Taki Mamatá—Ko ha Ngāue Fakatupu Paʻanga ʻi Māmani Lahi

Mei he tokotaha-tohi ʻĀ Hake! ʻi he ʻOtu Motu Pahamá

KO FĒ ʻa e taimi naʻá ke lea fakamuimui taha ai kiate koe, ‘ʻOku ou fiemaʻu ha mālōlō ʻeveʻevá’? Mahalo pē naʻá ke ongoʻi kuo pau pē ke ke mavahe mei hoʻo ngaahi loto-mafasia fakaʻahó. Kuó ke fononga ʻi ha taimi ki ha feituʻu mamaʻo ʻi ha mālōlō ʻeveʻeva? Fakakaukau atu ki he meʻá ni: Ki muí ni mai ʻo laka siʻi hake pē ʻi he senituli kuo maliu atú, ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kakai ʻi he māmaní naʻe ʻikai te nau fai ha ngaahi mālōlō ʻeveʻeva tuʻumaʻu. Tānaki atu ki ai, ko e tokolahi tahá naʻa nau fakamoleki ʻa e kotoa ʻo ʻenau moʻuí ʻi ha ngaahi kilomita siʻi pē mei he feituʻu naʻe fāʻeleʻi ai kinautolú. Ko e fononga ki he ngaahi feituʻu mamaʻó ki he fiefiá pe akó naʻe hoko ia ko ha monū ʻa ha kiʻi kulupu mātuʻaki tokosiʻi ʻo e faʻahinga tāutaha ʻoku fekumi ki he ngaahi meʻa foʻoú pe koloaʻiá. Ka ʻi he ʻahó ni ʻoku malava ai ʻa e kakai ʻe laui kilu ke feʻaluʻaki he fonua ʻoku nau nofo aí pe naʻa mo e foʻi kolopé. Ko e hā kuó ne fakahoko ʻa e liliú?

Hili ʻa e fuʻu liliu fakaʻekonōmiká, naʻe hoko ai ʻa e kakai ʻe laui miliona ʻo kau ʻi hono faʻu ʻa e ngaahi koloa mo ʻomai ʻa e ngaahi ngāue. Ko e olá ko e maʻu e paʻanga lahi ange pea faai atu pē ʻo toe lahi ange ai ʻa e paʻanga hū mai ʻoku ala maʻú. Ko e laka ki muʻa fakafokifā ʻi he tekinolosiá naʻe toe faʻu ai ʻa e ngaahi mīsini ʻa ia naʻe kamata ke ne fai ʻa e konga lahi ʻo e ngāue naʻe fiemaʻu ki ai ʻa e kau ngāue tokolahí. Naʻe ʻoange ai ʻe he meʻá ni ki he kakai tokolahi ʻa e taimi mālōlō lahi ange. ʻI he ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga ko ení, ʻi he vaeuaʻanga ʻo e 1900 tupú, ko e hoko ʻo ngāueʻaki ʻa e tuʻunga fefonongaʻaki lahi ʻoku ala maʻú naʻe fakaava ai ʻa e ngaahi matapā ki he taki mamatá. ʻI he ngaahi ʻīmisi leva ʻoku fakamafola mai he TV mei he ngaahi feituʻu mamaʻó ki he ngaahi ʻapi takatakai ʻi he māmaní, naʻe ueʻi ai ʻe he ngāue fetuʻutaki lahi ne toki ʻilo foʻoú ʻa e holi ke folaú.

Ko e olá ko ha ngāue taki mamata tupu fakautuutu ʻi māmani lahi. Ko e Kautaha Taki Mamata ʻa Māmaní (WTO) naʻá ne tomuʻa fakamatala ko e tokolahi ʻo e kakai ʻoku fefolauʻaki fakavahaʻapuleʻangá ʻe tupulaki ia mei he toko 613 miliona ʻi he 1997 ki he 1.6 piliona ʻi he aʻu ki he taʻu 2020—ʻo ʻikai ha vakai atu ki haʻane māmālie hifo ʻi he taimi ko iá. Ko e tupulaki ko eni ʻo e fiemaʻú naʻe ō fakataha ia mo e tupulaki tatau ʻi he fika ʻo e ngaahi pisinisí, ngaahi feituʻu talitali folau ʻeveʻevá, mo e ngaahi fonua ʻoku nau ʻomai ʻa e ngaahi nofoʻanga ki he kau folau ʻeveʻevá.

