Tshapita ya Dikumi L’anɛi

Nkumi ya Dikanga Yakɔ Hiende Yambokadimɔ

1, 2. (a) Kakɔna kakayotshutshuyaka Antiochus IV dia nde ndjetawɔ kɛnɛ kakôhikaka ase Rɔma? (b) Etena kakɔna kakayokoma Suriya prɔvɛnsɛ ka Rɔma?

ANTIOCHUS IV, omboledi wa Suriya, akɔtɔ l’Edjibito la wolo wa ta ko akayaetɛ nkumekanga ka wodja akɔ. Ptolémée VI, nkumekanga k’Edjibito, akalɔmbɛ ase Rɔma ekimanyielo ko vɔ wakatome ambasadɛrɛ awɔ wakawelɛka Caius Popilius Laenas. Nde akaye l’Edjibito la lemba la woke l’asɔlayi ndo la masuwa w’ata kâmɛ ndo tɛdikɔ t’oma le Tshunda dia waa dipite di’ase Rɔma t’ɔnɛ paka Antiochus IV ndjanya owandji w’Edjibito ko tomba oma lo wodja ɔsɔ. Nkumekanga ka Suriya nde l’ambasadɛrɛ w’ose Rɔma wakahomana la Éleusis, osomba wa tshitshɛ wosukanyi l’Alexandrie. Antiochus IV akɔ̂lɔmbɛ dia mbosha yema y’etena dia nde tokombola andaki ande kanyi, koko Laenas akodinge l’otshimbedi wakandashile lo nkɛtɛ ko akatɛ nkumekanga dia nde mbokadimola la ntondo ka nde tomba l’andja w’otshimbedi ɔsɔ. Antiochus IV akashama nsɔnyi ko aketawɔ kɛnɛ kakɔ̂lɔmbaka ase Rɔma ndo akakalola la Suriya l’ɔnɔnyi wa 168 N.T.D. Lâsɔ mbakakomɛ ta dia l’asa nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ, nkumekanga ka Suriya la nkumekanga ka sidɛ, nkumekanga k’Edjibito.

² Rɔma aki wodja wakafundɛka wedja wa lo Proche-Orient kɛnɛ kahombawɔ sala ndo wakatetemala la fundɛ ase Suriya awui. Ɔnkɔnɛ, kânga mbele nkumekanga nkina ya lo dioho diaki Séleucus yakayolɛka la Suriya l’ɔkɔngɔ wa nyɔi k’Antiochus IV l’ɔnɔnyi wa 163 N.T.D., vɔ komonga nto lo dihole dia “khum’ekanga ka [nɔrdɛ].” (Danyele 11:15) Edja l’edja, Suriya akayoyalaka prɔvɛnsɛ kɛmɔtshi ka Rɔma l’ɔnɔnyi wa 64 N.T.D.

3. Etena kakɔna ndo ngande wakayokomaka Rɔma owandji w’Edjibito?

³ Ɔlɔndji w’ewandji wa lo dioho diaki Ptolémée wa l’Edjibito wakatetemala monga lo dihole dia “khum’ekanga ka [sidɛ]” l’edja k’ɛnɔnyi oko ndekana 130 l’ɔkɔngɔ wa nyɔi k’Antiochus IV. (Danyele 11:14) Lo ta diakawalɔka l’Actium, l’ɔnɔnyi wa 31 N.T.D., Octavien, owandji w’ase Rɔma, akalɛndja asɔlayi wakasangana waki Cléopâtre VII, nkumekanga ka womoto ka lo dioho dia Ptolémée, nde la Marc Antoine, oseka ande w’ose Rɔma. L’ɔkɔngɔ wa Cléopâtre ndjâdiaka l’ɔnɔnyi wakayoyela, ndo Edjibito lawɔ akayokomaka prɔvɛnsɛ ka Rɔma ko kondjoyala nto lo dihole dia nkumekanga ka sidɛ. L’ɔnɔnyi wa 30 N.T.D., Rɔma aki owandji wa Suriya ndo w’Edjibito. Onde lâsɔ sho kokaka nongamɛ dia wedja ekina monga etena kɛnɛ nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ la nkumekanga ka sidɛ?

NKUMEKANGA K’OYOYO AMBOTOMA “ULUNGUDI W’ELAMBU”

4. Lande na kahombaso nongamɛ dia lowandji lokina monga lo dihole dia nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ?

⁴ Lo ngɔndɔ ya l’etatelo k’ɔnɔnyi wa 33 T.D., Yeso Kristo akatɛ ambeki ande ate: “Lam’ayonyɛna ɛngɔ ka wɔnɔnyi katonga elanyelo, kakatɛkɛta omvutshi Danyɛlɛ, emadi lo dihole di’ekila, . . . etena kɛsɔ wanɛ wele la Judiya kawome ndawɔ otsha l’akona.” (Mateo 24:​15, 16, NW) Lam’akandavusolaka ɛtɛkɛta wa lo Danyele 11:​31, Yeso akewolaka ambeki ande lo dikambo dia ‘ɛngɔ ka wɔnɔnyi kakahombe ndjotonga elanyelo.’ Prɔfɛsiya kɛsɔ kendana la nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ kakewoyama ɛnɔnyi oko 195 l’ɔkɔngɔ wa nyɔi k’Antiochus IV, nkumekanga ka komelo ka Suriya kaki lo dihole dia nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ. Lâsɔ mɛtɛ, lowandji lokina lakahombe ndjoyala nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ. Lowandji lakɔna lɔsɔ na?

5. Akɔna akɔshi dihole diakɔsama ntondo oma le Antiochus IV, ko tomba oko nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ?

⁵ Ondjelo waki Jehowa akatatshi ate: “Untu layunela lu dihuli diandi [nde Antiochus IV], ayutuma ulungudi w’elambu l’atei a diulelu dia lutumbu. Ku l’okongo a nshi motshi, ndi ayunyema, aha lu kele kuyanga lu ta.” (Danyele 11:20) Akayɛnamaka dia ɔnɛ ‘lakonela’ lo yoho shɔ aki Octavien, nkumekanga ka ntondo ka Rɔma, ɔnɛ lakawelɛka nto ɔnɛ Kayisa Ogistɛ.​—⁠Enda lo “Ɔmɔtshi Ambɔlɛnyama, Okina Ambɔnyɔma,” lo lɛkɛ 248.

6. (a) Etena kakɔna kakawetshetsha “ulungudi w’elambu” lo “kete ya lutumbu,” ndo naa ohomba wa dui sɔ? (b) Lande na kakokaso mbuta ɔnɛ Ogistɛ komvɔ “lu kele kuyanga lu ta”? (c) Ngande wakayokadimɔ nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ?

⁶ “Diulelu dia lutumbu” diaki Ogistɛ aki ndo la “kete ya lutumbu,” mbut’ate nkɛtɛ ya Juda yakayoyalaka prɔvɛnsɛ ka Rɔma. (Danyele 11:16) L’ɔnɔnyi 2 N.T.D., Ogistɛ akatome “ulungudi w’elambu” lam’akandatome dui di’anto ndjâfundja nkombo l’abuku wa lɛɛta, kana dia vɔ mbadia lofulo l’anto, ondo dia nde mbeya lofulo l’anto woho wa mbafutshaka elambo ndo wa mbɔsa amɔtshi la wolo otsha l’olimu w’ɔsɔlayi. L’ɔtɛ wa didjango sɔ mbakande Yɔsɛfu nde la Mariya lɔkɛndɔ otsha la Bɛtɛlɛhɛma dia toyafundja nkombo l’abuku wa lɛɛta, ko Yeso akatotɔ lɛkɔ lo dihole diakatatami la ntondo. (Mika 5:2; Mateu 2:​1-12) Lo Ngɔndɔ k’Enanɛi k’ɔnɔnyi wa 14 T.D. (“l’okongo a nshi motshi,” mbut’ate kombeta edja l’ɔkɔngɔ wa didjango dia fundja nkombo y’anto), Ogistɛ akavu ele l’ɛnɔnyi 76, “aha lu kele,” mbut’ate lodiakema oma le anto kana “lu ta,” koko akavu la hemɔ. Lâsɔ mɛtɛ, Nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ akakadimɔ! Oma l’etena kɛsɔ, nkumi ya dikanga ya Rɔma mbaki nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ.

