Ŵayuda Ŵakakhwaskika na Vyakucita vya Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma

KUKURA kwa uthemba uwo ukamba kucemeka kuti uthemba wa Girisi kukambira mu mapiri gha Makedoniya. Kwenekura, Alexander wakamba kughanaghanira za kuthereska vyaru vya kuvuma apo wakaŵa na virimika 22. Mu 334 B.C.E., wakarongozga ŵasirikari ŵake kwambuka mronga wa Hellespont (Dardanelles), uwo ukulekaniska Europe na Asia. Nga ni “nyalubwe” wankongono, Ŵagiriki, pasi pa muwuso wa Alexander, ŵakamba kuthereska vyaru vyakupambana-pambana. (Dan. 7:6) Alexander wakatonda ŵina Persia pafupi na msumba wa Troy, mu vidikha vya mronga wa Granicus na kuŵaparanyirathu pa Issus.

Ŵagiriki ŵakawukira Suriya (Syria) na Phoenicia, na kupoka Ture (Tyre) pamanyuma pa kuwuzingirizga kwa myezi yinkondi na yiŵiri. (Ezek. 26:4, 12) Alexander wakareka Yerusalemu, kweni wakathereska msumba wa Gaza. (Zek. 9:5) Wakati wafika ku Egupto, wakazenga msumba wa Alexandria, uwo ukaŵa cinyina ca vyamalonda na masambiro. Wati wajumpaso mu Caru ca Layizgano, wakathereskaso ŵina Persia pa Gaugamela, pafupi na msumba wakubwanganduka wa Nineve.

Alexander wakazgokera kumwera kuti wakapoke Babulone, Shushan (Susa), na Persepolis—misumba yikuru ya ŵina Persia. Pamanyuma pake wakajumpa mu vyaru ivyo vikawusikanga na Persia, wakafika ku Mronga wa Indus mu caru ico sono cikucemeka Pakistan. Mu virimika Eyiti pera, Alexander wakathereska vyaru vinandi ivyo vikamanyikwanga pa nyengo iyo. Kweni mu 322 B.C.E., apo wakaŵa na virimika 32, wakafwa na ntenda ya maleliya ku Babulone.—Dan. 8:8.

Caru ca Layizgano cikakhwaskika na vyakucita vya Ŵagiriki. Ŵanji mwa ŵasirikari ŵa Alexender awo ŵakapumura pa ncito ŵakakhazikika mu caru ici. Mu virimika vya mu handiredi lakudanga, pakaŵa cikolerano pakati pa misumba iyo yikayowoyanga Cigiriki (Dekapoli). (Mat. 4:25; Mrk. 7:31) Malemba gha Cihebere ghakamba kusangika mu Cigiriki. Ciyowoyero ca Cigiriki ndico cikagwiriskikanga ncito pa kuthandazga visambizgo vya Cikristu pa caru cose.

Uthemba wa Roma

Kasi ncivici ico cikacitikanga kuzambwe? Uthemba wa Roma, uwo pakwamba ukaŵa waka tumizi twa mu mpepete mwa Mronga wa Tiber, ukakura kuŵa uthemba ukuru. Mukuruta kwa nyengo, ŵasirikari ŵankongono ŵa uthemba wa Roma, na urongozgi uweme, vikapangiska kuti uthereske vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa ŵarara ŵa ŵasirikari ŵanayi ŵa Alexander. Kuzakafika mu 30 B.C.E., pakaŵavya kukayika kulikose kuti Roma wakamba kuwusa, uku kukaŵa kuwoneka kwakwamba kwa ‘cinyama cakofya’ ico Danieli wakawona mu mboniwoni.—Dan. 7:7.

Uthemba wa Roma ukambira ku Britain mupaka Kumpoto kwa Africa, ndiposo kwambira ku Nyanja ya Atlantic mupaka ku Persian Gulf. Cifukwa cakuti uthemba uwu ukazingirizga Meditereniyani, Ŵaroma ŵakawucemanga kuti Mare Nostrum (Nyanja Yithu).

Ŵayuda ŵakakhwaskikaso comene na vyakucita vya Ŵaroma, awo caru cawo cikaŵa cigaŵa ca Uthemba wa Roma. (Mat. 8:5-13; Mil. 10:1, 2) Yesu wakabapatizika na kufwa mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Themba Tiberiyo. Mathemba ghanyake gha Roma ghakasuzganga Ŵakristu kweni ghakatondeka kuthereska kusopa kwaunenesko. Pakati pajumpa virimika 1,300, uthemba wa Roma ukathereskeka na mafuko ghanyake gha ku Germania agho ghakawuwukira kufumira kumpoto ndiposo na ŵantu ŵanji ŵakwendendeka awo ŵakawuwukira kuvuma.

