“Koula Kulokula” mei he Metiteleniané
MEI HE TOKOTAHA-TOHI ʻĀ HAKE! ʻI ʻĪTALI
KO E kau mataotaó ʻi he taimi ʻe taha naʻe ʻikai lava ke nau felotoi ai pe ko ha vesitapolo ia pe ko ha meʻa kehe. Ko hono lanu mataʻāʻaá kuo fuoloa ʻene ʻai ke toʻoa ʻa e faʻahinga ʻoku nau fakaʻofoʻofaʻia aí. ʻI he kotoa ʻo e ngaahi senitulí, kuo ngāueʻaki ia ko ha meʻa teuteu, ko ha nāunau tā fakatātā, ko ha meʻa ʻomi monū, ko ha faitoʻo, pea aʻu ʻo hoko ko ha paʻanga. ʻI he ʻahó ni ʻoku ngāueʻaki tefito ia ki hono ngaohi ʻo e meʻa teuteú. Ko e hā ia? Ko e feo kula mei he Metiteleniané—ʻoku mātuʻaki mahuʻinga ʻo ui ai ia ko e koula kulokula.
Ko e hā moʻoni ʻa e feo kulá? ʻOku anga-fēfē pea ko fē ʻoku faʻu aí? Ko e hā ʻa e ngaahi founga kuo ngāueʻaki ke tānaki ai iá? Kuo anga-fēfē hono ngāueʻaki ia ʻi he kuohilí? Pea ʻoku anga-fēfē hono ngāueʻaki ia ʻi he ʻaho ní?
Monumanu, Vesitapolo, pe Meʻa Kehe?
Ko e kau netulolisi ʻi he kuonga muʻá naʻa nau fakamatala ki he feo kula Metiteleniané (Corallium rubrum), founga naʻe tānakiʻakí, pea mo hono ngaahi ʻaongá. Ko e toetoenga hui ia ʻo ha meʻamoʻui ʻi he puleʻanga monumanú, hangē ko ia ko e kotoa ʻo e feó, naʻe ʻikai ke ʻilo lahi ia ka ʻi he toki aʻu ki he senituli hono 18. Ko e meʻa ko ia ʻe hā nai ko e ngaahi matalaʻiʻakau ʻi ha kiʻi fuʻu ʻakau valevalé ko e ngaahi kave kotoa ia ʻo ha meʻamoʻui—ko e ngaahi pupunga polipi. Ko e ngaahi vaʻá, ʻi heʻene aʻu ki ha lōloa ko e senitimita ʻe 25 ki he 30 nai, ko e faʻunga kalasiume kāponeiti fefeka ia ʻoku tukuange mai ʻe he kotoa ʻo e ngaahi pupunga meʻamoʻui ko ení ke maluʻiʻaki kinautolu. Ko e vaʻa taki taha ʻoku lanu-taha ia, ka ʻoku lava ke ʻiloʻi ai ha ngaahi lanu kulokula kehekehe. ʻE tupu ʻa e feo kulá ʻi ha funga meʻa fefeka pē—ko ha fuʻu maka, ko ha vaka ngoto, pea naʻa mo ha mahafu meʻafana fonua motuʻa—ʻo aʻu ki lalo ki ha loloto ko e mita ʻe 250, ka ʻokú ne fiemaʻu ʻa e tahi nonga ʻikai ʻuliʻi ʻi he tuʻunga konokona lahi mo ha māmāfana ʻo e vaí ʻo fetōʻaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e tikilī senitikuleiti ʻe 10 mo e 29. ʻOku maʻu ia ʻi he tahi Metiteleniane ʻo Falanisē, Kalisi, Moloko, Sipeini, Tunīsia, ʻAlasīlia, ʻAlipēniá, ʻĪtali, mo ʻIukosilāviá pea ʻi he tahi ʻAtalanitiki ofi ki he Muitolotolo Veté pea mo Moloko. Ko e vave ʻo e tupu ki he ngaahi pupunga īkí ʻoku mei he vahaʻa ia ʻo e milimita ʻe 4 ki he 8 ʻi he taʻu ʻi hono lōloá pea milimita ʻe 1.5 nai ʻi he taʻu ʻi hono taiamitá.
