“Maama Māʻalaʻala” ki he Tohi Tapú mei he Laipeli Motuʻa Taha ʻo Lūsiá

ʻOKU kumi ha ongo mataotao ʻe toko ua ki ha ngaahi maniusikilipi Tohi Tapu motuʻa. ʻOkú na fononga tāutaha holo ʻi he ngaahi toafá ʻo kumi ʻi he ngaahi ʻana, ngaahi monasiteliō mo e ngaahi nofoʻanga motuʻa he lilifá. ʻI ha ngaahi taʻu ki mui ai, naʻá na fou atu ai ʻi he laipeli motuʻa taha maʻá e kakaí ʻo Lūsiá, ʻa ia naʻe lava ke maʻu ai ʻa e ngaahi konga tohi Fakatohitapu fakatoʻoaloto taha ʻa ia kuo faifai ange pea ʻiloʻi he māmaní. Ko hai ʻa e ongo tangata ko ení? Naʻe anga-fēfē ʻa e iku ʻo ʻi Lūsia ʻa e ngaahi koloa naʻá na ʻiló?

Ngaahi Maniusikilipi Motuʻa—Kau Taukapoʻi ʻo e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá

Ke tau feʻiloaki mo e taha ʻo e ongo mataotao ko ení, kuo pau ke tau foki ki he kamataʻanga ʻo e senituli hono 19 ʻi he taimi naʻe mafola vave ai ʻi ʻIulope ʻa e ngaʻunu ʻa ha liukava fakaefakakaukau. Ko ha taimi ia ʻo e fakalakalaka fakasaienisí mo e lavameʻa ʻi he anga fakafonuá, ʻa ia ʻoku pouaki ai ha vakai veiveiua ki he ngaahi tui tukufakaholó. Kuo feinga ʻa e kau fakaanga Tohi Tapú ke fakavaivaiʻi ʻa e mafai ʻo e Tohi Tapú. Ko hono moʻoní, naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe he kau mataotaó ʻa e ngaahi veiveiua fekauʻaki mo e alafalalaʻanga ʻa e konga tohi Fakatohitapú tonu.

Naʻe ʻiloʻi ʻe he kau taukapo loto-moʻoni pau ʻo e Tohi Tapú ko e kau taukapo foʻoú—ʻa ia ʻoku teʻeki ai ke nau ʻiloʻi ʻa e ngaahi maniusikilipi Fakatohitapu motuʻá—ʻoku ʻikai ha veiveiua te nau pouaki ʻa e tuʻunga kakato ʻo e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá. Kapau ʻoku lava ke maʻu ʻa e ngaahi maniusikilipi motuʻa ange he ngaahi maniusikilipi ʻoku lolotonga maʻú, te nau hoko ko e ngaahi fakamoʻoni fakalongolongo ki he tuʻunga maʻa ʻo e konga tohi Fakatohitapú, neongo kuo fuoloa hono fai ʻa e ngaahi feinga hokohoko ke fakaʻauha ia pe mioʻi ʻa ʻene pōpoakí. ʻE lava foki ke toe fakaeʻa ʻe he ngaahi maniusikilipi peheé ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu ʻe niʻihi ʻa ia kuo fakahū ai ʻa e ngaahi liliu hala ki he konga tohí.

Ko e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi fakakikihi lahi taha fekauʻaki mo e alafalalaʻanga ʻo e Tohi Tapú naʻe hoko lahi ia ʻi Siamane. ʻI aí naʻe tukuange ai ʻe ha palōfesa kei siʻi ʻa ʻene moʻui fiemālie fakaeakó ka ne ʻalu ʻi ha fononga ʻa ia naʻe taki atu ai ia ki he taha ʻo e ngaahi ʻilo lalahi taha Fakatohitapú ʻi he kotoa ʻo e taimí. Ko hono hingoá ko Konstantin von Tischendorf, ko ha mataotao Tohi Tapu ʻa ia ʻi heʻene talitekeʻi ʻa e kau fakaanga Tohi Tapú naʻe taki atu ai ki haʻane lavameʻa ʻiloa ʻi hono taukapoʻi ʻa e alafalalaʻanga ʻo e konga tohi Fakatohitapú. Ko ʻene fuofua fononga ki he toafa ʻo Sainaí ʻi he 1844 naʻá ne aʻusia ai ha lavameʻa ʻoku ʻikai ala tui ki ai. Ko ha sio noaʻia pē ki ha faʻoʻanga veve ʻi he monasitelioó naʻá ne ʻiloʻi ai ha tatau motuʻa ʻo e Sepituakiní, pe liliu faka-Kalisi ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Hepeluú—ko e motuʻa taha ia kuo faifai ange pea ʻiloʻí!