Hū ʻa e Ngaahi Fonua Lahi ki he Māketi Taki Mamatá

ʻI he fakakaukaú, ko e taki mamatá ko ha fokotuʻutuʻu ia ke ʻaonga ki he ongo tafaʻakí fakatouʻosi. ʻOku ʻatā ai ʻa e tokotaha fakamolé mei heʻene founga-tuʻumaʻu anga-mahení pea ʻoku tokangaʻi, fakafiefiaʻi, pe akoʻi ia. Ka ko e hā ʻa e ngaahi ʻaonga ʻi he meʻa ko iá ki he faʻahinga ʻoku nau fai ʻa e ngāué? Ko e taki mamata fakavahaʻapuleʻangá ko ha founga ʻaonga ia ke maʻu mai ai ʻa e paʻanga mulí. Ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi fonuá ʻoku nau fiemaʻu ʻa e paʻanga mulí ke totongiʻaki ʻa e ngaahi koloa mo e ngaahi ngāue kuo pau ke nau hū mai mei mulí.

Ko hono moʻoní, naʻe pehē ʻi ha līpooti ʻa e WTO: “Ko e taki mamata fakavahaʻapuleʻangá ʻa e maʻuʻanga paʻanga muli lahi taha ʻa e māmaní ʻi he koloa hū ki tuʻá mo ha meʻa mahuʻinga ʻi he palanisi ʻo e ngaahi totongi ʻa e ngaahi fonua lahi. Ko e ngaahi tali totongi paʻanga muli mei he taki mamata fakavahaʻapuleʻangá naʻe aʻu ia ki he US$423 pilioná ʻi he 1996, ʻo laka ia ʻi he hū ki tuʻa ʻo e ngaahi koloa loló, ngaahi meʻalelé, ngaahi meʻangāue ki he fetuʻutakí, ngaahi tupenú pe ko ha toe koloa pe ngāue kehe pē.” Naʻe pehē ʻi he līpooti tatau: “Ko e taki mamatá ʻa e ngāue tupulaki vave lahi taha ʻi he māmaní,” pea ʻokú ne fakafofongaʻi ʻo “aʻu ki he peseti ʻe 10 ʻo e Koloa Fakalotofonua Lahi ʻa e Māmaní.” ʻOku ʻikai ha ofo ʻi he fetulituliʻi ʻa e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi fonuá, ʻo kau ai he taimí ni naʻa mo e niʻihi ʻi he Sovieti ʻIunioni ki muʻá—ke kau—ki he ngāue folau ʻeveʻeva fakavahaʻapuleʻangá.

Ko e paʻanga hū mai ʻa e puleʻangá ʻoku tānaki mei he taki mamatá ʻoku ngāueʻaki ia ke fakaleleiʻi ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi kautaha lalahi tefitó, ʻomai ai ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga māʻolunga ange ki he akó, pea feau ʻa e ngaahi fiemaʻu fakapuleʻanga mahuʻinga kehé. ʻOku meimei tokanga ʻa e puleʻanga kotoa pē ke maʻu ngāue ʻa ʻenau kau tangataʻifonuá. Ko e ngaahi ngāue ʻoku fakatupu ʻe he taki mamatá ʻoku tokoni ia ki hono feau ʻa e fiemaʻu ko ení.