‘ONTO LƆNYƆMA AMBONELA’

7, 8. (a) Akɔna akemala lo dihole diaki Ogistɛ oko nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ? (b) Lande na kakiwɔ kombisha okitɔ waki Ogistɛ Kayisa ‘lowandji’ l’otema ɔtɔi?

⁷ Ondjelo ambotetemala la prɔfɛsiya ate: “Untu laha la nemo, lahawulanga ndi ndjala khum’ekanga, ayunela lu dihuli diandi [nde Ogistɛ]. Ndi ayene lu nshi ya lutui tshitshi, ayukundja diulelu uma lu aui w’oselo. [“Lo kɛnɛ kendana l’anya w’elola, vɔ wayolola l’ɔtɛ ande, ndo wayɔwɛdjawɛdjama; woho akɔ mbayɔwɛdjawɛdjama ndo Ɔnɔmbɔdi wa sheke,” NW].”​—⁠Danyele 11:​21, 22.

⁸ “Untu [ɔsɔ] laha la nemo” aki Tibɛrɛ Kayisa, ɔnaki Livia, wad’aki Ogistɛ la sato. (Enda lo “Ɔmɔtshi Ambɔlɛnyama, Okina Ambɔnyɔma,” lo lɛkɛ 248.) Ogistɛ akahetshaka ɔna wadɛnde ɔsɔ nɛ dia nde aki la dionga dia kɔlɔ ndo Ogistɛ konangaka dia ɔn’ɔsɔ ndjoyala Kayisa kahɔnyi oma lâlende. ‘Wakayowetɛka nkumekanga’ aha l’ɔnɛ nde akalangemaka koko nɛ dia wanɛ tshɛ wakahombe monga ekitɔ wakashile mvɔ. Ogistɛ akayɔsa Tibɛrɛ oko ɔna lôdia l’ɔnɔnyi wa 4 T.D., ko akawêtɛ okitɔ wa lowandji. L’ɔkɔngɔ wa nyɔi k’Ogistɛ, Tibɛrɛ, ɔnɛ lakɔnyɔmaka, lâsɔ ko nde ele l’ɛnɔnyi 54, ‘akonela,’ mbut’ate akayala owandji wa Rɔma ndo nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ.

9. Lo yoho yakɔna ‘yakɔshi’ Tibɛrɛ “diulelu uma lu aui w’oselo”?

⁹ Ansiklopedi ɔmɔtshi (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) mbutaka ɔnɛ: “Tibɛrɛ akakeshakesha waa dipite ko kombetawɔ dia vɔ mbodja kumekanga l’edja ka suke la ngɔndɔ k’otondo [l’ɔkɔngɔ wa nyɔi k’Ogistɛ].” Nde akatɛ waa dipite ɔnɛ paka Ogistɛ ndamɛ oto mbaki l’akoka wa mɛmba wotsho wa nɔmbɔla Diolelo dia Rɔma ndo akalɔmbɛ waa dipite dia vɔ ntsha woho wa wodja ndjâla repiblikɛ, mbut’ate lowandji lalɔmbɔla wodja monga le olui w’anto koko aha le onto ɔtɔi. Ombewi w’ɛkɔndɔ Will Durant akafunde ate: “Waa dipite kombetawɔ kanyi yande kânga yema, koko wakɔsɛngasɛnga edja ndo lam’akandayetawɔka mbɔsa lowandji.” Durant akate nto ate: “Pɔlɔtikɛ kɛsɔ kakatondoya lo wedi akɔ ehende. Tibɛrɛ akalangaka monga nkumekanga kaheme tshɛ; naka aha ɔsɔku, kete nde ototana yoho mɔtshi ya ndawɔ lowandji lakɔ; waa dipite wakawokaka wɔma ndo wakôhetshaka, koko vɔ kombetawɔ kânga yema dia kawoya ekongelo ka repiblikɛ oko ka ntondo kalɔmbwama oma le elui w’anto wele paka la lowandji la l’ɛlɔmɔ loto lâdiko dia wodja w’otondo.” Lo yoho shɔ ‘mbakɔshi Tibɛrɛ lowandji oma l’awui w’ɔsɛlɔ.’

10. Ngande ‘wakawɛdjawɛdjama anya w’elola’?

¹⁰ “Lo kɛnɛ kendana l’anya w’elola,” mbut’ate elui w’alembe wa lo waolelo wosukanyi, ondjelo akate ate: ‘Vɔ wayolola ndo wayɔwɛdjawɛdjama.’ Lam’akayala Tibɛrɛ nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ, Germanicus Kayisa, ɔnaki kadiyɛnde, aki kɔmanda k’asɔlayi w’ase Rɔma l’Ɔkɛdi wa Rhin. L’ɔnɔnyi wa 15 T.D., Germanicus akatshu l’asɔlayi ande dia ntɔlɔsha Arminius, laki dihoka di’ose Germanie, ko akadje otshumba lo yɛdikɔ mɔtshi. Koko, lam’ele nde kombidja etshumba wa weke ndo akashisha efula dia mbidja etshumba akɔ, Tibɛrɛ akayotshikaka awui w’ata lo Germanie. Koko, lo keketsha ata wa l’asa dibila dia la Germanie, nde akahembe dia ndanya kâmɛ lasa dibila sɔ. Lo yɛdikɔ ya woke, Tibɛrɛ akaleke nanga pɔlitikɛ k’ase wedja ekina dia kokɛ wodja ande ndo akayasha tshɛ lo keketsha elelo wa wodja ande. Pɔlitikɛ kɛsɔ akôkimanyiya efula. Lo yoho shɔ mbakalɛmbiama ndo mbakawɛdjawɛdjama “anya w’elola.”

11. Ngande ‘wakawɛdjawɛdjama Ɔnɔmbɔdi wa sheke’?

¹¹ ‘Wakawɛdjawɛdja’ ndo “Ɔnɔmbɔdi wa sheke” yakadje Jehowa Nzambi nde l’Abarahama dia tshɔkɔla nkumbo tshɛ y’anto ya laa nkɛtɛ. Yeso Kristo mbaki Lɔtɔngɔ l’Abarahama lakalakema lo sheke shɔ. (Etatelu 22:18; Ngalatiya 3:16) Lo ngɔndɔ ka Nisana 14, ɔnɔnyi wa 33 T.D., Yeso akemala la ntondo ka Pɔnsɔ Pilato lo mbalasa ka nguvɛrnɛrɛ k’ose Rɔma la Jerusalɛma. Ɛlɔmbɛdi w’ase Juda wakafunde Yeso ɔnɛ nde ekɔ lo nanga mbahola nkumekanga oma l’okudi. Koko Yeso akatɛ Pilato ate: ‘Diolelo diami bu dia l’andja ɔnɛ. . . . Diolelo diami hadioye oma lo dihole nɛ.’ Di’aha nguvɛrnɛrɛ k’ose Rɔma tshungola Yeso, laki kondjala ndoko l’onongo, ase Juda wakahangɔhangɔ vate: “Naka we ambutshungula untu one, keti we kema ongenyi wa Kayisa. Untu tshe layaete khum’ekanga, ambonyola Kayisa.” L’ɔkɔngɔ wa vɔ nɔmba dia Yeso ndjakema, vɔ wakate vate: “Shu kema la khum’ekanga, paka Kayisa.” Lo ndjela ɔlɛmbɛ wa “ɛɔnywɛlɔ k’owandji,” wele Tibɛrɛ akayahɛka awui akina lâdiko lo mbuta ɔnɛ kânga onto latɛnga Kayisa yema tshitshɛ pombaka kondja dilanya, Pilato akakimɔ Yeso dia nde ‘mbɛdjawɛdjama,’ mbut’ate panema l’otamba w’asui.​—⁠Joani 18:36; 19:​12-16; Mako 15:​14-20.