ʻI he hākahaká, naʻe malava ʻa Tischendorf ʻo ʻave ʻa e ngaahi takainga tohi kiliʻimanu ʻe 43. Neongo naʻá ne tuipau naʻe kei toe lahi, ko ha toe foki ki ai ʻi he 1853 naʻe maʻu ai ha kiʻi konga pē. Naʻe ʻi fē ʻa e toengá ia? ʻI he ʻosiʻosingamālie ʻene paʻangá, naʻe kumi ai ʻa Tischendorf ki ha poupou fakapaʻanga ʻa ha tokotaha maʻumeʻa, peá ne fakapapauʻi ai ke ne toe hiki mei hono fonua tupuʻangá ʻi he kumi ki he ngaahi maniusikilipi motuʻá. Kae kehe, ki muʻa ke ne fononga ʻi he misiona ko ení, naʻe pau ke ne kole ki he sā ʻo Lūsiá.

Mahuʻingaʻia ʻa e Saá

Naʻe fifili lahi nai ʻa Tischendorf pe ko e hā ʻa e faʻahinga talitali ʻe fai kiate ia, ko ha mataotao Palotisani ʻi Lūsia, ko ha fonua lahi kāfakafa naʻe ohi hake ai ʻa e lotu ʻOfotokisī faka-Lūsiá. Ka ʻi heʻene fiefiá, kuo kamata ʻa Lūsia ia ʻi ha kuonga lelei ʻo e liliú mo e fakaleleí. Ko hano fakamamafaʻi ʻo e akó naʻe taki atu ai ki hono fokotuʻu ʻa e Laipeli Fakaʻemipaea ʻo St. Petersburg ʻi he 1795 ʻe ʻEmipola Katalina II (ʻa ia naʻe toe ʻiloa ko Katalina ko e Lahí). ʻI heʻene hoko ko e fuofua laipeli maʻá e kakaí ʻi Lūsiá, kuó ne ʻai ai ʻo malava ke maʻu ʻe he laui miliona ha tokonaki lahi ʻaupito ʻo e ngaahi fakamatala kuo pulusí.

ʻI hono fakavīkivikiʻi ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi laipeli lelei taha ʻi ʻIulopé, naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e kiʻi mele ʻe taha ʻo e Laipeli Fakaʻemipaeá. Hili ha taʻu ʻe nimangofulu mei hono fokotuʻú, naʻe ʻi he laipelí ha maniusikilipi faka-Hepelū pē ʻe ono. Naʻe ʻikai lava ke ne fakalato ʻa e mahuʻingaʻia fakautuutu ʻa Lūsia ʻi he ako ʻo e ngaahi lea mo e ngaahi liliu ʻo e Tohi Tapú. Naʻe fekauʻi ʻe Katalina II ha kau mataotao ki he ngaahi ʻunivēsiti ʻi ʻIulopé ke nau ako ʻa e lea faka-Hepeluú. ʻI he hili ʻa e foki ʻa e kau mataotaó, naʻe fokotuʻu ha ngaahi koosi faka-Hepelū ʻi he ngaahi seminālio ʻOfotokisī Lūsia lalahí, pea ko e fuofua taimi eni naʻe kamata ai ʻe he kau mataotao Lūsiá ke nau ngāue ki ha liliu lea totonu ʻo e Tohi Tapú mei he lea faka-Hepelū motuʻá ki he lea faka-Lūsiá. Ka naʻa nau fehangahangai mo ha paʻanga tokoni siʻisiʻi pea naʻa mo e fakafepaki mei he kau taki lotu pipiki ki he tukufakaholó. Naʻe teʻeki ai ke kamata ʻa e fakamaama moʻoní ki he faʻahinga ʻoku nau kumi ki he ʻilo Fakatohitapú.

