Muʻaki Lotu Faka-Kalisitiané mo e Puleʻangá
ʻI HE ngaahi houa siʻi ki muʻa peá ne pekiá, naʻe tala ai ʻe Sīsū ki heʻene kau ākongá: “ʻI he ʻikai ʻo māmani ʻa kimoutolu kae, kehe, ko e fili kimoutolu ʻe au mei māmani, ko hono ʻuhingā ʻe ʻoku fehiʻa ai ʻa māmani kiate kimoutolu.” (Sione 15:19) Neongo ia, ʻoku ʻuhinga ʻení ʻe fakatupu ai ʻe he kau Kalisitiané ha fakakaukau fakafili ki he ngaahi mafai ʻo e māmani ko ʻení?
ʻIkai Fakamāmani ka ʻOku ʻIkai Fakafili
Naʻe tala ʻe he ʻaposetolo ko Paulá ki he kau Kalisitiane naʻe nofo ʻi Lomá: “Ke anganofo ʻa e tangata kotoa pe ki he ngaahi pule ʻoku maʻolunga.” (Loma 13:1) ʻI he tuʻunga meimei tatau, naʻe tohi ʻa e ʻaposetolo ko Pitá: “Mou fakavaivai kimoutolu ki he tuʻunga kotoa pe kuo fokotuʻu ʻe he tangata, koeʻuhi ko e ʻEiki: ki he tuʻi, he ko e maʻolunga; ki he ngaahi kovana foki, he ʻoku fou ʻiate ia honau fekau ke tautea ʻa e faikovi, kae fakamālōʻi ʻa e failelei.” (1 Pita 2:13, 14) Ko e anganofo ki he Puleʻangá mo hono kau fakafofonga totonu kuo fakanofó naʻe hā mahino ko ha tefitoʻi moʻoni ia naʻe tali ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e muʻaki kau Kalisitiané. Naʻa nau feinga ke hoko ko e kau tangataʻifonua tauhi-lao pea ke nofo melino mo e kakai kotoa pē.—Loma 12:18.
ʻI he tuʻunga-lea ko e “Siasí mo e Puleʻangá,” ʻoku fakamatala ai ʻa e The Encyclopedia of Religion: “ʻI he ʻuluaki senituli ʻe tolu T.S. naʻe mavahe ʻaupito ai ʻa e siasi Kalisitiané ia mei he sōsaieti fakapuleʻanga ʻo Lomá . . . Ka neongo ia, ko e kau taki Kalisitiané, . . . naʻa nau akoʻi ke talangofua ki he lao ʻo Lomá pea mateaki ki he ʻemipolá, ʻi loto ʻi he ngaahi fakangatangata kuo fokotuʻu ʻe he tui faka-Kalisitiané.”
Fakaʻapaʻapa, ʻIkai ko e Lotu
Naʻe ʻikai ke fakafili ʻa e kau Kalisitiané ki he ʻemipola Lomá. Naʻa nau tokaʻi ʻa hono mafaí mo ʻoange kiate ia ʻa e fakaʻapaʻapa naʻe taau mo hono lakangá. ʻI he lolotonga ʻo e pule ʻa ʻEmipola Nero, naʻe tohi ʻa e ʻaposetolo ko Pitá ki he kau Kalisitiane naʻe nofo ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu kehekehe ʻo e ʻEmipaea Lomá: “Ko ia mou fakaʻapaʻapa ki he tangata taki taha; . . . mou fakaʻapaʻapa ai pe ki he tuʻi.” (1 Pita 2:17) Ko e foʻi lea ko e “tuʻi” naʻe ngāueʻaki ia ʻi he māmani lea faka-Kalisí ʻo ʻikai ngata pē ʻi he ngaahi tuʻi fakalotofonuá ka naʻe toe pehē foki ki he ʻemipola Lomá. Naʻe akonaki ʻa e ʻaposetolo ko Paulá ki he kau Kalisitiane naʻe nofo ʻi he kolomuʻa ʻo e ʻemipaea Lomá: “Ko ia mou fai kiate kinautolu kotoa pe ʻa e meʻa ʻoku totonu: . . . ʻa e fakaʻapaʻapa kiate ia ʻoku aʻana ʻa e fakaʻapaʻapaʻia.” (Loma 13:7) Naʻe fiemaʻu lahi taha ʻa e fakaʻapaʻapá ʻe he ʻemipola Lomá. ʻI he faai mai ʻa e taimí, naʻe aʻu ʻo ne fiemaʻu ke lotu ange ki ai. Ka, naʻe fokotuʻu heni ʻe he muʻaki kau Kalisitiané ʻa e laine fakangatangatá.