Fakamahuʻingaʻi Talu mei Tuai
ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻi he fakamoʻoni fakaʻāsiolokí kuo fuoloa hono fakamahuʻingaʻi, ngaohi, mo hono fakatau atu ʻo e feó. ʻI he kamatá, ʻoku ngalingali naʻe ʻikai ha meʻa ʻe fai ʻe he tangatá ka ko hono tānaki pē ʻa e ngaahi vaʻa ʻa ia naʻe hake ki he ngaahi matātahi Metiteleniané. Ko e ngaahi mapakipakiʻi feo kulá, hangehangē naʻe ngāueʻaki ko e ngaahi meʻa ʻomi monuú, kuo maʻu ia ʻi he ngaahi fonualoto motuʻa ʻi Suisalani. Naʻe fakakau ia ʻi he ngaahi siueli ʻa ha ʻotua Sumēlia. Naʻe fakamahuʻingaʻi lahi ia ʻe he kau ʻIsipité. Ko e kau Siu ʻi he kuonga muʻá naʻa nau fokotuʻu fakataha ʻa e feó mo e silivá pea mo e koula kuo siví ʻi hono mahuʻingá. (Palovepi 8:10, 11; Tangilaulau 4:7) Pea ko e kau Celt foki naʻa nau vakai ki ai ko e meʻa mahuʻinga lahi, ʻo teuteuʻiʻaki ia ʻenau ngaahi meʻataú mo e ngaahi piti hōsí.
Ko e netulolisi Loma ko Piliní ʻokú ne līpooti ʻo pehē ʻi he ʻuluaki senituli T.S., naʻe tānaki ai ʻa e feo kulá ʻi he Kūlifa ʻo Lions, ʻi he matāfonua hihifo ʻo e muitolotolo ʻo ʻĪtalí, pea takatakai ʻi Sisilī. Ko e ngaahi pupungá naʻe fusi hake ia ʻi he ngaahi kupenga pe tutuʻu ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi meʻangāue ukamea māsila. ʻI he taimi ko iá, naʻe vakai ki he feó ko ha faitoʻo ia ki he mofí, makamaka ʻi he kofuuá, mo e mahaki ʻo e matá. Naʻe toe pehē ʻokú ne maluʻi ʻa e tokotaha ʻoku ʻaʻaná mei he ngaahi ʻahiohió mo e tapa ʻa e ʻuhilá.
ʻI he aʻu mai ki he senituli hono hongofulu T.S., naʻe ʻilo ai ʻe he kau ʻAlepea ʻAfilika Tokelaú ha meʻangāue ki hono tānaki ʻa e feó—ko ha fuʻu kolosi fakataiakonali, ko e ongo pimi ʻa ia ko hono fuá ʻoku ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e mita ʻe 4 mo e 5 ʻa hono lōloá. Naʻe fakamamafaʻaki ia ha fuʻu maka mamafa pea ʻi ai ha ngaahi kupenga, ko e mita nai ʻe valu hono lōloá, ʻo tautau ʻi loto-mālie mo e ngaahi tulikí. Naʻe tukutuku hifo ʻa e meʻangāué mei ha vaka ki he ngaahi funga meʻa ʻoku tupu ai ʻa e feó ʻo toho holo ai. Naʻe mapakipaki ʻa e ngaahi vaʻa ʻo e feó, ʻo fihia ʻi he ngaahi kupengá, pea toʻo ia ʻi hono fusi hake ʻa e meʻangāué ki ʻolungá. Ko e ngaahi tuʻunga kehekehe ʻo e meʻangāué ni pea mo e foungá naʻe ngāueʻaki ia ʻo aʻu mai ki ha ngaahi taʻu siʻi pē kuo maliu atú, ʻi he taimi naʻe fai ai ʻa e manavasiʻi ʻoku nau maumauʻi ʻa e kilisi tahí mo e meʻamoʻui ʻo ʻōsení ʻo iku ai ki hono tapui kae ngāueʻaki ʻa e kau ukú. ʻI ha fakamahalo, ko e kau ukú ʻe lava ke nau filifili lelei ange mo siʻi ange ai ʻa e fakaʻauhá, ka ʻi hono faí, kuo fakamoʻoniʻi ʻoku malava ʻa e niʻihi ke taʻaki ʻosi ʻa e feó mei he kilisi tahí.