Naʻe vave ke mahinoʻi ʻe he saá, ʻe ʻAlekisānita II, ʻa e mahuʻinga ʻo e misiona ʻa Tischendorf ʻo ne foaki ai ʻa ʻene tokoni fakapaʻanga. Neongo ʻa e “meheká mo e fakafepaki tōtuʻa” mei he niʻihi, naʻe foki ʻa Tischendorf mei heʻene misioná ki Sainai mo e toenga ʻo e tatau ʻo e Sepituakiní.a ʻI hono toki ui ki mui ai ko e Codex Sinaiticus, ʻoku kei hoko pē ko e taha ia ʻo e ngaahi maniusikilipi Fakatohitapu motuʻa taha ʻoku kei ʻi aí. ʻI St. Petersburg, naʻe fakavave ai ʻa Tischendorf ki he ʻapi ʻo e saá, ʻa e Palasi Faʻahitaʻu Momoko Fakaʻemipaeá. Naʻá ne fokotuʻu ange ke poupouʻi ʻe he saá ʻa e “taha ʻo e ngaahi ngāue lahi taha ki he fakaʻuhinga totonú mo e ako Fakatohitapú”—ko ha pulusinga ʻosi pulusi ʻo e maniusikilipi toki ʻilo foʻoú, ʻa ia naʻe toki ʻave ki mui ʻo tuku ʻi he Laipeli Fakaʻemipaeá. Naʻe loto-lelei ki ai ʻa e saá, pea ko Tischendorf ʻa ia naʻe hākahaká naʻá ne tohi ki mui ai: “Kuo ʻomai ʻe he tataki fakaʻotuá ki homau toʻutangatá . . . ʻa e Tohi Tapu Sinaitic, ke hoko ia kiate kimautolu ko ha maama kakato mo māʻalaʻala ʻo fekauʻaki mo e konga tohi moʻoni ʻo e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá kuo tohí, pea ke tokoniʻi ai kimautolu ʻi hono taukapoʻi ʻa e moʻoní ʻaki ʻemau fokotuʻu ʻa hono tuʻunga alafalalaʻangá.”

Ngaahi Koloa Fakatohitapu mei he Kulimiá

Naʻe fai ʻa e lave ʻi he kamatá ki ha toe mataotao ʻe taha naʻá ne kumi ki he ngaahi koloa Tohi Tapú. Ko hai ia? ʻI ha ngaahi taʻu siʻi ki muʻa pea foki ʻa Tischendorf ki Lūsiá, naʻe maʻu ai ʻe he Laipeli Fakaʻemipaeá ha fuʻu foaki lahi fakaʻulia ʻo tohoakiʻi ai ʻa e mahuʻingaʻia ʻa e saá peá ne ʻomi ai ki Lūsia ha kau mataotao mei he feituʻu kehekehe ʻo ʻIulopé. Naʻa nau ʻohovale lahi ʻaupito. ʻI muʻa ʻiate kinautolú naʻe ʻi ai ha fuʻu tānekina lahi faufaua ʻo e ngaahi maniusikilipi mo e naunau kehe. Ko hono fakakātoá ko e konga tohi lahi fau ʻe 2,412, ʻo kau ai ʻa e ngaahi maniusikilipi mo e ngaahi takainga tohi ʻe 975. Naʻe ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e ngaahi meʻá ni ʻa e ngaahi maniusikilipi Tohi Tapu ʻe 45 naʻe ki muʻa atu hono taimí ʻi he senituli hono hongofulú. Neongo ʻene hā ngali faingataʻa ke tui ki aí, ko e kotoa ʻo e ngaahi maniusikilipi ko ení naʻe meimei tānaki kotoa pē ia ʻe ha tangata pē ʻe toko taha ko hono hingoá ko Abraham Firkovich, ko ha mataotao Kalaite ʻa ia naʻá ne taʻu 70 tupu! Ka ko hai ʻa e kau Kalaité?b