ʻI hono fakamāuʻi ia ʻi he ʻao ʻo ha kōvana Loma ʻi he senituli hono ua T.S., naʻe tala fakahangatonu ai ʻe Polikapi: “Ko ha Kalisitiane au. . . . ʻOku akoʻi kimautolu ke mau ʻoange ʻa e fakaʻapaʻapa kotoa ʻoku totonu . . . ki he kau pule mo e kau maʻu mafai ʻoku fakanofo ki ai ʻe he ʻOtuá.” Kae kehe, naʻe fili ʻe Polikapi ia ke ne mate kae ʻoua ʻe lotu ki he ʻemipolá. Naʻe tohi ʻa e tokotaha taukapoʻi-tui he senituli hono uá ko Tiofilusi ʻo ʻAniteoké: “ʻE lelei ange kiate au ke u fakaʻapaʻapa ki he ʻemipolá, ko hono moʻoní ko e ʻikai lotu kiate ia, ka ko hono fai ha lotu maʻana. Ka, ko e ʻOtuá, ʻa e ʻOtua moʻui mo moʻoní ʻoku ou lotu ki aí.”
Ko e ngaahi lotu feʻungamālie naʻe fai ʻo fekauʻaki mo e ʻemipolá naʻe ʻikai ʻaupito ke felāveʻi ia mo ha lotu ki he ʻemipolá pe ko e mateakiʻi fonuá. Naʻe fakamatalaʻi ʻe he ʻaposetolo ko Paulá ʻa honau ngaahi taumuʻá: “Ko ia ʻoku ou fuofua enginaki ʻa e fai ʻo e ngaahi hu, mo e lotu, mo e hufekina, mo e fakafetaʻi, koeʻuhi ko e kakai kotoa pe. Koeʻuhi ko e ngaahi tuʻi, mo kinautolu kotoa pe ʻoku maʻolunga, koeʻuhi pe ke malu ʻetau moʻui, mo fiemalie, ʻo tau matuʻaki fai fakalotu mo angamaopo.”—1 Tīmote 2:1, 2.
“ʻI he Tapa ʻo e Sōsaietí”
Naʻe ʻikai ke hanga ʻe he ʻulungaanga fakaʻapaʻapa ko ʻeni mei he tafaʻaki ʻa e muʻaki kau Kalisitiané ʻo ʻai kinautolu ke nau kaumeʻa mo e māmani naʻa nau nofo aí. ʻOku lave ki ai ʻa e faihisitōlia Falanisē ko A. Hamman ʻo pehē ko e muʻaki kau Kalisitiané “naʻa nau nofo ʻi he tapa ʻo e sōsaietí.” Ko hono moʻoní, naʻa nau nofo ʻi he tapa ʻo e sōsaieti ʻe ua, ko e faka-Siú mo e faka-Lomá, ʻo fetaulaki ai mo e filifilimānako fakaefaʻahinga pea mo e taʻefemahinoʻaki lahi mei ai fakatouʻosi.
Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi hono talatalaakiʻi loi ia ʻe he kau taki Siú, naʻe fakahā ʻe he ʻaposetolo ko Paulá ʻi heʻene taukapo ʻi he ʻao ʻo e kōvana Lomá: “Kuo ʻikai te u fai hala ʻi ha meʻa ki he lao ʻa e kakai Siū, pe ki he Temipale, pe kia Sisa. . . . Te u unga au kia Sisa.” (Ngāue 25:8, 11) ʻI hono ʻilo naʻe alea fakafufū ʻa e kau Siú ke tāmateʻi iá, naʻe tangi ʻa Paula kia Nero, ʻo tokaʻi ai ʻa e mafai ʻo e ʻemipola Lomá. Ki mui mai aí, ʻi heʻene ʻuluaki hopo ʻi Lomá, ʻoku hā naʻe tonuhia ʻa Paula. Ka naʻe toe tuku pilīsone ia ki mui, pea ʻoku pehē ʻe he talatukufakaholó naʻe tāmateʻi fakalao ia ʻi he tuʻutuʻuni ʻa Nero.
