Lokristo la ntondo la tozambizambi t’ase Rɔma
LO MUKANDA ɔmɔtshi wakandafundɛ Trajan, nkumekanga k’ase Rɔma, Pline le jeune, nguvɛrnɛrɛ ka l’osomba wa Bɛtaniya akafunde ate: “Yɛdikɔ yakamɔshi lo kɛnɛ kendana la wanɛ wakawasɔngwɛ le mi ɔnɛ Akristo mbewɔ yɔ nyɛ: Dimi lakawambolaka dia kana vɔ wekɔ Akristo, naka wambetawɔ, dimi lakawambolaka mbala ka hende ndo ka sato lo mbaotsha wɔma wa dilanya. Naka vɔ ntetemala mbuta dia vɔ wekɔ Akristo ko dimi mbisha dikimɔ dia vɔ ndjakema.” Lo dikambo dia wanɛ wakangunaka Lokristo lawɔ lo mboka Kristo ɔkɔngɔ ndo lo ntɛmɔla kimɛta ka nkumekanga ndo esato wa tozambizambi takela Pline la ntondo ka tominadi, nde akafunde ate: “Lakɛnaka ɔlɔlɔ mbatshika dia vɔ ntshɔ.”
Akristo wa ntondo wakahɛnyahɛnyamaka lo woho wakawatonaka ntɛmɔla nkumekanga ndo dikishi dia tozambizambi. Kayotota dikambo dia ɛtɛmwɛlɔ ekina waki lo diolelo di’ase Rɔma di’otondo? Tozambizambi takɔna takatɛmɔmaka ndo ngande wakatiɔsaka ase Rɔma? Lande na kakahɛnyahɛnyamaka Akristo lo woho wakawatonaka dia nambola tozambizambi t’ase Rɔma elambo? Ekadimwelo wa ambola asɔ wayotokimanyiya dia sho mbeya kɛnɛ kahombaso nsala etena katanemaso la ntondo k’akambo wa woho akɔ wâmɛ wendana la kɔlamelo yaso otsha le Jehowa.
Ɛtɛmwɛlɔ wa lo diolelo di’ase Rɔma
Oko wele anto wa lo diolelo di’edjedja di’ase Rɔma waki la ɛtɛkɛta ndo la mbekelo efula, mbakiwɔ ndo la tozambizambi efula takawatɛmɔlaka. Kânga mbakakokaka ɔtɛmwɛlɔ w’ase Juda mbɔsama oko ɔtɛmwɛlɔ w’angɛndangɛnda oma le ase Rɔma, vɔ wakawɔshi oko religio licita, mbuta ate ɔtɛmwɛlɔ wetawɔma ndo vɔ wakakokɛ ɔtɛmwɛlɔ akɔ. Mbala hiende lo lushi lo tɛmpɛlɔ ka la Jerusalɛma, wakalambolaka ana ahende w’ɛkɔkɔ la ngɔmbɛ dikambo dia Kayisa ndo dia wodja wa Rɔma. Oyadi elambo ɛsɔ wakatutshaka kɛlɛ ka jambizambi mɔtshi kana ka tozambizambi efula, aha dikambo sɔ mbaki ohomba le ase Rɔma. Kɛnɛ kaki ohomba le wɔ ele tshelo shɔ yakɛnyaka kɔlamelo yaki la ase Juda otsha le ase Rɔma.
Mbekelo y’apanganu yakakokanɛ lo ɛtɛmwɛlɔ wa lo wodja. Ɛkɔndɔ w’ase Ngirika ndo awui w’alɔhɔ waketawɔmaka oma le anto efula. Ɛtɛmwɛlɔ w’ehekesa w’oma lo Ɛstɛ ka Rɔma wakalake anto awɔ dia wayonga la lɔsɛnɔ lahavu, wayɛna waɛnɛlɔ ndo wayoyasukanya la tozambizambi lo yoho ya dihindo. Ɛtɛmwɛlɔ ɛsɔ wakakokanɛ lo diolelo di’otondo. Lo ntambe ka ntondo T.D., ɔtɛmwɛlɔ wa tozambizambi t’ase Edjibito takawelɛka Sérapis la Isis, nzambi-lose k’ase Suriya kakawelɛka Atargatis, ndo ɔtɛmwɛlɔ wa Mithra, nzambi-wonya k’ase Pɛrɛsiya wakalangemaka efula.