Ko e fehuʻi ko ení naʻe mahuʻinga lahi ia ki he saá. Naʻe fakalahi ʻe Lūsia hono ngaahi kauʻāfonuá ke fakakau mai ki ai ʻa e feituʻu naʻe maʻu ki muʻa ʻe he ngaahi fonua kehé. Naʻe ʻomai ai heni ha ngaahi kulupu fakafaʻahinga foʻou ki he ʻemipaeá. Ko e vahefonua Kulimia fakaʻofoʻofá, ʻi he ngaahi matāfanga ʻo e Tahi ʻUliʻulí, naʻe nofoʻi ia ʻe ha kakai naʻe hā ngali ko e kau Siu ka naʻa nau maʻu ʻa e ngaahi anga fakafonua faka-Toake pea naʻa nau lea ʻi ha lea ʻoku felāveʻi mo e lea faka-Tataá (Tatar). Naʻe fakatotoloʻi ʻe he kau Kalaite ko ení honau laine hohokó mei he kau Siu ko ia naʻe taki pōpula ki Pāpilone hili ʻa hono fakaʻauha ʻo Selusalema ʻi he 607 K.M. Ka neongo ia, ʻi he ʻikai hangē ko e kau Siu lāpaí, naʻa nau fakataleʻi ʻe kinautolu ʻa e Talamatá pea nau fakamamafaʻi hono lau ʻo e Tohi Tapú. Naʻe vēkeveke ʻa e kau Kalaite Kulimiá ke nau ʻoatu ki he saá ʻa e fakamoʻoni ʻo ʻenau makehe mei he kau Siu lāpaí, ʻo ʻoange ai kia kinautolu ha tuʻunga mavahe. ʻAki hono ʻoatu ʻa e ngaahi maniusikilipi naʻe maʻu ʻe he kau Kalaité, naʻa nau ʻamanaki ke fakamoʻoniʻi ai naʻa nau tukuʻau mai mei he kau Siu ʻa ia naʻa nau hiki ki Kulimia hili ʻa e takiheeʻi ki Pāpiloné.

ʻI he taimi naʻe fakahoko ai ʻe Firkovich ʻa ʻene kumi ki ha ngaahi lēkooti mo e ngaahi maniusikilipi motuʻá, naʻá ne kamata ʻi he kau Kulimia nofo lilifa ʻo Chufut-Kale. Kuo nofo mo lotu ʻa e laui toʻutangata ʻo e kau Kalaité ʻi he fanga kiʻi fale iiki ko eni naʻe langa mei he ngaahi maka naʻe tongi mei he lilifá. Naʻe ʻikai ke fakaʻauha ʻe he kau Kalaité ʻa e ngaahi tatau mahaehae ʻo e Tohi Tapú ʻa ia naʻe hā ai ʻa e huafa fakaʻotuá, ʻa e Sihová, koeʻuhí naʻa nau fakakaukau ko e ngāue peheé ko e taʻefakaʻapaʻapa ia ki he meʻa toputapú. Naʻe tuku fakalelei ʻa e ngaahi maniusikilipí ʻi ha kiʻi loki tukuʻanga koloa naʻe ui ko ha kenisā, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻuhingá ko e “toitoiʻanga” ʻi he lea faka-Hepeluú. Koeʻuhi naʻe maʻu ʻe he kau Kalaité ha ʻapasia loloto ki he huafa fakaʻotuá, naʻe tātātaha ke maumauʻi ʻa e ngaahi tohi kiliʻimanu peheé.

ʻI he ʻikai taʻofi ia ʻe he fokotuʻunga efu ʻi ha laui senitulí, naʻe kumi fakalelei ʻe Firkovich ʻa e ngaahi tuʻuʻanga kenisaá. Naʻá ne maʻu ʻi he taha aí ʻa e maniusikilipi ʻiloa ʻo e 916 T.S. Naʻe ui ia ko e Petersburg Codex ʻa e Kau Palōfita ki Mui Ní, ʻa ia ko e taha ia ʻo e ngaahi tatau motuʻa taha ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Hepelū ʻoku kei maʻú.