ʻI he fekauʻaki mo e tuʻunga faingataʻa ʻo e muʻaki kau Kalisitiané ʻi he sōsaieti Lomá, naʻe tohi ʻe he sosiolosia mo e teolosia ko Ernst Troeltsch ʻo pehē: “Ko e ngaahi lakanga kotoa pē mo e ngaahi fiemaʻu naʻa nau tapui kinautolu mei aí naʻe ʻi ai haʻane fekauʻaki mo e lotu-ʻaitolí, pe lotu ki he ʻEmipolá, pe ko e ngaahi meʻa ko ia naʻe ʻi ai haʻane fekauʻaki mo e lingi totó pe tāmateʻi fakalaó, pe ko e ngaahi meʻa ko ia te ne ʻai ai ʻa e kau Kalisitiané ke nau fekauʻaki mo e ʻulungaanga taʻetaau fakapanganí.” Naʻe ʻikai leva ke ʻi ai ha vā melino mo fetokaʻiʻaki ia ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau Kalisitiané mo e Puleʻangá koeʻuhi ko e tuʻunga ko ʻení?
Ko Hono ʻOange kia Sisa “ʻa e Meʻa ʻOku Totonu” Ke Ne Maʻú
Naʻe ʻomai ʻe Sīsū ha tuʻutuʻuni ʻa ia te ne puleʻi ʻa e tōʻonga ʻa e Kalisitiané ki he Puleʻanga Lomá, pe ki ha toe puleʻanga kehe pē, ʻi he taimi naʻá ne fanongonongo ai: “Peʻi ʻange kia Sisa ʻa e ngāhi meʻa ʻa Sisa; pea ki he ʻOtua ʻa e ngāhi meʻa ʻa e ʻOtua.” (Mātiu 22:21) Ko e akonaki ko ʻeni ki he kau muimui ʻo Sīsuú naʻe fepaki ʻaupito ia mo e fakakaukau ʻa e kau Siu mateakiʻi fonua tokolahi ʻa ē naʻa nau fakatafihufihu ki he pule ʻa Lomá pea nau fakakikihiʻi ʻa e fakalao ʻo hono totongi ʻo e ngaahi tukuhaú ki ha mafai muli.
Ki mui aí, naʻe tala ʻe Paula ki he kau Kalisitiane naʻe nofo ʻi Lomá: “Ko ia kuo pau ke mou anganofo, ʻo ʻikai telia ʻa e houhau pe, kae telia ʻa konisenisi foki. Seuke, ko hono ʻuhinga foki ia ʻoku mou tukuhau ai: he ko e kau fai ʻo e ngaue tapu ʻa e ʻOtua ʻa kinautolu [“ngaahi mafai māʻolunga” fakapuleʻangá], pea ʻoku nau nofo pe ki he meʻa ko ia. Ko ia mou fai kiate kinautolu kotoa pe ʻa e meʻa ʻoku totonu: ʻa e tukuhau kiate ia ʻoku aʻana ʻa e tukuhau; ʻa e tute kiate ia ʻoku aʻana ʻa e tute.” (Loma 13:5-7) Neongo ko e kau Kalisitiané naʻe ʻikai te nau ʻo māmani, naʻa nau moʻuaʻaki ke nau hoko ko e kau tangataʻifonua faitotonu, totongi tukuhau, ʻo totongi ʻa e Puleʻangá koeʻuhi ko e ngaahi ngāue ʻoku fai maí.—Sione 17:16.
Ka ʻoku fakangatangata pē ʻa e ngaahi lea ʻa Sīsuú ki he totongi ʻo e ngaahi tukuhaú? Koeʻuhi naʻe ʻikai fakamatalaʻi tonu matematē mai ʻe Sīsū pe ko e hā ʻoku ʻa Sisá pea ko e hā ʻoku ʻa e ʻOtuá, ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻoku tuʻu ʻi he vahaʻá ʻa ia kuo pau ke fai ʻa ʻete filí ʻo fakatatau ki hono potutohí pe fakatatau ki heʻetau mahino fekauʻaki mo e Tohitapú fakakātoa. ʻI hono fakalea ʻe tahá, ko e fili ko ia pe ko e hā ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻoku malava ke ʻoange ʻe ha Kalisitiane kia Sisá ʻe kaunga ki ai ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi ʻa e konisēnisi ʻo e Kalisitiané, ʻa ia ʻoku tataki ʻe he ngaahi tefitoʻi moʻoni ʻi he Tohitapú.