Ke fakatātaaʻi ʻa e ola ʻe lava ke fai ʻe he taki mamatá ki he ʻekonōmika ʻa ha fonua, fakakaukau atu ki he fakatātā mei he ʻOtu Motu Pahamá, ko ha kiʻi puleʻanga ʻo e ngaahi motu ʻoku movete holo he ngungutu ʻo e Kūlifa ʻo Mekisikoú ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo Fololita, ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté, pea mo e motu ko Kiupá. ʻOku ʻikai ha tuʻunga fakaengoue fakakomēsiale lahi ʻa e ʻOtu Motu Pahamá pea ʻikai meimei ʻi ai ha ngāueʻanga ki ha koloa ke faʻu. Ka ko e ngaahi motú ni ʻoku ʻea māfana, ngaahi matātahi fakatalopiki maʻa, ko ha kiʻi kakai anga-fakakaumeʻa tokosiʻi ʻe kuata miliona nai, pea ofi ki he ʻIunaite Seteté—ko e ngaahi tuʻunga ʻaonga ia kuo fakatahaʻi ʻo faʻu ai ha ngāue taki mamata longomoʻui. Ka ko e hā ʻoku fiemaʻú ke ʻoatu ai ki he kau folau ʻeveʻevá ha mālōlō ʻeveʻeva fakafiefia mo malú?

Fakafiemālieʻi ʻa e Kau Mālōlō ʻEveʻeva ʻi Onopōní

ʻI he taimi naʻe kamata ai ʻa e taki mamata fakavahaʻapuleʻangá, ko e hokosia ʻo e ʻaʻahi ki ha fonua mulí naʻe foʻou feʻunga pē ia ke ne fakafiemālieʻi ha kau folau tokolahi—naʻe hoko eni neongo ʻa e faingataʻa ʻo e folaú he taimi ko iá. Kae kehe, ʻi he ʻahó ni ʻoku fakaʻatā ʻi he lahi ʻo e fetuʻutakí ʻa e tokolahi ke nau maʻu ʻa e fakakaukau fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi feituʻu mamaʻó ʻi he televīsoné ʻo ʻikai mavahe mei he tuʻunga fiemālie ʻo honau ʻapí. Ko e ngaahi feituʻu talitali folau ʻeveʻevá ʻoku nau maʻu he taimí ni ʻa e ngāue faingataʻa ko hono ʻai ha ʻaʻahi moʻoni ke hoko ko ha meʻa tuʻu-ki-muʻa ia ʻoku hokosia lolotonga ia ʻa hono tokonaki mai ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga fiemālie ʻo ʻapí pe toe lelei ange ai. Tānaki atu ki ai, koeʻuhi ʻoku toutou folau ʻa e kau folau ʻeveʻeva tokolahi, ʻoku faʻa ʻosiki ai ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu ʻi māmani lahí.

Kuo fakahoko mai ʻe he meʻá ni ʻa e ngaahi meʻa manakoa mo e ngaahi feituʻu talitali folau ʻeveʻeva fakaholomamata. Ko e fakatātaá, fakakaukau atu ki he taha ʻo e hōtele tuʻumālie lahi ʻaupito ʻi he ʻOtu Motu Pahamá. “Kuo faʻu ʻa e meʻá ni ke ʻai hoʻo nofó ke hoko ko e meʻa fakangalongataʻa,” ko e lau ia ʻa Beverly Saunders, ko e talēkita ʻo e kautaha fakalakalaka ʻi he hōtelé. “Ka ʻoku mau fakataumuʻa ke toe fakalaka atu ai. ʻOku mau fiemaʻu ke toe fakangalongataʻa foki kiate koe ʻa hoʻo felāveʻi mo homau kakai talitalí.” ʻOku anga-fēfē hono fakafiemālieʻi ʻe he ngaahi feituʻu talitali folau ʻeveʻeva peheé ʻa e ngaahi fiemaʻu ʻa ʻenau kau ʻaʻahí?