Dibuku dia lo Bible dia Etsha mɛnyaka dia ɔtɛmwɛlɔ w’apanganu waki la shɛngiya y’efula le Lokristo la lo ntambe ka ntondo. Ɛnyɛlɔ, nguvɛrnɛrɛ k’edjedja k’osomba wa Kupiro wa la Rɔma akatetemala monga la diɔtɔnganelo la kanga dɔka ɔmɔtshi l’ose Juda laki ondaki ande. (Etsha 13:6, 7) Anto wa la Lustɛra wakɔsɛ Paulo nde la Baranaba oko tozambizambi t’ase Ngirika takawelɛka Hɛrɛmɛ la Zewusɛ. (Etsha 14:11-13) Etena kakinde la Filipi, Paulo akahomana la okambi ɔmɔtshi wa womoto wakasalaka alɔhɔ. (Etsha 16:16-18) Lo osomba wa Atɛna, ɔpɔstɔlɔ Paulo ‘akɛnyi dia anto wa lɔkɔ wakokaka tozambizambi wɔma oleki anto akina.’ L’osomba akɔ, nde akɛnyi ediakelo kakawafunde ɔnɛ: “Le Etemolatemola Kahaweyi.” (Etsha 17:22, 23) Ase Ɛfɛsɔ wakatɛmɔlaka jambizambi ya womoto yakawelɛka Aratɛmi. (Etsha 19:1, 23, 24, 34) Lo disɛnga dia Malata, anto wakelɛ Paulo ɔnɛ jambizambi l’ɔtɛ wakinde kombokala wâle lam’akolumata oloyi. (Etsha 28:3-6) La ntondo ka akambo wa ngasɔ, Akristo pombaka ndjalama la ntondo ka tɔsɛngiya takoka mbidja ɔtɛmwɛlɔ awɔ mindo.
Ɔtɛmwɛlɔ w’ase Rɔma
Etena kakatahamaka diolelo diawɔ, ase Rɔma waketawɔ tozambizambi t’eyoyo t’anto akina, lo mfɔnya dia tɔ hatotshikitanyi la tɔnɛ tambowoshilaka la mbeya. Lo dihole dia vɔ minya tozambizambi t’ase wedja wakawalɛndjaka, ase Rɔma waketawɔka ndo wakatɛmɔlaka tozambizambi takɔ. Ɔnkɔnɛ, ɔtɛmwɛlɔ w’ase Rɔma wakayongaka la tozambizambi efula. Le ase Rɔma, komonga ohomba tɛmɔlaka paka jambizambi ɔtɔi. Anto wakakokaka ntɛmɔla tozambizambi efula etena kakɔ kâmɛ.
L’atei wa tozambizambi t’ase Rɔma, Jupiter yakawelɛka Optimus Maximus, mbuta ate jambizambi yakaleke ɔlɔlɔ ndo woke mbaki jambizambi yakahemɛ tokina. Anto wakataka dia yɔ yakayaɛnyaka lo tshimbo ya lɔpɛpɛ, mvula, angadimu wa ndjadi ndo akungola. Juno ya omi aki kadiyɔ aki Jupiter mbakataka anto ɔnɛ nde akakokɛka wamato lo akambo tshɛ ndo nde aki la diɔtɔnganelo la ngɔndɔ. Minerve, ɔnaki Jupiter la womoto aki jambizambi yakendanaka la awui wa disɛlasɛla, w’olimu ndo w’ata.
Ase Rɔma wakatɛmɔlaka tozambizambi efula ka mamba. Lares la Pénates waki tozambizambi ta nkumbo. Vesta aki jambizambi ya womoto ya dja. Janus laki la dungi pende aki jambizambi yendana la etatelo ka diangɔ tshɛ. Olimu tshɛ aki la jambizambi yakendanaka la wɔ. Ase Rɔma wakatɛmɔlaka ndo diangɔ diahɛnama. Pax aki jambizambi yakakokɛka wɔladi, Salus akakokɛka yônge, Pudicitia akakokɛka pudipudi, Fides akakokɛka kɔlamelo, Virtus akakokɛka dihonga ndo Voluptas akakokɛka ɔngɛnɔngɛnɔ. Dikambo tshɛ diakasalaka ase Rɔma l’olui kana l’onto ndamɛ diakɔtɔnɛka la lolango la tozambizambi efula. Ɔnkɔnɛ, di’onto monga la eshikikelo ɔnɛ kɛnɛ kayondosala kayonga la etombelo w’ɛlɔlɔ, nde akahombaka ntutsha kɛlɛ ka jambizambi yendana la kɛnɛ kalangande nsala lo kilɔmbaka, kilambolaka elambo ndo lo kisalɛka afɛstɔ.
Yoho mɔtshi y’onto ndjashikikɛ ɔnɛ nde ekɔ lo nsala lolango la tozambizambi ele nyanga asaki w’awolo. Yoho yakalekaka nkamba la asaki w’awolo dia mbeya lolango la jambizambi mɔtshi aki lo nsɛdingola mbo y’etema ya nyama yalangawɔ nambola. Vɔ wakafɔnyaka dia woho wayowotana diangɔ sɔ mbayɛnya dia tozambizambi takɔ taketawɔka kana kombetawɔka kɛnɛ kayanga nsala onto.