OWANDJI WA HIADI ‘AMBOSANGOYA AWUI ANDE’

12. (a) Waa na wakadje sheke vɔ la Tibɛrɛ? (b) Ngande wakayokomaka Tibɛrɛ “wuki uma l’ului wa tshitshe w’antu”?

¹² Ondjelo ambotetemala la prɔfɛsiya kendana la Tibɛrɛ, ata ate: “Lam’ayushila antu amotshi mbidja la ndi sheki, ndi ayutsha akambu wa lukesu. Ndi ayuhama, ayuyala wuki uma l’ului wa tshitshe w’antu.” (Danyele 11:23) Lo ndjela ekongelo k’ɛlɛmbɛ wa wodja, waa dipite wakadje la Tibɛrɛ “sheki,” ndo lo ndjela ɛlɛmbɛ, nde akendɛka paka l’anya awɔ. Koko nde akâkesaka, nde mɛtɛ akayoyalaka “wuki uma l’ului wa tshitshe.” “Ului wa tshitshe w’antu” asɔ aki Anami w’Owandji, wakadjasɛka suke la pele dia Rɔma. Lam’ele vɔ wakadjasɛka suke suke l’osomba, waa dipite wakokaka wɔma ndo dui sɔ diakakimanyiyaka Tibɛrɛ dia nde ntsha woho waha anto mbɔtɔmbɔkwɛ. Ɔnkɔnɛ, oma l’ekimanyielo k’alami oko 10000, Tibɛrɛ akayala la nkudu.

13. Lo yoho yakɔna yakasale Tibɛrɛ awui wele kânga watshɛnde kombasala?

¹³ Ondjelo akate nto ate: “Ndi ayukuma lu ahuli wuleki eteto wa lu wudja, lu nshi ya lutui tshitshi. Ndi ayutsha akambu waki washi kuyanga watshendi kuntshaka. Ndi ayukahanya diango dia dimbu, dia lohotola, ndu ekundji. Ndi ayusanguya ndosha esumba wudingami kumbu. Keli dikambu [sɔ] diayuyala nshi motshi tshu.” (Danyele 11:24) Tibɛrɛ akalekaka kanɛ anto kɔlɔ, ndo lo diolelo diande, anto efula wakavu nyɔi ya lofundɛ. Oma lo shɛngiya yaki Séjan, kɔmanda k’Anami w’Owandji, mbakandayoleka mbokiya anto wɔma lo nshi y’otsha l’ekomelo ka lowandji lande. L’edjedja ka wonya, Séjan ndamɛ akayodiakema nɛ dia wakayokanɛka kɔlɔ. Tibɛrɛ akasɔkisha ase wodja oleki ndo watshɛnde.

14. (a) Ngande wakahandjola Tibɛrɛ “diango dia dimbu, dia lohotola, ndu ekundji” lo prɔvɛnsɛ tshɛ y’ase Rɔma? (b) Tibɛrɛ akayɔsama oko onto la ngande lam’akandavu?

¹⁴ Koko, Tibɛrɛ akadianganya “diango dia dimbu, dialohotola, ndu ekundji” lo prɔvɛnsɛ tshɛ ya Rɔma. Lo nshi yakandavu, anto tshɛ wa lo wodja ande waki l’ɔngɔnyi. Elambo komonga nto oshinga wolo wamboleka ndo nde akakimanyiyaka wanɛ wakadjasɛka lo bɛtshi dia nkɛtɛ diaki la pâ. Naka asɔlayi kana ewandji wa lɛɛta wambosoya onto kana hawôsambwe onongo la losembwe, kete vɔ pombaka nongamɛ dilanya dia woke oma le nkumekanga. Lowandji lande la hiadi lakasalaka di’anto sɛna lo lotui tshitshi, ndo etadimbo w’amɛna wakandate akakɛndjakɛndjaka awui w’okanda dimɛna. Tibɛrɛ akasalaka tshɛ dia pembola enongo esadi esadi ndo aha la shɔnɔdi, oyadi l’etei kana l’andja wa Rɔma. Ɛlɛmbɛ wakalɔngɔswama, ndo wakanyomoyoleka ndowanya adjango wendana la lɔkɛwɔ ndo la lɔsɛnɔ la lo tshunda di’anto, ɔnkɔnɛ wakatame Ogistɛ Kayisa ntsha. Koko, Tibɛrɛ ‘aki l’eyango ande,’ diɔ diakɔ diakate Tacite, ombewi w’ɛkɔndɔ w’ose Rɔma ɔnɛ Tibɛrɛ aki ose dungi pende, wɛ ayowɛna oko onto l’ɔlɔlɔ ko tete ose okadi wa mamba. Lam’akandavu l’ɔnɔnyi wa 37 T.D., Ngɔndɔ ka Sato, Tibɛrɛ akɔsama oko ɔsɔkishanyi.

15. Awui akɔna wakayeta la Rɔma l’ekomelo ka ntambe ka ntondo ndo l’etatelo ka ntambe ka hende ka nshi yaso nyɛ?

¹⁵ Ekitɔ waki Tibɛrɛ wakayonga lo dihole dia nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ aki Ngayo Kayisa (Caligula), Claude I, Nero, Vespacien, Titus, Domitien, Nerva, Trajan la Hadrien. Ansiklopedi ɔmɔtshi (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) mbutaka ɔnɛ: “Lo yɛdikɔ yoleki, ekitɔ waki Ogistɛ wakatetemala ndjela yoho yande ya nɔmbɔla wodja ndo ekongelo kande ka wokelo wa mvudu, kânga mbakiwɔ kondjokotsha awui efula w’eyoyo ndo wa kawotake.” Dibuku diakɔ diamɛ mbutaka nto ɔnɛ: “L’ekomelo ka ntambe ka 1 ndo l’etatelo ka ntambe ka 2, Rɔma akayokomaka l’ekondjelo ka mamba ndo l’anto woho w’anyanya.” Kânga mbaki Rɔma l’ekakatanu wendana l’elelo wa wodja lo nshi shɔ, ta diawɔ dia ntondo diakatama vɔ la nkumekanga ka sidɛ kɔndɔma la ntondo ka ntambe ka sato ka nshi yaso nyɛ.

AMBONƐ DIA NDƆ LA NKUMEKANGA KA SIDƐ

16, 17. (a) Akɔna akɔshi dihole dia nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ katawɔ lo Danyele 11:25? (b) Akɔna akayɔsa dihole dia nkumekanga ka sidɛ, ndo ngande wakatshama dui sɔ?

¹⁶ Ondjelo waki Nzambi akatetemala la prɔfɛsiya, ata ate: “Ndi [nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ] ayuhimba la wulu andi tshe ndu la dihunga diandi tshe dia ntsho la ului a wuki w’alimbi, dia ntolosha khum’ekanga ka [sidɛ]. Khum’ekanga ka [sidɛ] ayuya la ului a wuki w’alimbi weli la dihunga dia ndo la ndi. Keli ndi [nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ] hushikikala, ne dia antu wayusanguya mbutshela kolo. Waku watolekaka ma diandi dia khum’ekanga, wayûtungela elanyelu. Alimbi andi wayuhandjo vwaa, wayuvo ului a wuki.”​—⁠Danyele 11:​25, 26.

¹⁷ Ɛnɔnyi oko 300 l’ɔkɔngɔ wa Octavien mbetɛ Edjibito prɔvɛnsɛ ka Rɔma, Aurélien, nkumekanga ka Rɔma, akayonga lo dihole dia nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ. L’etena kɛsɔ, Septimia Zenobia (Zénobie), nkumekanga ka womoto ka Palmyre, osomba wakendamaka oma le ase Rɔma, akayala lo dihole dia nkumekanga ka sidɛ.a (Enda lo “Zénobie, Nkumekanga ka Womoto ka Palmyre ndo Ɔndɔshi w’Ata,” lo lɛkɛ 252.) Alembe w’ase Palmyre wakɔtɔ l’Edjibito l’ɔnɔnyi wa 269 T.D., la yɛkɛ nɛndɛ y’ɔnɛ dia ndjokokɛ wodja akɔ dikambo di’ase Rɔma. Zénobie mɛtɛ akalangaka mbetɛ Palmyre osomba waheme lo lɛkɛ la ɛstɛ ndo monga owandji wa prɔvɛnsɛ ya Rɔma ya lo lɛkɛ la owɛstɛ. Owandji Aurélien kɔngɛnangɛna eyango waki la womoto ɔsɔ, ɔnkɔnɛ nde akonyiya “wulu andi tshe ndu . . . dihunga diandi tshe” dia tatɛ ndɔsha Zénobie.