Ngaahi Ngāue ʻOku Puli ʻi ha Feituʻu Talitali Folau ʻEveʻeva

“ʻI he taimi ʻoku fonu ai homau loki ʻe 2,300, ʻoku mau maʻu nai ai ʻa e kau ʻaʻahi ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e toko 7,500 mo e 8,000 ke fakafiemālieʻi ʻi he taimi ʻe taha,” ko e lau ia ʻa Beverly. “Ko e ngāue ki hono palani totonú ʻoku lahi fau. Ko e fokotuʻutuʻu maau naʻe fiemaʻu ke fakalatoʻaki ʻa e ngaahi fiemaʻu ʻa e kotoa ʻo e kau fakaafe ko ení ʻoku tatau ia mo hono fakalele ha kiʻi kolo ka ʻoku tānaki mai ki ai ʻa e ngaahi fiemaʻu lahi ange. Kuo pau ke mau ʻai ke ala maʻu ʻa e meʻakai ʻoku anga ʻemau kau ʻaʻahí ʻi hono kai ʻi ʻapí. Ka ʻo kapau ʻoku fiemaʻu ke manatuʻi ʻa e meʻa naʻa nau hokosiá, kuo pau ke mau toe ʻoatu mo e houa kai makehe mo e ngaahi faingamālie ki ha fakafiefia. ʻI he ngaahi feituʻu talitali folau ʻeveʻeva lahi ko e peseti ʻe 50 ai pe lahi ange ʻo e kau ngāue tokoní ʻoku tuku atu kinautolu ki he ngaahi ngāue ki he meʻakaí mo e inú.”

Neongo ia, hangē ko ia ʻoku fakamatala ʻe I. K. Pradhan ʻi heʻene ʻēsei ko e “Maongo Fakasōsiale-Sivilaise ʻo e Taki Mamata ʻi Nepoló,” “fekauʻaki mo e kotoa ʻo e ngaahi meʻa ʻokú ne fakapapauʻi ʻa e leleiʻia mo e fiefia moʻoní ʻi he lolotonga ʻa e folaú, ʻoku ʻikai ha toe meʻa kehe ʻe mahuʻinga ange ʻi he founga ʻo e tōʻongafai ʻa e kakai fakalotofonuá ki he kau ʻaʻahí pea mo e ongoʻi malu ʻoku nau hokosiá.”

ʻOku anga-fēfē hono fakalahi ʻe he ngaahi feituʻu talitali folau ʻeveʻeva lavameʻa takatakai ʻi he māmaní ʻa e tuʻunga fakafiemālié ʻi he ngaahi tafaʻaki ko ení? “Akoʻi, fakalahi ʻa e tōʻonga manakoá, fakahinohinoʻi, fakatonutonu—ko ha fekumi taʻetuku ke fakahoko tuʻumaʻu ʻa e ngāue tuʻunga māʻolungá,” ʻa e anga ʻo e tali ki he fehuʻi ko iá ʻa ha pule ʻokú ne tokangaʻi ʻa e ako ʻoku fai ki he feituʻu talitali folau ʻeveʻeva tuʻu-ki-muʻa ʻi he ʻOtu Motu Pahamá. “Ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau Pahamá ʻoku nau anga-lelei fakanatula. Ka ʻoku mātuʻaki faingataʻa ke anga-fakakaumeʻa, fiefia, mo mata malimali ʻi he ngāué ʻi he taimi kotoa pē. Ko e ʻuhinga ia ʻoku mau fakahūhū ai ʻa e fiemaʻu ke fakaofiofi ki ha ngafa pē ʻoku nau fakahoko ʻaki ʻa e tuʻunga fakapalōfesinale tatau ʻa ia te ne fakahaaʻi ai ha toketā, ko ha loea, pe ko ha fakafofonga maluʻi. ʻOku mau ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga fakavahaʻapuleʻanga ʻikai fakangaloku ki he ngāue kotoa pē ʻoku faʻuʻaki ʻa e meʻa ʻoku hoko ʻi he folau ʻeveʻevá fakalūkufua. Ko e fefeka ange ʻemau ngāue ko ha timi ʻi hono lavaʻi ʻa e ngaahi tuʻungá ni, ko e lele lelei ia mo e māʻolunga hokohoko ʻa e lēvolo ʻo e fakahoko ngāué.”