Oya l’ekomelo ka ntambe ka hende N.T.D., ase Rɔma wakayokomaka lo mbetawɔ dia tozambizambi tawɔ takaleke weke takikɔ woho akɔ wâmɛ la tozambizambi tɔmɔtshi t’ase Ngirika, ɛnyɛlɔ oko Jupiter la Zewusɛ, Juno la Hera ndo tokina. Ase Rɔma wakayetawɔka nto ɛkɔndɔ wakendanaka la tozambizambi t’ase Ngirika. Ɛkɔndɔ ɛsɔ kɔtɛtɛmɔlaka tozambizambi taki la munga ndo la elelo akɔ wâmɛ wele la anto. Ɛnyɛlɔ, Zewusɛ akɔsamaka oko jambizambi yakeyanaka la wamato la wolo ndo l’ana w’akɛnda wakahombaka mvɔ ndo wakɔsamaka oko hawotovɔ. Awui wa sɔnyi wakasalaka tozambizambi tɔsɔ waketawɔmaka lo ahole wa tɔkɛnyɔ wa lo nshi y’edjedja ndo wakatshutshuyaka atɛmɔdi wa tozambizambi takɔ dia vɔ ndjakimɔ l’awui akɔ wâmɛ.
Ondo tɔtɔi t’ambewi wa mukanda mbaketawɔka dia ɛkɔndɔ ɛsɔ wekɔ mɛtɛ. Koko le amɔtshi, ɔsɔ aki ɛkɔndɔ wa kashi. Ondo l’ɔtɛ wa dikambo sɔ mbakambola Pɔnsɔ Pilato ɔnɛ: “Mete eli na?” (Joa. 18:38) Dimbola sɔ mɛnyaka “ekanelo kaki la ambewi wa mukanda efula k’ɔnɛ onto hakoke mbuta dia nde mbeyaka mɛtɛ kendana la dikambo dimɔtshi tshɛ lo tshɛ.”
Ɔtɛmwɛlɔ wa nkumekanga
Lo ɛlɔmbwɛlɔ kaki Auguste (27 N.T.D. polo 14 T.D.) mbakatatɛ ɔtɛmwɛlɔ wa nkumekanga. Lo bɛtshi dia nkɛtɛ dia lo Ɛstɛ diakawatɛkɛtaka Grɛkɛ, mbakaleke anto efula monga la lowando l’oma k’ɛse otema otsha le Auguste lakayelaka ɔngɔnyi ndo wɔladi l’ɔkɔngɔ w’etena k’otale ka ta. Anto wakalangaka ntetemala kokamɛ oma le owandji ɔmɔtshi wakawakokaka mɛna. Vɔ wakakombolaka lowandji lakakoke minya etshikitanu wendana la ɛtɛmwɛlɔ, ntshutshuya anto dia monga la ngandji ka wodja ndo mbidja kâmɛ l’andja w’otondo lo ɛlɔmbwɛlɔ k’onto lakawahombe mbɔsa oko oshimbedi. Diakɔ diele nkumekanga akayotatɛka mbɔsama oko jambizambi.
Kânga mbaki kombetawɔ Auguste dia anto akina mbɔ̂sa oko jambizambi etena kakinde la lɔsɛnɔ, nde akatɛtɛ dia wodja wa Rɔma mbɔsama oko tshondo ya jambizambi yakelamɛka ɔnɛ Roma Dea yakahombaka tɛmɔma. Auguste akayɔsama oko jambizambi l’ɔkɔngɔ wa nyɔi kande. Oma lâsɔ, anto waki la mposa ka ntɛmɔla ndo waki la ngandji ka wodja wakayohombaka ntɛmɔla diolelo diawɔ la nkumi ya dikanga yawɔ. Ɔtɛmwɛlɔ w’oyoyo wa nkumekanga wakakokanɛ esadi eto lo bɛtshi dia nkɛtɛ tshɛ wakayokomaka yoho ya anto mɛnya lotombo ndo kɔlamelo yawɔ le Wodja.
Domitien, nkumekanga kakolɛ ntatɛ oma lo 81 polo 96 T.D., mbaki owandji wa ntondo wa la Rɔma wakayange di’anto mbɔtɛmɔla oko jambizambi. L’etena kakandolɛka, ase Rɔma wakayosholaka Akristo w’oma la Juda ndo wakalɔsha ɔtɛmwɛlɔ awɔ wakɔsaka anto oko ɔtɛmwɛlɔ w’oyoyo. Ondo lo ɛlɔmbwɛlɔ ka Domitien mbakatɔlama ɔpɔstɔlɔ Joani lo disɛnga dia Patmɔsɛ l’ɔtɛ ‘wakandasambishaka awui wendana la Yeso.’—Eny. 1:9.