18. Ngande akayokomɛ ta diakalɔ Nkumekanga Aurélien, nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ, nde la Nkumekanga ka Womoto Zénobie, nkumekanga ka sidɛ?

¹⁸ Nkumekanga ka sidɛ, mbut’ate lowandji lakakimamɛ l’anya waki Zénobie, ‘akayasokoya’ dia ndɔ la nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ “la ului a wuki w’alimbi weli la dihunga dia ndo la ndi,” alembe asɔ wakalɔmbwama oma le tojeneralɛ tohende t’asɔlayi takawelɛka Zabdas nde la Zabbai. Koko Aurélien akɔshi Edjibito ko akatetemala la ta otsha l’Asie Mineure ndo la Suriya. Zénobie akalɛndjama la Emesa (nshi nyɛ Homs), ko nde akalawɔ otsha la Palmyre. Lam’akadinge Aurélien osomba ɔsɔ, Zénobie akayâshimbɛ la dihonga tshɛ koko aki tshanana. Nde l’ɔnande la pami wakalawɔ nto otsha la Pɛrɛsiya, ko wakatondama oma le ase Rɔma suke l’Ɔkɛdi wa Eyufaratɛ. Ase Palmyre wakakimɔ osomba awɔ l’ɔnɔnyi wa 272 T.D. Aurélien kondjaka Zénobie, nde akawetɛ ose lokanu lakakotolaka washo w’anto tshɛ lam’akandatetetaka la Rɔma oko ombidji w’otshumba l’ɔnɔnyi wa 274 T.D. Zenobie akasɛnɛ nshi yakatshikala ya lɔsɛnɔ lande oko madamu ɔmɔtshi wa la Rɔma.

19. Ngande wakayɔkɔ Aurélien ‘l’ɔtɛ wakawasangoya dia mbotshela kɔlɔ’?

¹⁹ Aurélien ndamɛ ‘koshikikala nɛ dia wakawɔ̂twɛ sheke dia mbodiaka.’ L’ɔnɔnyi wa 275 T.D., nde akatatɛ olimu wa ndɔshana l’ase Pɛrɛsiya. Lam’akinde la Thrace, ayanga diaaso dia nde tehɔ ashi ko mbɔtɔ l’Asie Mineure, wanɛ ‘wakalɛkaka mma diande’ wakôtshwɛ sheke ko ‘wakosalɛ kɔlɔ.’ Etena kɛsɔ mbakandayange mbisha Eros, ɔnɛ laki sekeletɛlɛ kande dilanya, l’ɔtɛ w’awui amɔtshi wa kɔlɔ wakandasale. Koko, Eros akafunde listɛ la kashi l’ewandji ɛmɔtshi w’asɔlayi wakahombe ndjakema. Lam’akɛnyi ewandji w’asɔlayi ɛsɔ listɛ lɔsɔ, vɔ wakatshwɛ Aurélien sheke ko wakôdiake.

20. “Alimbi” waki nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ ngande ‘akawahandjɔma vwa’?

²⁰ Ɔkɛndɛ wa nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ kokomɛ lam’akavu Nkumekanga Aurélien. Ewandji ekina w’ase Rɔma wakayôyela. Nshi mɔtshi, aki nkumekanga kɛmɔtshi lo ɛstɛ, kekina lo owɛstɛ. Lo nshi yakolɛka anto asɔ, “alimbi” wa nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ “wakahandjɔ vwa,”b ndo efula ‘wakadiakema’ l’ɔtɛ wa waoho w’ase Germanie wakayaka oma lo lɛkɛ la nɔrdɛ dia ndjâlɔsha. Waa Goth wakalekana elelo wa Rɔma la wolo lo ntambe ka nɛi T.D. Asɔlayi w’oma l’ahole akina wakatetemala mbaɔtwɛ la ta. L’ɔnɔnyi wa 476 T.D., owandji ɔmɔtshi w’ase Germanie wakawelɛka Odoacre akahola nkumekanga ka komelo kakolɛka Rɔma oma l’okudi. L’etatelo ka ntambe ka samalo, Diolelo di’ase Rɔma dia lo owɛstɛ diakahandjɔ, ndo nkumi ya dikanga y’ase Germanie wakolɛ la Bretagne, la Gaule, l’Italiya, l’Afrika wa Nɔrdɛ, ndo l’Espagne. Etenyi ka diolelo ka lo lɛkɛ la ɛstɛ kakatshikala polo lo ntambe ka 15.

DIOLELO DIA WOKE DIAMBATƆNA

21, 22. Etshikitanu akɔna wakayosalaka Constantin otsha lo ntambe ka nɛi ka nshi yaso nyɛ?

²¹ Aha la mbidja yimba lo towuiwui t’anyanya tendana l’ohandjwelo wa Diolelo di’ase Rɔma, wambeta aya ɛnɔnyi nkama, ondjelo waki Jehowa akatetemala la mbuta awui akina wa mamba wakahombe ndjosalema oma le nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ la nkumekanga ka sidɛ. Koko, naka sho mboka sso lo tshena pe lo awui amɔtshi wakatshama lo Diolelo di’ase Rɔma, kete tayokoka mbeya wanɛ wele nkumi ya dikanga shɔ hiende yalɔshanya lo nshi nyɛ y’ekomelo.

²² Lo ntambe ka nɛi, Constatin, nkumekanga ka Rɔma, akasale dia Lokristokristo lakatɔmbɔkɔ mbetawɔma le lɛɛta. Nde mbakatshumanya ndo mbakalɔmbɔla losanganya l’ɛkɛlɛsiya lakasalema la Nicée, l’Asie Mineure, l’ɔnɔnyi wa 325 T.D. L’ɔkɔngɔ diko, Constatin akanya edjaselo kande ka nkumekanga oma la Rɔma ko kitɔla la Byzance, kana Constantinople, lo mbetɛ osomba ɔsɔ kapitalɛ kande k’oyoyo. Diolelo di’ase Rɔma diakalɔmbwamaka oma le nkumekanga ɔtɔi edja ndo lam’akayovɔ Nkumekanga Théodose I lo Ngɔndɔ ka Ntondo 17, 395 T.D.

23. (a) Ngande wakayokahanyema Diolelo di’ase Rɔma l’ɔkɔngɔ wa nyɔi ka Théodose? (b) Etena kakɔna kakayokomɛ Diolelo dia lo ɛstɛ? (c) Akɔna aki owandji w’Edjibito l’ɔnɔnyi wa 1517?

²³ L’ɔkɔngɔ wa nyɔi kaki Théodose, Diolelo di’ase Rɔma diakakahanyema le anande. Honorius akɔshi etenyi ka l’owɛstɛ, ko Arcadius mbɔsa etenyi ka lo ɛstɛ, lɛnɛ aki osomba wa Constantinople, kapitalɛ. Bretagne, Gaule, Italiya, Espagne la Afrika wa Nɔrdɛ waki prɔvɛnsɛ mɔtshi ya l’etenyi ka owɛstɛ. Makɛdɔniya, Thrace, Asie Mineure, Suriya la Edjibito waki prɔvɛnsɛ ya l’etenyi ka l’owɛstɛ. L’ɔnɔnyi wa 642 T.D., osomba w’Alexandrie, kapitalɛ k’Edjibito, akakɔ l’anya waki waa Sarasɛ (waa Arabɛ), ko Edjibito akayoyala prɔvɛnsɛ ka waa kalifɛ. Lo Ngɔndɔ ka Ntondo k’ɔnɔnyi wa 1449, Constantin XI akayoyala nkumekanga ka komelo ka lo lɛkɛ la ɛstɛ. Waa Ottoman (ase Turquie) wakalɔmbwama oma le Mehmed II, owandji wa waa mizilima, akɔshi osomba wa Constantinople lo Ngɔndɔ ka Tanu 29, ɔnɔnyi wa 1453, ko Diolelo di’ase Rɔma dia l’owɛstɛ diakakomɛ. L’ɔnɔnyi wa 1517, Edjibito akayokoma prɔvɛnsɛ ka Turquie. Koko, l’edjedja ka wonya, Edjitibo, wodja waki nkumekanga k’edjedja ka sidɛ, akayetaka l’ɛlɔmbwɛlɔ ka diolelo dikina dia l’owɛstɛ.

