babaadi abatentula bifundwe babatompele kulwisha mukandu wi mwanka. Ingi saa babaadi abakitshi bwa’shi Bible alonde bipikwa byaabo pamutwe pa kukimba bya’shi bipikwa byabo bilonde akyamba Bible. Binobino tubande kutala bingi bileshesho:

• Mbalo ya lulangwilo: Munkatshi mwa siekele a kananka na a kabidi K.B.B. (Kumpala kwa bipungo byetu), bafundji ba mu Samariya babafundjile mikanda itano ya kumpala ya mu Bible (Pantateke) babatwesheshe mu mukanda wa Efilu 20:17 kino kishima “mu Aargaareezem. Na kwakwa okebaka kilambwilo.” Beena Samariya abaadi abakumiina’shi Bifundwe bikwatshishene kipikwa kyabo kya kwibaka tempelo pa “Aargaareezem,” sunga mwengye wa Gerizim.

• Dilongyesha dya busatu bwiselele: Bipwa bu nkama 300 kunyima kwa kufudiisha mudimo wa kufunda Bible, ungi mufundi mukumiine dilongyesha dya busatu bwiselele baadi mukumbashe bino bishima mu mukanda wa 1 Yowano 5:7 “mwiyilu, Yaaya, Eyi na kikudi kiselele: na bano booso basatu be mu Efile Mukulu umune.” Uno mwaku taubaadi mu bifundwe bya kala nya. Bruce Metzger, muntu mulongye myanda ya mu Bible bafundjile’shi: “Kubanga mu siekele a kasamombo na kukaamina, ano mayi abaadi ende na kufiima mu ma maniskri a Latin ya kala na mu Latin ya bantu booso.”

• Eshina dy’Efile Mukulu: Baluudi ba Bible bebungi abafubaa na kipikwa kya beena Yuuda bu kabingilo ka kukatusha eshina dy’Efile Mukulu mu Bible. Mbedipyanyishe na myasu bu “Efile Mukulu” sunga bu “Mwanana,” aku namu mu Bible bino bishima tabileesha nka penda Mupangi nya, abileesha mpa na bantu, bintu byabalangwila kwi bantu, mpa na Satana Diabulu.​—Yowano 10:34, 35; 1 Beena-Kodinda 8:5, 6; 2 Beena-Kodinda 4:4.a

BIBAPANDILE BIBLE: Kya kumpala, sunga bibaadi bangi bafundji abatentula kushii katoonya, sunga kushii kutaluula myanda yooso kalolo, bangi namu babaadi na katoonya na kubekyeela ngofu. Kubanga pankatshi pa siekele a kasamombo na mu siekele a ekumi B.B., bangi bafundji babetanyinaa bu ba Massorètes babaadi batentule Bifundwe bya kina Ebelu batuusha bifundwe byabetanyinaa bu texte Massorétique. Kunyima kwa kutentula babaadi ababadika bungi bwa bishima na bwa maleeta bwa kupela bilema byatwela mwanka. Mu kubadika kwabo, mbalo ibaabadi abamono bu pe kilema mu bifundwe bya kala, babaadi abebifundu mu lupese. Ba Massorètes babaadi abapele kushintuula myanda i mu Bible. Moshe Goshen-Gottstein muntu mulongye ngofu bafundile’shi: “Kutwesha ingi myanda mu bifundwe kubaadi bu kibeshi kikile bukata kwabadi.”

Kya kabidi, ma maniskri ebungi e kwanka lelo uno akwete kukwasha bantu balongye myanda ya Bible bwa kutundula bilema. Bu kileshesho, munda mwa bipwa nkama na nkama bakata ba bipwilo babaadi abalongyesha bantu’shi mu ma Bible aabo a mu Latin mwi bifundwe bya Bible bya ku kibangilo. Anka, mu mukanda wa 1 Yowano 5:7, babaadi batweshe mwaku wa madimi watudi bateemune mu uno mwisambo. Kino kilubilo kibaadi mpa na mu Bible a mu Anglais a Bible du roi Jacques! Anka pababapetele angi maniskri, babaadi bakule naminyi? Bruce Metzger bafundjile’shi: “myanda i mu mukanda wa 1 Yowano 5:7 ta i mu maniskri ooso a kala nya (Syriaque, Copte, Armenien, Ethiopien, Arabe, Slavon), nka penda mu mikanda ya mu Latin. Pa mwanda wa byabya, nsaa ibaabadi bafunduule Bible du roi Jacques na angi, abaadi bakatushe wawa mwaku watwikalanga batemune kunundu.

Ano maniskri a kala aalesha’shi mukandu wa Bible ubaadi ulamibwe kalolo su? Pababapetele uno mufungofungo mu kalunga kafwe mu kipwa kya 1947 bantu balongye myanda ya Bible babaadi bapwandikishe Bifundwe bya mu kina Ebelu byabetanyina bu texte Massoretique na mufungofungo ubaadi ufundibwe takudi bipwa bibungi. Umune a ku bantu be mu kasaka ka bafundji ba mufungofungo wa ku Kalunga kafwe bambile’shi mufungofungo umune “autuusha bishinkamiisho abileesha’shi kutentula kwa ku maboko kwa beena Yuuda kwa bifundwe bya mu Bible mu kipungo kya bipwa bikile pa kinunu akuleesha’shi babaadi abatentula kalolo na lulamato looso.”

Mu nshibo ya mikanda ya Chester Beatty mu Dublin, mu eumbo dya Ireland, mwi bisasa bya mifungofungo ya papyrus ilombeene kwikala biifundwe byoso bya kina Greke bya beena Kidishitu, kusanga na Maniskri a kubanga mu siekele a kabidi B.B.—bipwa 100 kunyima kwa’bo kupudisha kufunda Bible. Ungi mukanda wa kukimbuula myaku ya mu Bible (The Anchor Bible Dictionary ) auleesha’shi: “Sunga ma papyrus ekala na myanda ibungi pabitale Bifundwe, ayileesha dingi’shi bantu babaadi abatentula bifundwe bya mu Bible babafundjile myanda y’eyendo.”

KIPETA: Pamutwe pa kushintuula mukandu wa mu Bible, bungi bwa bipwa na bungi bwa ma maniskri bibakwasha bwa’shi Bible anyiishe kulumbuluka. Sir Frederic Kenyon bafundjile bino pabitale Bifundwe bya kina Greke bya beena Kidishitu: “Takwi ungi mukanda awitushinkamiisha myanda ya kala na ya binyibinyi bu uno, na muntu ooso mulongye myanda ya mu Bible shii na mpaka tamulombeene kupela’shi Bifundwe byatudi nabyo lelo uno bya binyibinyi nya.” Na dingi William Henry Green ungi muntu mulongye ngofu bambile bino pabitale Bifundwe bya kina Ebelu: “Twi kwamba kushii mpaka’shi takwi ungi mukanda wa kala wabadi batentule na kupatuula kalolo bino nya.”