Ko e Tafaʻaki ʻe Taha ʻo e Tuʻungá

Kapau kuó ke folau, kuó ke ʻiloʻi neongo ʻa e palani fakaʻāulilikí, ʻoku hā ngali ʻi ai maʻu pē ʻa e ngaahi fakamole naʻe ʻikai te ke tomuʻa ʻilo ki ai? Ko e faʻahinga ʻoku nau fai ʻa e taki mamatá ʻoku nau hokosia ʻa e meʻa tatau.

Ko e “ngāue taki mamatá ʻe lava ke ne ʻomai ʻa e ngaahi ʻaonga lahi ki hotau sōsaieti langalanga haké,” ko e lau ia ʻa Pradhan, naʻe lave ki ai ki muʻá. Kae kehe, ʻokú ne pehē ʻi he ʻikai ha ngaahi fakafuofua totonú, “ʻe toe lava ke ʻasi hake ha ngaahi palopalema fakasōsiale taʻealafakaleleiʻi.” ʻOkú ne tānaki mai: “ʻOku fiemaʻu ke [tau] teuteu lelei fakataha mo e lāuʻilo feʻunga fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi ola kehekehe ʻo e taki mamata ʻi onopōní.” Ko e hā ʻa e ngaahi palopalema naʻá ne ʻuhinga ki aí?

“Ko e ngaahi puleʻanga ʻoku nau ngāue ki he fuʻu kau folau ʻeveʻeva tokolahí ʻoku nau meimei hokosia maʻu pē ʻa e tuʻunga vaivai ʻi heʻenau ngaahi founga moʻui tukufakaholó, neongo naʻe ʻikai fakataumuʻa ki ai. ʻI he ngaahi feituʻu ʻe niʻihi kuo mole atu mei ai ʻa e sivilaise fakalotofonuá.” Ko e anga eni hono fakamatalaʻi ʻe Cordell Thompson, ko ha ʻōfisa māʻolunga ʻo e Potungāue Taki Mamata ʻa e ʻOtu Motu Pahamá, ʻa e tafaʻaki kovi ʻiloa ʻe taha. ʻOku lea ʻa Thompson fakataha mo e laukau fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi ola ʻaonga kotoa pē kuo fai ʻe he taki mamatá ki hono fonuá. Neongo ia, ʻokú ne fakahaaʻi ko e nofo ʻi ha fonua ʻa ia ʻoku hokohoko tokolahi ai ʻa e kau mālōlō ʻeveʻevá​—pe fakafofongaʻi ha konga lahi—ʻi he kakaí kuo tupu ai ʻa e ngaahi ola lahi kehe ʻoku ʻikai ha tomuʻa ʻilo ki ai.

Ko e fakatātaá, ʻoku ʻiloʻi ʻe he niʻihi kuo nau ngāue mo e kau folau ʻeveʻevá ʻoku faifai pē ʻo kamata ke nau sioloto atu, ʻi he tuʻunga fehālaaki, ko e tokotaha ʻaʻahí ʻoku mālōlō ʻeveʻeva maʻu pē ia. ʻOku lava ke feinga ai ʻa e tokotaha nofo fakalotofonuá ke faʻifaʻitaki ki he founga moʻui ko eni ʻoku sioloto atu ki aí. ʻOku ʻikai uesia ʻa e niʻihi ʻi he founga peheé. Ka ʻi he fakamoleki ha konga lahi ʻo honau taimi ʻataá ʻi he feituʻu talitali ʻo e kau ʻaʻahí, ʻoku faifai pē ʻo mole ai ʻenau founga moʻui tukufakaholó. ʻI he taimi ʻe niʻihi ʻoku hoko ai ʻa e ngaahi meʻa naʻe faʻu ki he kau folau ʻeveʻevá ʻo ohi lahi ia ʻe he kakaí pea faifai atu pē ʻo hōloa ai pea mole ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻe niʻihi ʻa e ngaahi senitā fakakolo ʻo e sivilaise tuʻufonuá.