24, 25. (a) Lo ndjela ambewi amɔtshi w’ɛkɔndɔ, dui diakɔna diakasalema dia mɛnya etatelo ka Diolelo di’Osanto di’ase Rɔma? (b) L’edjedja ka wonya, mpɛtɛ ka “nkumekanga” ka Diolelo di’Osanto di’ase Rɔma kakayonga le waa na?

²⁴ L’etenyi ka l’owɛstɛ ka Diolelo di’ase Rɔma mbakatombe opiskɔpɔ w’oseka Mupɛ w’ose Rɔma, wakawelɛka Papa l’Ɔrɔma Léon I, ɔnɛ lakaleke mbeyama efula oma lo woho wakandashikikadia lowandji la waa papa l’Ɔrɔma lo ntambe ka tanu T.D. L’ɔkɔngɔ diko, papa l’Ɔrɔma akayoyashaka lotshungɔ la mbahɛka waa nkumi ya dikanga l’okudi lo lɛkɛ l’owɛstɛ. Dui sɔ diakatshama la Rɔma lushi la Nɔɛlɛ, ɔnɔnyi wa 800 T.D.: lushi lɔsɔ, papa l’Ɔrɔma Léon III akâhɛ dɛmbɔ dia nkoso dia nkumekanga l’ɔtɛ waki Charles (Charlemagne), nkumkenga ka waa Francs, ko akawêtɛ nkumekanga ka Diolelo dia Rɔma di’oyoyo dia l’owɛstɛ. Wahenyelo ɔsɔ w’onto l’okudi akayokimanyiyaka Rɔma dia monga la nkumekanga nto ndo, lo ndjela ambewi amɔtshi w’ɛkɔndɔ, dui sɔ mbaki etatelo ka Diolelo di’Osanto di’ase Rɔma. Oma k’etena kɛsɔ, mbakayala Diolelo dia lo ɛstɛ ndo Diolelo di’Osanto di’ase Rɔma dia l’owɛstɛ; waolelo akɔ ahende wakayataka ɔnɛ waolelo w’Akristo mbewɔ.

²⁵ L’edjedja ka wonya, ekitɔ waki Charlemagne wakayɛnamaka oko ewandji wele bu l’akoka wahombama. Aki ndo etena kɛmɔtshi kele dihole dia nkumekanga diakatshikala hwe lo diolelo. L’etena kɛsɔ, Otton I, nkumekanga k’ase Germanie, akɔshi etenyi ka woke k’Italiya ka nɔrdɛ ndo ka l’atei atei. Ndamɛ akayasapola nkumkenga k’Italiya. Lo Ngɔndɔ ka Hende 2, 962 T.D., Papa l’Ɔrɔma Jean XII akahɛ Otton I l’okudi oko nkumekanga ka Diolelo di’Osanto di’ase Rɔma. Kapitalɛ ka diolelo sɔ kaki la Germanie, ndo waa nkumi ya dikanga ndo anto efula wa lɔkɔ waki ase Germanie. Ɛnɔnyi nkama tshanu l’ɔkɔngɔ wa lâsɔ, ase luudu laki Hapsburg, lo wodja w’Autriche wakayɔlɔta mpɛtɛ ya “nkumekanga” ndo wakakimɛ lowandji lɔsɔ l’anya awɔ suke l’edja tshɛ kakatshikala Diolelo di’Osanto di’ase Rɔma.

NKUMI YA DIKANGA YAKƆ HIENDE YAMBEYAMA NTO DIMƐNA

26. (a) Kakɔna kakokaso mbuta lo kɛnɛ kendana l’ekomelo ka Diolelo di’Osanto di’ase Rɔma? (b) Akɔna akatombe oko nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ?

²⁶ Napoléon I akayosehoya Diolelo di’Osanto di’ase Rɔma lam’akandatone dietawɔ l’ɔkɔngɔ wa nde mbidja etshumba lo nkɛtɛ y’ase Allemagne l’ɔnɔnyi wa 1805. Oko wakinde kokoka mamɛ lowandji lande, Nkumekanga François II akatshike dihole dia nkumekanga ka Rɔma lo Ngɔndɔ k’Enanɛi 6, 1806, ko akakalola dia tɔlɔmbɔla wodja ande oko nkumekanga k’Autriche. L’ekomelo k’ɛnɔnyi 1006, Diolelo di’Osanto di’ase Rɔma, diakatonge Léon III, papa l’Ɔrɔma k’oseka Mupɛ, nde la Charlemagne, nkumekanga ka waa Francs, diakakomɛ. L’ɔnɔnyi wa 1870, Rɔma akayoyala kapitalɛ ka diolelo di’Italiya, diolelo diaki komendama nto le waa papa l’Ɔrɔma ya la Vatican. Ɔnɔnyi wakahɔna, diolelo di’ase Allemagne diakatongama lam’akɔlamɛ Guillaume I kayisa, kana kaiser. Lo yoho shɔ mbakatombe wodja w’Allemagne sɛkɛ oko nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ ka nshi nyɛ.

27. (a) Ngande wakayokomaka Edjibito wodja walamema oma le Grande-Bretagne? (b) Wodja akɔna wakayonga lo dihole dia nkumekanga ka sidɛ?

²⁷ Ko akɔna aki nkumekanga ka sidɛ ka nshi nyɛ na? Awui wakete mɛnyaka ɔnɛ wodja wa Grande-Bretagne wakayoyalaka la wolo wa nkumekanga lo ntambe ka 17. Napoléon I akɔshi Edjibito l’ɔnɔnyi wa 1798 lo oyango wa pembolɛ ase Grande-Bretagne mboka di’aha vɔ mundaka ekanda awɔ. Ko ta diakayotombaka, ase Grande-Bretagne la waa Ottomans wakayodja sheke dia monga lɛkɛ ɔtɔi ko ase France wakayotshanyemaka oma l’Edjibito, wodja waki l’etatelo ka ta oko nkumekanga ka sidɛ. L’ɛnɔnyi lokama wakayoyelaka oma lâsɔ, shɛngiya y’ase Grande-Bretagne yakayonga efula l’Edjibito. L’ɔkɔngɔ wa 1882, Edjibito akayoyalaka mɛtɛ wodja wolongami oma le ase Grande-Bretagne. Lam’akatombe Ta dia Ntondo di’Andja w’Otondo l’ɔnɔnyi wa 1914, Edjibito akendamaka oma le ase Turquie ndo akalɔmbwamaka oma le khedive mbut’ate nkumekanga kahɔnyi. Koko, lam’akayɔtɔ Turquie lo lɛkɛ l’ase Allemagne lo ta sɔ, ase Grande-Bretagne wakayahola nkumekanga kahɔnyi kɛsɔ ko wakayosapola Edjibito oko wodja walamema oma le ase Grande-Bretagne. Oko akawayokanaka yema yema polo ndo lɔngɛnyi lasawɔ ndjokeketala, Grande-Bretagne la États-Unis d’Amérique wakayoyalaka Lowandji Laheme Andja w’Otondo. Osanga wa wedja akɔ ehende mbakayoyala nkumekanga ka sidɛ.

[Nɔte ya l’ɛse ka dikatshi]

AKAYAKIME?

• Nkumekanga kakɔna k’ase Rɔma kakemala ntondo oko nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ, ndo etena kakɔna kakandatome “ulungudi w’elambu”?

• Akɔna akɔshi dihole dia nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ l’ɔkɔngɔ w’Ogistɛ, ndo ngande ‘wakawɛdjawɛdjama Ɔnɔmbɔdi wa sheke’?