Ko ha Tokanga Mafamafatatau ki he Vā ʻo ha Ongo Feʻauʻauhi ʻi he Fiemaʻú
ʻOku hehema ʻa e kakai tokolahi ke fakangaloʻi ʻa e pehē ko ia ʻi he hili hono fakahā ʻoku totonu ke ʻoange kia Sisa ʻa ʻene ngaahi meʻá, naʻe tānaki atu ʻe Sīsū: “Pea [ʻoange] ki he ʻOtua ʻa e ngāhi meʻa ʻa e ʻOtua.” Naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe he ʻaposetolo ko Pitá ʻa e meʻa ʻoku totonu ke muʻomuʻa ki he kau Kalisitiané. ʻI he hili pē ʻa hono akonakiʻi ke anganofo ki he “tuʻi,” pe ʻemipolá, mo ʻene “ngaahi kovana,” naʻe tohi ʻe Pita: “Fai ʻo ngali ko ha kau tauʻataina, ʻo ʻikai hange ko ha kakai ʻoku ngaue ʻaki ʻa e tauʻataina ko e pulonga ʻo e lotokovi, kae ngali ko ha kau tamaioʻeiki ʻa e ʻOtua: ko ia mou fakaʻapaʻapa ki he tangata taki taha; mou ʻofa ki he haʻa lotu; mou manavahe ki he ʻOtua; mou fakaʻapaʻapa ai pe ki he tuʻi.” (1 Pita 2:16, 17) Naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe he ʻaposetoló ko e kau Kalisitiané ko e kau tamaioʻeiki ʻa e ʻOtuá, ʻikai ʻo ha pule fakaetangata. Neongo ʻoku totonu ke nau fakahāhā ʻa e fakaʻapaʻapa totonu mo e tokaʻi ki he kau fakafofonga ʻo e Puleʻangá, ʻoku nau fai ia ʻi he manavahē ki he ʻOtuá, ʻa ia ʻoku māʻolunga taha ʻa ʻene ngaahi laó.
ʻI he ngaahi taʻu ki muʻa angé naʻe ʻai ai ʻe Pita ʻo hā papau ʻa e māʻolunga taha ʻa e lao ʻa e ʻOtuá ʻi he lao ʻa e tangatá. Naʻe hoko ʻa e Sanetalimi faka-Siú ko ha founga-pule tefito ia naʻe maʻu mei ai ʻe he kau Lomá ʻa e mafai fakapuleʻangá mo e mafai fakalotú. ʻI he taimi naʻá ne tuʻutuʻuni ai ki he kau muimui ʻo Sīsuú ke taʻofi ʻa e faiakoʻaki ʻa e huafa ʻo Kalaisí, naʻe fai ʻe Pita mo e kau ʻaposetolo kehé ha tali anga-fakaʻapaʻapa kae tuʻumaʻu: “ʻOku totonu pe ke fai ki he pule ʻa e ʻOtua ʻi he pule ʻa e tangata.” (Ngāue 5:29) ʻOku hā mahino, naʻe pau ki he muʻaki kau Kalisitiané ke tauhi maʻu ha fakakaukau tokanga mafamafatatau ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e talangofua ki he ʻOtuá pea mo e anganofo totonu ki he kau maʻu mafai fakaetangatá. Naʻe pehē ni ʻa hono fakalea ia ʻe Tertullian ʻi he konga ki muʻa ʻo e senituli hono tolu T.S.: “Kapau ʻoku ʻa Sisa ʻa e meʻa kotoa pē, ko e hā ʻe kei toe maʻá e ʻOtuá?”