Ko e ngaahi feituʻu folau ʻeveʻeva manakoa fakavahaʻapuleʻanga lahi ʻoku nau ʻefihia ʻi he ongo founga kehekehe ʻe ua. ʻOku nau talitali lelei ʻa e paʻanga hū mai ʻaonga ʻoku maʻu mei he ʻaukolo mai ʻa e kau ʻaʻahí. Neongo ia, ʻoku nau ongoʻi mafasia ʻi he mamafa ʻa e ngaahi palopalema fakasōsiale ʻoku fakatupunga ʻe he ngaahi pisinisi naʻe faʻu ke fakatōliʻaʻaki ʻa e fiemaʻu ʻa e kau folau ʻeveʻevá ke kau ai ʻi he ngaahi havala taʻetotonu.

Tauhi Maʻu ʻa e Taki Mamatá

Koeʻuhi ko e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi ʻaonga lahi taha ʻo e taki mamata fakaeonopōní ʻoku fakatupu ai ʻa e ngaahi ola ʻa ia ʻokú ne fakamanamanaʻi ʻa ʻene hokohoko atú tonu, ko ha kupuʻi lea ko e “tauhi maʻu ʻa e taki mamatá” ʻoku fanongoa ia ʻi he tuʻunga fakautuutu. ʻOku fakahaaʻi ai kuo hoko ʻa e niʻihi ʻo ʻiloʻi ko e ngaahi ʻaonga taimi nounou ʻo e ngaahi tōʻongafai taki mamata maʻuʻanga tupu ʻe niʻihi ʻoku fakamanamana ia ke ne ‘fakaʻauha ʻa e meʻa tofu pē ko ia naʻe hoko ko ha maʻuʻanga tupú.’ Kuo pau ke fai ʻa e ngāue ki ha ngaahi ʻīsiu faingataʻa ʻe niʻihi kapau ʻoku fiemaʻu ke tauhi maʻu taʻefakangatangata ʻa e ngāué.

Ko e ola ʻo e taki mamatá ki he ʻātakaí, ko e ola ʻo e ngaahi sivilaise tuʻufonuá, ko e hoamālie ʻa e ngaahi taumuʻa ʻo e ngaahi feituʻu talitali folau ʻeveʻeva hehema ki he tupú mo e lahi ʻo e ngaahi feituʻu talitali folau ʻeveʻevá pea mo e ngaahi taumuʻa fakapuleʻanga ʻa e ngaahi fonua talitalí—ʻa e niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi meʻa feʻauʻauhi ʻa ia ʻe pau ke ʻomai ke fehoanakimālie ʻi he kahaʻú. ʻI ha ngaahi māhina ki muí ni, ko e ngaahi hohaʻa fekauʻaki mo e hao pea mo e malú kuo toe fakatupunga ai ha mole fakapaʻanga ʻi he ngāue fefonongaʻakí, pea ko e ngaahi meʻá ni kuo pau ke iku ʻo fai ha ngāue ki ai. Ko e founga ʻo haʻanau uesia ʻa e tupulaki ʻa e taki mamata ʻi onopōní ʻi he kahaʻú ʻoku teʻeki ai ha ʻilo ki ai.

Ko e taimi hoko mai te ke fili ai ke mavahe mei hoʻo founga-tuʻumaʻú pea mālōlō ʻi ha feituʻu talitali folau ʻeveʻeva mamaʻo mei he feituʻu ʻokú ke nofo aí, ʻe ʻikai te ke fakamaʻamaʻa ai ʻa e mahuʻinga ʻo e ngāue ko eni ʻi māmani lahí—ʻa e taki mamata fakafonuá mo e fakavahaʻapuleʻangá.

[Fakatātā peesi kakato ʻi he peesi 15]