• Lende akayokomɛ ta diakalɔ Aurélien, nkumekanga ka nɔrdɛ, nde la Zénobie, nkumekanga ka sidɛ?

• Ngande wakayoyalaka Diolelo di’ase Rɔma, ndo mandji yakɔna yakayongaka lo dihole dia nkumekanga yakɔ hiende l’ekomelo ka ntambe ka 19?

[Kiombo/Osato wa lo lɛkɛ 248-251]

ƆMƆTSHI AMBƆLƐNYAMA OKINA AMBƆNYƆMA

ƆMƆTSHI akalɔngɔsɔla wodja wakafukutanaka l’ata ko mbokonya wodja woleki wolo l’andja w’otondo. Okina akafudia ekundji wa wodja akɔ mbala akumi ahende lo ɛnɔnyi 23. Ɔmɔtshi akalɛnyama lam’akandavu, koko okina akɔnyɔma. Lo nshi yakolɛka nkumekanga shɔ hiende y’ase Rɔma mbakasɛnɛ Yeso ndo mbakandasalaka olimu ande. Waa na wakiwɔ na? Lande na kakawalɛmiya ɔmɔtshi ko mɔnyɔla okina na?

NDE ‘AKATANE RƆMA L’ATAFADI KOKO NDJÔTSHIKA L’AVE WA NƐMƆ’

L’ɔnɔnyi wa 44 N.T.D., lam’akadiakema Jules César, Caius Octavius (okana wa kadiyɛnde) aki paka l’ɛnɔnyi 18 eto. Oko wakinde ɔna la lôdia laki Jules César ndo okitɔ ande wa ntondo, Octavien akatshu la Rɔma kam’akavu ɔnango tshɛnde dia nde tɔlɔmba okitɔ ande. Nde akatohomana l’otunyi wa mamba: otunyi akɔ ko Marc Antoine, owandji w’asɔlayi, ɔnɛ lakalongamɛka monga okitɔ wa Kayisa. Toseke t’akambo wa pɔlitikɛ ndo ta diakawayɔlɔka dia kondja lowandji diakayoviya ɛnɔnyi 13.

Paka l’ɔkɔngɔ wa nde nɛndja alembe wakasangana waki Cléopâtre, nkumekanga ka womoto k’Edjibito, la waki oseka ande Marc Antoine (l’ɔnɔnyi wa 31 N.T.D.), mbakayongaka Octavien nkumekanga kahadjama anya ka Diolelo di’ase Rɔma. Ɔnɔnyi wakahɔna, Antoine nde la Cléopâtre wakayadiake ko Octavien akasɔhanya Edjibito lo diolelo diande. Ɔsɔku mbakadimana Diolelo di’ase Ngirika tshɛ tshɛ ko Rɔma ndjoyala wodja woleki wolo l’andja w’otondo.

Octavien kombohɛ ɔnɛ Jules César akayodiakema nɛ dia nde akolɛka anto la hiadi, ɔnkɔnɛ nde akayalamaka di’aha sala munga ka woho akɔ. Di’aha nyangiya ase Rɔma, wanɛ wakalangaka dia wodja awɔ monga repiblikɛ (mbut’ate lowandji lele l’anya w’anto efula koko aha onto ɔtɔi), Octavien akasale la mayɛlɛ dia kadimola lonkumekanga lande dia lɔ mɛnama lo washo w’anto oko lowandji la lo repiblikɛ. Nde konanga vɔ mbêlɛka ɔnɛ “nkumekanga” kana “owandj’a nkɔi.” Lâdiko dia lâsɔ, nde akewoya kanyi yande ya mbɔsa prɔvɛnsɛ tshɛ ko ndjikimɔ l’anya waki waa dipite dia vɔ ndjilɔmbɔlaka ndo kanyi ya nkimɔ ɛkɛndɛ ɛmɔtshi waki lande ko mbisha anto akina. Mayɛlɛ ande ɔsɔ wakonge l’etombelo w’amɛna. Waa dipite wakandola Octavien ko wakôkeketsha dia nde tetemala l’ɛkɛndɛ ande ndo dia nde mendaka prɔvɛnsɛ mɔtshi.

Ndo nto, lo Ngɔndɔ ka Ntondo 16, ɔnɔnyi wa 27 N.T.D., waa dipite wakɔlɛ Octavien lokombo la “Ogistɛ,” kitshimudi ate: “Ɔnɛ Lambodiyama kana Okilami.” Octavien aketawɔ lokombo lɔsɔ; koko nde kokomɛ lâsɔ, nde akɔlɛ ndo ngɔndɔ kɛmɔtshi lokombo lande (Ngɔndɔ k’Enanɛi, Augustus lo latin) ko akɔshi lushi lɔmɔtshi oma lo Ngɔndɔ ka Hende ko likotsha lo Ngɔndɔ k’Enanɛi dia tɔ mbɛdima lofulo la nshi la Ngɔndɔ k’Esambele, ngɔndɔ kakɔlamɛ lokombo la Jules César (Julius lo latin). Lo yoho shɔ mbakayokoma Octavien nkumekanga ka ntondo ka Rɔma ko wakayowelɛka ɔnɛ Kayisa Ogistɛ kana “Ogistɛ Waheme Tshɛ.” L’ɔkɔngɔ diko, wakayowoshaka lokombo la “Pontifex Maximus” (ɔlɔmbɛdi wa lâdiko), ndo l’ɔnɔnyi 2 N.T.D., ɔnɔnyi wakotɔ Yeso, waa dipite wakayowosha lokombo la Pater Patriae, kitshimudi ate: “Papa ka Wodja.”

Ɔnɔnyi akɔ wâmɛ, “Kayisa [Ogistɛ] akadjanga dia nfunda khumbu y’antu tshe. . . . Antu tshe wakatshu dia ntufundama, untu lakawo, untu lakawo.” (Luka 2:​1-3) Oma lo didjango sɔ mbakatotɔka Yeso la Bɛtɛlɛhɛma, dia kotsha prɔfɛsiya ka lo Bible.​—⁠Danyele 11:20; Mika 5:⁠2.

Lo nshi yakolɛka Ogistɛ, akambo wakakɛndakɛndaka la yema ya losembwe ndo falanga ya wodja yaki la nɛmɔ di’efula. Ogistɛ akatonge elimu w’amɛna wa tomanɛka mikanda lo pɔsta ndo akâte etadimbo ndo akasange dalo. Nde akalɔngɔsɔla olimu w’asɔlayi, akatshe olui wa pondjo w’asɔlayi wa ta dia l’ashi, ndo akasɔnɛ olui w’apami w’ahonga dia vɔ monga anami wa nkumekanga. (Filipi 1:13) L’ekimanyielo kande, afundji wa mikanda, ɛnyɛlɔ oko Virgile nde la Horace, wakahame ndo ansɛdi wa pingu wakasɛlɛ pingu y’amɛna efula yele la nɛmɔ polo ndo nshi nyɛ. Ogistɛ akayoshidiya la mbika mvudu yaki kotamanyi Jules César ndo akayɔlɔngɔsɔla waa tɛmpɛlɔ efula. Pax Romana (“Wɔladi wa Rɔma”) kakandasale kakatshikala ɛnɔnyi ndekana 200. Lo Ngɔndɔ k’Enanɛi 19, ɔnɔnyi wa 14 T.D., Ogistɛ akavu ele l’ɛnɔnyi 76 ko l’ɔkɔngɔ diko, wakayɔ̂tɛmɔlaka oko jambizambi.

Ogistɛ akafunaka ɔnɛ nde ‘akatane Rɔma l’atafadi koko ndjôtshika l’ave wa nɛmɔ.’ Nde konanga dia Rɔma ndjofukutana l’ata wa lo nshi ya ntondo yaki wodja repiblikɛ; diɔ diakɔ diakandatalɔngɔsɔdi mboka ka nkumekanga kakahombe ndjɔ̂hɛna ndjoyela. Koko, nde komonga l’anto efula wakandahombe sɔna oko okitɔ ande. Ɔnaki kadiyɛnde, ekana ande ehende, ndo omaki ɔnande la womoto ndo ɔna wadɛnde ɔmɔtshi, wakavu tshɛ, ko akatshikala paka Tibɛrɛ, ɔnaki wadɛnde.