Fakavaivai ki he Puleʻangá
ʻI he faai atu ʻa e taimí, naʻe faai pē ʻo vaivai ʻa e tuʻunga naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he kau Kalisitiane ʻo e ʻuluaki senitulí ʻi he fekauʻaki mo e Puleʻangá. Ko e tafoki mei he moʻoní ʻa ia naʻe tala ki muʻa ʻe Sīsū mo e kau ʻaposetoló naʻe tupulaki ʻaupito ia ʻi he senituli hono ua mo hono tolu T.S. (Mātiu 13:37, 38; Ngāue 20:29, 30; 2 Tesalonaika 2:3-12; 2 Pita 2:1-3) Naʻe fakavaivai ʻa e lotu faka-Kalisitiane tafoki mei he moʻoní ki he māmani ʻo Lomá, ʻo ohi ʻa hono ngaahi kātoanga fakapanganí mo ʻene ngaahi fakakaukau fakafilōsefá, pea tali ʻo ʻikai ngata pē ʻi he ngāue fakafonuá kae toe pehē foki ki he ngāue fakakautaú.
Naʻe tohi ʻe Palōfesa Troeltsch: “Naʻe toe faingataʻa ange ʻa e tuʻunga ko iá mei he senituli hono tolú ʻo faai mai, he naʻe hoko ʻo toe tokolahi ange ʻa e kau Kalisitiane ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga māʻolunga ange ʻo e Sōsaietí pea ʻi he ngaahi lakanga tuʻu-ki-muʻa ange, ʻi he taú pea ʻi he ngaahi ʻātakai fakapuleʻangá. ʻI he ngaahi konga he ngaahi tohi faka-Kalisitiane [ʻikai faka-Tohitapu] naʻe hikí ʻoku ʻi ai ha ngaahi fakakikihiʻi ʻita ai ʻo fakafepakiʻi ʻa e kau ki he ngaahi meʻa ko ʻení; ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, ʻoku tau toe maʻu ai ʻa e ngaahi feinga ke fakavaivai—ngaahi fakakikihi naʻe fakataumuʻa ke ne fakalongolongoʻi ʻa e konisēnisi ʻoku hohaʻá . . . Mei he taimi ʻo Konisitanitainé naʻe pulia kotoa atu ai ʻa e ngaahi faingataʻá ni; naʻe mate hifo ai ʻa e fepaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau Kalisitiané mo e kau panganí, pea naʻe fakaʻatā ʻa e ngaahi lakanga kotoa ʻi he Puleʻangá.”
ʻI he fakaofi ki he ngataʻanga ʻo e senituli hono fā T.S., naʻe hoko ai ʻa e faʻunga tuifio mo fakavaivai ko ʻeni ʻo e lotu faka-Kalisitiané ko e lotu Fakapuleʻanga ʻa e ʻEmipaea Lomá.
ʻI he kotoa ʻo hono hisitōliá, ʻa Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiané—ʻoku fakafofongaʻi ʻe he Katoliká, ʻOfotokisī, mo e ngaahi Siasi Palotisaní—kuo nau hokohoko mai ʻi he fakavaivai ki he Puleʻangá, ʻo kau lahi ʻi hono ngaahi meʻa fakapolitikalé pea poupouʻi ia ʻi heʻene ngaahi taú. Ko e kau mēmipa fakalotu loto-totonu tokolahi kuo nau ofo ʻi he meʻa ko ʻení ʻoku ʻikai ha veiveiua te nau fiefia ʻi hono ʻilo ʻoku ʻi ai ha kau Kalisitiane he ʻahó ni ʻoku nau pipiki ki he tuʻunga ʻo e kau Kalisitiane ʻo e ʻuluaki senitulí ʻi honau vahaʻangatae mo e Puleʻangá. ʻE ʻi ai ha kupu ʻe ua ʻe lāulea ki he meʻá ni ʻo toe fakaikiiki ange.
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 5]
Ko Sisa Nero ʻa ia naʻe tohi ʻa Pita ʻo pehē: “Fakaʻapaʻapa ai pe ki he tuʻi”
[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā]
Musei Capitolini, Roma
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 6]
Naʻe fili ʻe Polikapi ia ke ne mate kae ʻoua ʻe lotu ki he ʻemipolá
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 7]
Naʻe hoko ʻa e muʻaki kau Kalisitiané ko e kau tangataʻifonua melino, faitotonu, mo totongi tukuhau