Naʻe malava ʻa Firkovich ke ne tānaki ha ngaahi maniusikilipi lahi ʻaupito, pea ʻi he 1859 naʻá ne fakapapauʻi ai ke ne foaki ʻa ʻene tānekina lahi faufauá ki he Laipeli Fakaʻemipaeá. ʻI he 1862, naʻe tokoni ai ʻa ʻAlekisānita II ki hono fakatau mai ʻa e tānekiná maʻá e laipelí ki ha mahuʻinga lahi fakaʻulia ʻi he taimi ko iá ko e paʻanga Lūsia ʻe 125,000. ʻI he taimi ko iá, ko e tuʻunga fakapaʻanga fakakātoa ki hono fakalele ʻa e laipelí naʻe ʻikai toe laka hake ia he paʻanga Lūsia ʻe 10,000 ʻi he taʻu! Ko e fakatau mai ko ení naʻe kau ai ʻa e Leningrad Codex (B 19^A) ʻiloá. ʻOku fakafuofua ia ki he 1008 pea ko e tatau kakato motuʻa taha ia ʻa e māmaní ʻi he Ngaahi Konga Tohi Tapu Faka-Hepeluú. Naʻe fakamatala ha mataotao ʻe taha ʻo pehē “mahalo ko e maniusikilipi mahuʻinga lahi taha ia ʻo e Tohi Tapú, he naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻa e lahi taha ʻo e konga tohi ʻo e ngaahi pulusinga fakaangaʻi ʻi onopooni ʻo e Tohi Tapu faka-Hepeluú.” (Sio ki he puha ʻoku ʻoatu hení.) ʻI he taʻu tatau pē ko iá, 1862, naʻe pulusi ai ʻa e Codex Sinaiticus ʻa Tischendorf, ʻo fakavīkivikiʻi ia ʻi māmani lahi.

Fakamaama Fakalaumālie ʻi he Ngaahi Taimi ʻi Onopōní

Ko e laipeli ko ia ʻoku ʻiloa he taimí ni ko e Laipeli Fakafonua ʻo Lūsiá ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e taha ʻo e ngaahi tānekinga lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi maniusikilipi motuʻa ʻa e māmaní.c ʻI he fakakaukauloto atu ki he hisitōlia ʻo Lūsiá, ko e hingoa ʻo e laipelí kuo liliu tuʻo fitu ia ʻi he faai mai ʻa e senituli ʻe ua. Ko e hingoa ʻiloa ʻe taha ko e Laipeli Maʻá e Kakaí ʻo e Vahefonua Saltykov-Shchedrin. Neongo ko e maveuveu ʻo e senituli hono 20 naʻe ʻikai hao ʻo taʻemaumauʻi ai ʻa e laipelí, naʻe hao ʻo ʻikai uesia mai hono ngaahi maniusikilipí fakatouʻosi ʻi he ongo tau ʻe ua ʻa māmaní pea mo hono ʻākoloʻi ʻo Leningrad. ʻOku anga-fēfē ʻetau maʻu ʻaonga mei he ngaahi maniusikilipi peheé?

Ko e ngaahi maniusikilipi motuʻá ʻa e makatuʻunga alafalalaʻanga ki he ngaahi liliu Tohi Tapu lahi ʻi onopōní. ʻOku nau fakaʻatā ʻa e faʻahinga ʻoku nau kumi loto-moʻoni ki he moʻoní ke nau maʻu ha liliu tonu ange ʻo e Tohi Tapu Māʻoniʻoní. Fakatouʻosi ʻa e maniusikilipi Sinaiticus mo e Leningrad kuo tokoni ia ʻi he tuʻunga mahuʻinga ʻaupito ki he New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, ʻa ia naʻe pulusi ʻe he Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová pea tukuange mai ʻa hono faʻunga kakató ʻi he 1961. Ko e fakatātaá, ko e Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia mo e Biblia Hebraica ʻa Kittel, ʻa ia ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻe he Kōmiti Liliu Tohi Tapu Māmani Foʻoú, ʻoku makatuʻunga ia ʻi he Leningrad Codex pea ʻoku ngāueʻaki ai ʻa e Tetakalamatoní, pe huafa fakaʻotuá ʻo tuʻo 6,828 ʻi he muʻaki konga tohí.