“UNTU LAHA LA NEMO”

Kokoka ndo ngɔndɔ l’ɔkɔngɔ wa nyɔi k’Ogistɛ, Tshunda dia waa dipite di’ase Rɔma wakadje Tibɛrɛ nkumekanga. Lâsɔ ko nde aya l’ɛnɔnyi 54. Tibɛrɛ akatshikala la lɔsɛnɔ ndo aki owandji polo ndo lo Ngɔndɔ ka Sato k’ɔnɔnyi wa 37 T.D. Ɔnkɔnɛ, nde mbaki nkumekanga ka Rɔma lo nshi yakakambaka Yeso olimu ande wa kimanyiya anto.

Nkumekanga Tibɛrɛ aki la waonga w’ɛlɔlɔ ndo wa kɔlɔ. Lo waonga ande w’ɛlɔlɔ, nde konangaka nanya falanga lo awui w’ɛngɛnɔngɛnɔ. Omalɔkɔ, diolelo diakangɔnɛ ndo diakatshumanya ekundji efula wakakokaka kimanyiya wodja dia tomba oma lo pâ ndo oma lo tena dia kɔlɔ. Tibɛrɛ akayaɔsaka oko onto k’onto, nde kombetawɔka vɔ mbɔ̂lɛ nkombo ya lokumu, ndo suke la mbala tshɛ nde akasalaka di’anto tɛmɔla Ogistɛ oko nkumekanga lo dihole dia vɔ mbɔ̂tɛmɔla. Nde kombɔlɛ ngɔndɔ kɛmɔtshi lokombo lande, oko wakasale Ogistɛ nde la Jules César, ndo nde kombetawɔ anto mbotombola lo yoho shɔ.

Koko, kɔlɔ yaki Tibɛrɛ yakaleke ɛlɔlɔ ande efula. Nde akafɔnyaka anto tshɛ oko wekɔ lo mbokanɛ kɔlɔ ndo aki kanga dungi pende otsha le asekande. Lo diolelo diande mbakaleke anto ndjakema nyɔi ya lofundɛ, ndo angɛnyi ande efula wakadiakema lo yoho shɔ. Nde akayolekaka mbidja oshimu esɔ, lo ɔlɛmbɛ wa ɛɔnywɛlɔ ka nkumekanga, lo mbita dia ndo wanɛ watɔmbɔkwɛ nkumekanga, la onto tshɛ latondja kânga tshɛkɛta ya kɔlɔ lo lokombo la nkumekanga la dia kondja dilanya. Ondo lo ndjela ɔlɛmbɛ ɔsɔ mbakatshutshuya ase Juda Pɔnsɔ Pilato, nguvɛrnɛrɛ k’ose Rɔma, dia nde ndjakisha Yeso.​—⁠Joani 19:​12-16.

Tibɛrɛ akatshumanya anami wa nkumekanga suke l’osomba wa Rɔma lo mbika mpango ya wolo lo lɛkɛ la nɔrdɛ l’osomba. Anami asɔ wa nkumekanga wakokiyaka waa dipite wɔma di’aha vɔ mbahola nkumekanga lo lowandji ndo wakalamaka anto di’aha vɔ tɔmbɔkwɛ nkumekanga. Tibɛrɛ akakeketshaka anto dia vɔ ndjofundaka anyawɔ le nde, diakɔ diele l’ekomelo ka lowandji lande, anto waki paka la wɔma wa mamba.

Lam’akandavu, Tibɛrɛ akɔsama oko owandji wa kɔlɔ wakasɔkishanaka. Etena kakandavu, ase Rɔma wakangɛnangɛna ndo waa dipite wakatone dia mbɔ̂sa oko jambizambi. L’ɔtɛ w’awui asɔ ndo akina nto, mbɛnaso di’ɔnɛ Tibɛrɛ akakotsha prɔfɛsiya kata ɔnɛ “untu laha la nemo” ayonela oko “khum’ekanga ka [nɔrdɛ].”​—⁠Danyele 11:​15, 21.

AKAYAKIME?

• Ngande wakayokomaka Octavien nkumekanga ka ntondo k’ase Rɔma?

• Awui akɔna wakasalema oma lo lowandji l’Ogistɛ?

• Naa ɛlɔlɔ la kɔlɔ yaki Tibɛrɛ?

• Ngande wakakotshama prɔfɛsiya kata dia “untu laha la nemo” le Tibɛrɛ?

[Osato]

Tibɛrɛ

[Kiombo/Esato wa lo lɛkɛ 252-255]

ZÉNOBIE, NKUMEKANGA KA WOMOTO KA PALMYRE NDO ƆNDƆSHI W’ATA

“NDE aki la lɔɔwa la demba lakelelɔka . . . Wanyu ande waki wɛma fifɔ, washo ande wa weke w’edima wakahɛtaka oko dja, ndo nde aki l’ɛtɛkɛta wa yɔɔyɔ ndo akadjaka anto lo demba. Dui diande diakokɛmaka wolo ndo diaki la ngɛngu ka mamba. Nde akeke mukanda efula, ko yimba yande yakɔmbɔ efula ndo diewo diande diakafule. Nde akeyaka tɛkɛta ɔtɛkɛta wa latin, akamanyamanyaka ɔtɛkɛta wa Grɛkɛ, wa syriaque ndo ɛtɛkɛta wa l’Edjibito.” Ombewi w’ɛkɔndɔ welɛwɔ Edward Gibbon, ngasɔ mbakandandola Zénobie, ɔndɔshi w’ata ndo nkumekanga ka womoto ka l’osomba wa Palmyre, lo wodja wa Suriya.

Omaki Zénobie lokombo lande Odenath, onto la woke laki l’osomba wa Palmyre, lakayodjama oko owandji w’ase Rɔma wa lo wodja okina l’ɔnɔnyi wa 258 T.D., nɛ dia nde akalɔsha ase Pɛrɛsiya ko mbalɛndja lo wahɔ wa Diolelo di’ase Rɔma. Ɛnɔnyi ehende l’ɔkɔngɔ wa lâsɔ, Gallien, nkumekanga k’ase Rɔma, akayokonya Odenath corrector totius Orientis (nguvɛrnɛrɛ ka nkɛtɛ tshɛ ya lo ɛstɛ). Nde akakondja diɛsɛ sɔ oko difuto l’ɔtɛ w’otshumba wakandadje Shapur I, nkumekanga ka Pɛrɛsiya. L’edjedja ka wonya, Odenath ndamɛ akayoyaɔlɛ “nkumekanga ka waa nkumi ya dikanga.” Koko, naka Odenath akatshe awui wa weke wa ngasɔ efula, kete oma lo dihonga ndo oma lo yewo yaki Zénobie.

ZÉNOBIE AMBOLANGA TONGA DIOLELO

L’ɔnɔnyi wa 267 T.D., lam’akandaleke ndjâla la lokumu efula, Odenath nde l’ɔnande l’enondo lakahombe monga okitɔ ande wakadiakema. Zénobie akɔshi dihole dia lowandji laki omɛnde, dikambo ɔnande la pami aki dikɛnda efula nshi shɔ. Lam’ele nde aki womoto l’olangala, lakalangaka lokumu, la manyi lo nɔmbɔla elimu wa lɛɛta ndo laki la diewo l’awui w’ata wakandatatshindɛka omɛnde, ndo lam’ele nde akeyaka ɛtɛkɛta efula, Zénobie akayoyala la wolo wa fundɛka anto ande awui ko vɔ wakawokɛka ndo wakôsukɛka. Zénobie aki la ngandji ka mbeka awui efula ndo akasɔnɛ akanga wa diewo dia mukanda dia vɔ kambaka kâmɛ la nde. Ondaki ande ɔmɔtshi aki Cassius Longinus, ombewi wa filozofi ndo ɔtɛkɛtshi wa mamba, ɔnɛ lakawataka vate nde aki “ɛtɛkɔ ka diewo kana nkum’a manyi.” Lo dibuku dimɔtshi (Palmyra and Its Empire​—⁠Zenobia’s Revolt Against Rome), Richard Stoneman akafunde ate: “L’edja k’ɛnɔnyi etanu wakayeta l’ɔkɔngɔ wa nyɔi k’Odenath . . . , Zénobie akayoyaetɛ owandji wa woke lo washo w’anto wa lo lɛkɛ la owɛstɛ.”