Dibuku dia Enyelo diakafundama lam’aki ɔpɔstɔlɔ Joani lo lokanu. Lɔkɔ, nde akafunde dikambo dia Antipa, Okristo wakadiakema la Pɛrɛngamo lɛnɛ akakite ɔtɛmwɛlɔ wa nkumekanga dikuma. (Eny. 2:12, 13) L’etena kɛsɔ, nkumekanga akatatɛ nɔmba Akristo dia vɔ ndjasha lo ɔtɛmwɛlɔ wa Wodja. Oyadi dikambo sɔ diaki ngasɔ kana bu, oya lo 112 T.D., oko wakadiɛnya mukanda wakafunde Trajan wakatatɛkɛtshi l’etatelo ka sawo nɛ, Pline akalɔmbɛ dia Akristo wa la Bɛtaniya ndjasha lo ɔtɛmwɛlɔ ɔsɔ.
Trajan akandola Pline lo woho wakandakandola akambo wakawela la ntondo kande asɔ ndo lo woho wakandadjanga dia Akristo wakatone ntɛmɔla tozambizambi t’ase Rɔma ndjakema. Trajan akafunde ate: “Koko, naka onto ambanguna dia nde bu Okristo, nde akahombe mɛnya dikambo sɔ lo sɛkɛ lo ntɛmɔla tozambizambi taso ndo (aha la mbokanɛ kɔlɔ nto) nde akahombaka dimanyiyama l’ɔtɛ wa ndjatshumoya kande.”
Lo kanyi y’ase Rɔma, ndoko ɔtɛmwɛlɔ wakahombaka anto wa lɔkɔ mamema paka jambizambi ɔtɔi. Tozambizambi t’ase Rɔma kɔnɔmbaka dikambo sɔ, ko lande na kahomba Nzambi ka Akristo mbalɔmba dia anto mbomamemaka paka ndamɛ oto? Mbokɛmaka dia ɔtɛmwɛlɔ wa tozambizambi ta Wodja wakɛnyaka dia anto wakahombaka tsho mbetawɔ lowandji la lɛɛta. Lɔkɔ mbele, naka onto ambotona ntɛmɔla tozambizambi ta Wodja, kete nde akakokaka mbɔsama oko onto lambofunga wodja. Oko wakadiɛnya Pline, ndoko yoho yakawahombaka ntshutshuya Akristo efula dia nsala dikambo sɔ. Le wɔ, tshelo shɔ yakalembetshiyaka nshisha kɔlamelo le Jehowa ndo Akristo efula wa ntondo waketawɔka ndjakema lo dihole dia ntɛmɔla nkumekanga.
Lande na katenda dikambo sɔ ɛlɔ kɛnɛ? Lo wedja ɛmɔtshi, vɔ nɔmbaka anto wa lɔkɔ dia ntombola tolembetelo ta wodja. Oko weso Akristo, sho nɛmiyaka ewandji wa wodja. (Romo 13:1) Koko naka aya dia ntɛmɔla dalapo, sho ndjelaka kɛnɛ katotɛ Jehowa Nzambi dia mbomamemaka ndamɛ oto ndo dako di’oma l’Ɔtɛkɛta ande diatotɛ ɔnɛ: “Nyulawo otemwelo wa dikishi” ndo “nyewo dikishi.” (1 Kor. 10:14; 1 Joa. 5:21; Nah. 1:2) Yeso akate ate: “Otemole Khumadiondjo, [Nzambi k]aye, ûkambeli ndame ulimu.” (Luke 4:8) Nyɛsɔ totetemale nama kɔlamelo yaso le Nzambi katɛmɔlaso.
[Efundelo wa l’etei w’odingɔ wa lo lɛkɛ 5]
Akristo wa mɛtɛ mamemaka Jehowa ndamɛ oto
[Osato wa lo lɛkɛ 3]
Akristo wa ntondo wakatone ntɛmɔla nkumekanga kana dikishi dia tozambizambi
Nkumekanga Domitien
Zewusɛ
[Efundelo wɛnya kanga]
Nkumekanga Domitien: Todd Bolen/Bible Places.com; Zewusɛ: Foto kakɔsama oma le Todd Bolen/Bible Places.com, lo Musée archéologique d’Istanbul
[Osato wa lo lɛkɛ 4]
Akristo wa lo Ɛfɛsɔ wakatone dia ntɛmɔla jambizambi ya womoto yaki la lokumu yakawelɛka Aratɛmi.—Etsha 19:23-41