Ko ha Ngāue Fakameaʻa Tukufakaholo Faka-ʻĪtali
Ko e kau ngāue fakameaʻa Loma motuʻá naʻa nau ngaohi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻomi monū, ngaahi foʻi kula ki he kahoá, mo e ngaahi tā tongitongi ʻo fakafofongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa mei he talatupuʻá pea mo natula. ʻI he aʻu ki he senituli hono 12, naʻe ʻi ai ha lakalakaimonū ʻi he fakatau atu ki tuʻa ʻa e ngaahi foʻi kulá, ngaahi foʻi fakamaʻu, mo e ngaahi meʻa kehe ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo Sīnoa mo Konisitanitinopale pea mo e ngaahi taulanga Metiteleniane kehekehe. ʻI he taimi ʻo Mako Poló (senituli hono 13), naʻe fiemaʻu ai ʻa e feo Metiteleniané ʻi ʻInitia mo ʻInitōsiaina, pea naʻe ʻave ia ʻe he kau mēsianiti ʻAlepeá ʻo aʻu ki Siaina.
Ko Talapani, Nepale, mo Sīnoa, ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e ngaahi kolo kehé, naʻe faʻu ai ʻa e ngaahi meʻa teuteu hamolemole lahi. ʻI he ʻiloa lolotonga ʻa e ngaahi vahaʻa taimi naʻe ui ko e Mannerism mo e baroque (mei he senituli hono 16 ki he 18) ko e ngaahi meʻa naʻe faʻu ʻi Talapaní, ʻa ia ko e ngaahi feo fuo iiki, naʻe fokotuʻu ia ʻi he ngaahi funga meʻa papa pe ʻufiʻufi mētale, ʻo teuteuʻiʻaki ʻa e faʻahinga meʻa kehekehe—ko e ngaahi puha siueli, ngaahi tulei, ngaahi ʻesiaʻi tā, ngaahi sioʻata, mo e ngaahi meʻa teuteu fale lotu. Ko e ngaahi fakatātā fakaikiiki ʻo e ʻaloʻí naʻe tā tongitongi ʻaki ia ʻa e feó, pea naʻe tuitui ʻa e ngaahi foʻi kula feo valevale ʻe laui afe ki he ngaahi konga tupenu mahuʻinga mo e ngaahi ʻufiʻufi ʻo e ʻōlitá. Tautefito lolotonga ʻa e senituli hono 19, naʻe faʻu ai ha seti kehekehe ʻo e ngaahi meʻa teuteu fakafoʻituitui ʻi he sīpinga mo e faʻunga kehekehe—ko e ngaahi seti meʻa teuteu, ngaahi meʻa teuteu ki he ʻulú, ngaahi hau, ngaahi teunga, ngaahi kahoa, ngaahi makakoloa kuo tongi, ngaahi pine teuteu, mo e ngaahi vesa kuo tongitongi ia ki he ngaahi matalaʻiʻakau, ngaahi lauʻiʻakau, mo e fanga monumanu, ngaahi tisaini ʻo e ngaahi meʻa faka-Kalisi motuʻa fakaueʻiloto.
Ko e kolo ko Torre del Greco, ʻi he Fanga ʻo Nepalé, ʻĪtali, ʻoku nau mataotao ʻi hono ngaohi ʻo e feo kulá. Ko hono moʻoní, ʻoku ngaohi ʻe he koló ʻo fakafuofua ki he peseti ʻe 90 ʻo e feo kulokula kotoa kuo tānaki ʻi māmani lahí. ʻI hení, ʻoku ngāueʻaki ai ʻe he kau pōtoʻi ngāue fakameaʻá ʻa e ngaahi kili fuopotopoto ke tutuʻu ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi vaʻa feó ki ha fanga kiʻi kongokonga. ʻOku ngaohi ʻa e niʻihi ʻi ha mīsini ke faʻuʻaki ʻa e fanga kiʻi kula fuopotopoto. ʻOku ngaohi-nima ʻa e niʻihi ki he ngaahi fuo mo e lalahi pau, fakangingila, pea fokotuʻutuʻu ʻi ha ngaahi seti ki he ngaahi mama, ngaahi hau, mo e ngaahi meʻa kehe. Ko e vaeua ki he vahe fā ʻe tolu ʻo e feo matá ʻoku mole ia pe liʻaki lolotonga ʻa e ngāue ʻi hono ngaohí, pea ko e taha eni ʻo e ngaahi ʻuhinga ʻoku mahuʻinga lahi ange ai ʻa e meʻa teuteu feó ʻi he kalami ʻe tahá ʻi he meʻa teuteu koulá.