Lo wedi ɔmɔtshi wa ɛtshi ka nkɛtɛ kakolɛka Zénobie, mbakatanemaka diolelo dia Pɛrɛsiya diakandalɛndja nde l’omɛnde, ndo lo wedi okina, aki Rɔma, diolelo diaki l’osukusuku w’efula. Lo kɛnɛ kendana la woho waki akambo lo Diolelo di’ase Rɔma lo nshi shɔ, ombewi w’ɛkɔndɔ welɛwɔ John Roberts ekɔ lo mbuta ate: “Ntambe ka sato aki . . . etena ka pâ efula le diolelo dia Rɔma lo elelo adiɔ wa lo ɛstɛ ndo wa l’owɛstɛ, ndo l’etena kɛsɔ ase wodja vamɛ wakatatɛ ndɔshana ndo kakatana dia nsusana nkɔsa ka lowandji. Nkumi ya dikanga akumi ahende la hiende (aha la mbadia wanɛ wakayaka dia ndjɔ̂sa lowandji la wolo) wakahɔna lo lowandji.” Owandji wa womoto wa Suriya, lo wedi ande, aki owandji wa lâdiko dia tshɛ ndo akashikimala lo diolelo diande. Stoneman ate: “Lo menda woho waki waolelo asɔ ahende [di’ase Rɔma la di’ase Pɛrɛsiya], nde akakoke kanyiya dia tonga diolelo dia sato diotohomba mbahemɛ wasɔ ahende.”

L’ɔnɔnyi wa 269 T.D., Zénobie akakondja diaaso dia nde nanula lowandji lande lam’akayatondja pami kɛmɔtshi k’ose Rɔma l’Edjibito ate dimi kaya nkumekanga. Alembe waki Zénobie wakɔtɔ esadi eto l’Edjibito, wakalɛndja ɔtɔmbɔki ɔsɔ ndo wakɔshi wodja. Zénobie ndamɛ akayakonya nkumekanga ka womoto k’Edjibito ndo akatshule falanga y’ekenga yakafundama lokombo lande. Nshi shɔ, diolelo diande diakamɛ oma l’ɔkɛdi wa Nilɛ polo l’ɔkɛdi wa Eyufaratɛ. L’etena kɛsɔ ka lo lɔsɛnɔ lande mbakayokomaka Zénobie lo dihole dia “khum’ekanga ka [sidɛ].”​—⁠Danyele 11:​25, 26.

KAPITALƐ KAKI ZÉNOBIE

Zénobie akakeketsha ndo akalɔngɔsɔla kapitalɛ kande, osomba wa Palmyre, ko osomba ɔsɔ wakayoyalaka dimɛna oko esomba woleki weke w’ase Rɔma. Anto wa l’osomba ɔsɔ wakakome ondo polo lo yɛdikɔ y’anto 150000. Palmyre aki osomba waki la mvudu y’amɛna hangɔnɛ, waa tɛmpɛlɔ, tojardɛ t’alɛmbɔlɛmbɔ, dikundji ndo waa mɔnima, ndo anto amɔtshi mbutaka ɔnɛ osomba wakadingama djwɛ la mpele ndo otshimbedi awɔ waki kilɔmɛtɛlɛ 21. Otadimbo wa woke w’osomba wakalɛngama la dikundji dia woho wa nɛ diaki la Kɔrɛtɔ 1500 lo ndjɛkɛ yakɔ hiende, dikundji di’etale wa ndekana mɛtɛlɛ 15. Mpingu ya weho la weho ndo pingu y’ahoka wa wodja kâmɛ ndo y’akanga w’ɛngɔnyi wanɛ wakakimanyiyaka ase wodja yakalolanɛ l’osomba. L’ɔnɔnyi wa 271 T.D., Zénobie akasale lohingu lokakatanyi anto ahende, mbut’ate nde la diɛwɔ di’omɛnde.

Tɛmpɛlɔ ka Wonya aki luudu lɔmɔtshi l’atei wa mvudu yakaleke amɛna l’osomba wa Palmyre ndo lɛkɔ mɛtɛ mbakalekaka ase osomba ntshɔ l’awui w’ɔtɛmwɛlɔ. Ondo Zénobie nde lawɔ akatɛmɔlaka nzambi-wonya. Koko, ɛtɛmwɛlɔ wakafulanɛ efula lo wodja wa Suriya, lo ntambe ka sato. Lo diolelo diaki Zénobie, wanɛ wakayataka ɔnɛ Akristo mbewɔ wakikɔ, ndo ase Juda la atɛmɔdi wa wonya la ngɔndɔ wakikɔ. Ko ngande wakɛnaka Zénobie ɛtɛmwɛlɔ ɛsɔ wa weho la weho na? Yɔnɛ Stoneman ekɔ lo mbuta ate: “Owandji wa lomba hakoke mɔnyɔla mbekelo tshɛ yɛnama oko sunganaka le anto ande. . . . Anto waki . . . l’elongamelo k’ɔnɛ wambotshumanya tozambizambi lo lɛkɛ la Palmyre.” Mbokɛmaka lâsɔ dia Zénobie akashaka onto tshɛ lotshungɔ la nde tɛmɔla lɛnɛ alangande.

Anto efula wakalangaka Zénobie nɛ dia nde aki la waonga w’amɛna efula. Koko, kɛnɛ koleki ohomba ele ɔkɛndɛ waki la nde wa mbɔsa dihole dia lo pɔlitikɛ diakatatami lo prɔfɛsiya ka Danyele. Koko, lowandji lande kondekanya ɛnɔnyi etanu. Aurélien, nkumekanga k’ase Rɔma akayɔlɛndjaka Zénobie l’ɔnɔnyi wa 272 T.D. ko, l’ɔkɔngɔ diko, akayohandjola osomba wa Palmyre vwa lo yɛdikɔ yakiwɔ kokoka nɔngɔsɔma nto. Wakoke Zénobie kɛtshi. Vate dipite dimɔtshi di’ose Rɔma akayôtshuka ndo nde akadjasɛ lo luudu lɔmɔtshi lakawawosha edja ndo lo nyɔi kande.

AKAYAKIME?

• Ngande wakawakɔndɔla lonto laki Zénobie?

• Naa awui amɔtshi wa weke wakasale Zénobie?

• Zénobie ngande wakandɔsaka awui w’ɛtɛmwɛlɔ?

[Osato]

Zénobie, nkumekanga ka womoto, atɛkɛta la ntondo k’asɔlayi ande

[Tablo/Esato wa lo lɛkɛ 246]

NKUMI YA DIKANGA YA LO DANYELE 11:​20-26

Danyele 11:20 Ogistɛ

Danyele 11:​21-24 Tibɛrɛ

Danyele 11:​25, 26 Aurélien Nkumekanga Zénobie

[Osato]

Tibɛrɛ

[Osato]

Aurélien

[Osato]

Lohingu la Charlemagne

[Osato]

Augustus

[Osato]

Masuwa w’ata w’ase Grande-Bretagne wa lo ntambe ka 17

[Osato wɔsa lɛkɛ l’otondo wa lo lɛkɛ 230]

[Osato wa lo lɛkɛ 233]

Ogistɛ

[Osato wa lo lɛkɛ 234]

Tibɛrɛ

[Osato wa lo lɛkɛ 235]

L’ɔtɛ wa didjango diaki Ogistɛ mbakande Yɔsɛfu nde la Mariya lɔkɛndɔ otsha la Bɛtɛlɛhɛma

[Osato wa lo lɛkɛ 237]

Oko wakadiatama, Yeso ‘akayodiakema’

[Esato wa lo lɛkɛ 245]

1. Charlemagne 2. Napoléon I 3. Guillaume I 4. Asɔlayi w’ase Allemagne, Ta dia Ntondo di’Andja w’Otondo