Ko e tokosiʻi pē ʻo e kau lautohi ʻo e Tohi Tapú ʻoku nau lāuʻilo ki heʻenau moʻuaʻaki ke fakamālōʻiaʻi ʻa e laipeli lōngonoa ʻi St. Petersburg pea mo hono ngaahi maniusikilipí, ʻa ia ko e niʻihi ʻoku tuʻu ai ʻa e muʻaki hingoa ʻo e koló, ko Leningrad. Ka neongo ia, ko ʻetau fakamālō lahi tahá ke fai ia ki he Faʻu-Tohi ʻo e Tohi Tapú, ʻa Sihova, ʻa ia ʻokú ne tokonaki mai ʻa e maama fakalaumālié. Ko ia naʻe kōlenga ai ʻa e tokotaha-tohi-sāmé kiate ia: “Ke ke fekau atu hoo māma mo hoo mooni: tuku ke na tataki au.”—Sāme 43:​3, PM.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Puha ʻi he peesi 13]

KUO ʻILOʻI PEA NGĀUEʻAKI ʻA E HUAFA FAKAʻOTUÁ

ʻI heʻene potó, kuo fakapapauʻi ʻe Sihova ko ʻene Folofolá, ʻa e Tohi Tapú, kuo fakatolonga ia ʻo aʻu mai ki he ngaahi taimi ʻi onopōní. Ko e ngāue tōtōivi ʻa e kau sikalaipé ʻi he faai mai ʻa e ngaahi taʻú naʻe kaunga ia ki hono fakatolongá. Ko e kau ngāue tokanga taha ʻi he faʻahingá ni ko e kau Masoletí, ʻa ia ko e kau sikalaipe Hepelū palōfesinale naʻa nau ngāue mei he senituli hono onó ki he senituli hono hongofulu T.S. Naʻe hiki ʻa e muʻaki lea faka-Hepeluú ʻo ʻikai ha ngaahi vauele. ʻI he faai mai ʻa e taimí, naʻe tupulaki ʻi he meʻá ni ʻa e fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo hono fakamoleki ʻa e puʻaki totonú ʻi hono fetongi ʻe he lea faka-Alameá ʻa e lea faka-Hepeluú. Naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe he kau Masoletí ha sisitemi ʻo e ngaahi fakaʻilonga vauele ke tānaki atu ki he konga tohi Fakatohitapú koeʻuhi ke fakahaaʻi ai ʻa hono puʻaki totonu ʻo e ngaahi foʻi lea faka-Hepeluú.

Ko hono mahuʻingá, he ko e ngaahi fakaʻilonga vauele ʻi he Leningrad Codex ʻoku fakaʻatā ai ʻa hono puʻaki ʻo e Tetakalamatoní—ko e ngaahi foʻi konisinānite faka-Hepelū ʻe fā ʻoku faʻuʻaki ʻa e huafa fakaʻotuá—ʻa ia ko e Yehwah’, Yehwih’ mo e Yeho·wah’. ʻI he taimi ní ko e “Sihova” ʻa e puʻaki ʻiloa taha ʻo e huafá. Ko e huafa fakaʻotuá ko ha foʻi lea moʻui mo anga-maheni ia ki he kau tohi Tohi Tapú mo e niʻihi kehe ʻo e kuonga muʻá. ʻI he ʻahó ni, ko e huafa ʻo e ʻOtuá kuo ʻiloʻi ia pea ʻoku ngāueʻaki ia ʻe he laui miliona ʻoku nau ʻiloʻi ‘ko Sihova pē ko e Fungani Māʻolunga ʻi māmani kotoa pē.’—Sāme 83:​18, NW.

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 10]

Loki maniusikilipi ʻo e Laipeli Fakafonuá

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ʻEmipola Katalina II

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Ko Konstantin von Tischendorf (loto mālié) mo ʻAlekisānita II, sā ʻo Lūsiá

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 12]

Abraham Firkovich

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 10]

Ongo fakatātaá fakatouʻosi: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 11]

Katalina II: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; ʻAlekisānita II: From the book Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte, Leipzig, 1898