Kuo mātā ʻe he ngāueʻangá ʻa e ngaahi mōmeniti ʻo e lāngilangiʻia pea mo hono tānaki ha fuʻu monū lahi. Ko e meʻa fakamamahí, ko e lau ia ʻa e tohi Il Corallo Rosso (Feo Kulá), kuó ne toe tohoakiʻi mai ʻa e faʻahinga tāutaha “kuo puleʻi ʻe he holi ki ha ngaahi tupu vave mo faingofuá,” ʻa ia ʻoku ala malava ai ʻo ngāue ʻaki ʻa e fuʻu moʻunga ʻo e feó “ʻo aʻu ki he tuʻunga ko hono fakaʻauha.” Ko e hohaʻa ki he kahaʻu ʻo e feo ko ení pea mo e ngāueʻanga ʻoku fakatuʻunga ʻi aí kuo ueʻi ai ʻa e faʻahinga mahuʻingaʻiá ke nau fokotuʻu atu ʻa hono tokangaʻi lelei ʻo e koloá ni. Neongo ʻoku ʻikai vakai ki ai ko ha ngaahi meʻamoʻui ʻoku ʻi ha tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo ʻene ʻauha atú, ko e ngaahi vaʻa ʻoku lalahi feʻunga ke ngāueʻaki ʻe he kau ngaohi meʻa teuteú ʻoku fakautuutu ʻa ʻene faingataʻa ke maʻú. ʻI he ʻahó ni, ko e ngaahi feo mata ki he meʻa teuteu feo ʻĪtalí ʻoku toe haʻu ia mei he Pasifikí. ʻOku tānaki ʻa e ngaahi kalasi kehekehe takatakai ʻi Siapani mo Taiuani, ʻi ha loloto ko e mita nai ʻe 320, ʻo ngāueʻaki ai naʻa mo ha fanga kiʻi vaka uku iiki pea mo e ngaahi lōpoti ʻoku puleʻi mamaʻo atu. ʻI he kilomita ʻe 2,000 mei Hauaiʻi, ʻoku tupu ai ʻa e ngaahi feo mahuʻingá ʻo aʻu hono lolotó ki he mita ʻe 1,500.
Ko e ngaahi meʻa teuteu mo e ngaahi tā tongitongi fakaʻofoʻofa ʻaupitó ʻoku fakamoʻoni ia ki he pōtoʻi ʻa e kau ngāue fakameaʻa kuo nau tokoni ki he tuʻunga tukufakaholo fakaʻofoʻofa ko ení. Pea ki he kakai ʻoku nau fakaʻofoʻofaʻia ʻi he ngāue ʻa e toʻukupu ʻo hotau Tokotaha-Fakatupú, ko e “koula kulokula” Metiteleniané ko ha fakatātā ia ʻo ʻene ngaahi tokonaki taʻefaʻalaua ke fiefia ai ʻa e tangatá.—Sāme 135:3, 6.
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 16]
Kahoa mei he senituli hono 19 naʻe ngaohiʻaki ʻa e foʻi kula feo ʻe 75,000
[Maʻuʻanga]
Per gentile concessione del Museo Liverino, Torre del Greco
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 17]
Feo moʻui
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 18]
Meʻa teuteu ʻulu
Ipu ʻi he senituli hono 17
Seti meʻa teuteu
[Maʻuʻanga]
Fakatātā kotoa: Per gentile concessione del Museo Liverino, Torre del Greco
[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e tā ʻi he peesi 17]
Per gentile concessione del Museo Liverino, Torre del Greco