[Mapu pa peji 26]

(Mu Brosha lakusindikizga ndimo vikuwoneka makora)

Uthemba wa Girisi

Alexander wati wafwa, ŵarara ŵa ŵasirikari ŵake ŵanayi ndiwo ŵakamba kuwusa uthemba ukuru wura

▪ Cassander

▫ Lysimachus

○ Ptolemy I

• Seleucus I

A2 ▪ GIRISI

A2 ▪ Athene

A2 ▪ AKAYA

A3 ○ Kurene (Cyrene)

A3 ○ LIBYA

B2 ▫ Byzantium

B3 ○ KUPRO

B4 ○ No-amon (Thebes)

C3 Palmyra (Tadmor)

C3 ○ Gerasa

C3 ○ Filadelfiya

C3 ○ Yerusalemu

C5 ○ Syeni

G2 • Alexandria Margiana

Ntowa ya Alexander

A2 ▪ MAKEDONIYA

A2 ▪ Pella

A2 ▫ THRACE

B2 ▫ Troy

B2 ▫ Sardesi

B2 ▫ Efeso

B2 ▫ Gordium

C2 ▫ Ankara

C3 • Tarso

C3 • Issus

C3 • Antiyoke (wa ku Suriya)

C3 ○ Ture (Tyre)

C4 ○ Gaza

B4 ○ EGUPTO

B4 ○ Memphis

B4 ○ Alexandria

A4 ○ Cisime ca Siwa

B4 ○ Memphis

C4 ○ Gaza

C3 ○ Ture (Tyre)

C3 ○ Damaseko

C3 • Aleppo

D3 • Nisibis

D3 • Gaugamela

D3 • Babulone (Babylon)

E3 • Shushan

E4 • PERSIA

E4 • Persepolis

E4 • Pasargadae

E3 • MEDIA

E3 • Ekbatana

E3 • Rhagae

E3 • Hecatompylos

F3 • PARTHIA

G3 • ARIA

G3 • Alexandria Areion

G3 • Alexandria Prophthasia

F4 • DRANGIANA

G4 • ARACHOSIA

G4 • Alexandria Arachosiorum

H3 • Kabul

G3 • Drapsaca

H3 • Alexandria Oxiana

G3 • Drapsaca

G3 • BACTRIA

G3 • Bactra

G2 • Derbent

G2 • SOGDIANA

G2 • Maracanda

G2 • Bukhara

G2 • Maracanda

H2 • Alexandria Eschate

G2 • Maracanda

G2 • Derbent

G3 • Bactra

G3 • BACTRIA

G3 • Drapsaca

H3 • Kabul

H3 • Taxila

H5 • INDIA

H4 • Alexandria

G4 • GEDROSIA

F4 • Pura

E4 • PERSIA

F4 • Alexandria

F4 • CARMANIA

E4 • Pasargadae

E4 • Persepolis

E3 • Shushan

D3 • Babulone (Babylon)

[Malo Ghanyake]

A3 KRETE

D4 ARABIYA

[Nyanja]

B3 Nyanja ya Meditereniyani Nyanja Yiswesi

C5 Nyanja Yiswesi

E4 Persian Gulf

G5 Nyanja ya Arabiya

[Milonga]

B4 Nile

D3 Yufurate

D3 Tigris

G4 Indus

[Mapu pa peji 27]

(Mu magazini yakusindikizga ndimo vikuwoneka makora)

Roman Empire

A1 BRITAIN

A3 SPANYA (SPAIN)

B1 GERMANIA

B2 GAUL

B2 ITALIYA

B2 Roma (Rome)

B3 Carthage

C2 ILIRIKUMU

C3 GIRISI

C3 Actium

C3 Kurene (Cyrene)

D2 Byzantium (Constantinople)

D3 ASIA MINOR

D3 Efeso

D3 Aleppo

D3 Antiyoke (wa ku Suriya)

D3 Damaseko (Damascus)

D3 Gerasa (Jarash)

D3 Yerusalemu

D3 Alexandria

D4 EGUPTO (EGYPT)

[Nyanja]

A2 Nyanja ya Atlantic

C3 Nyanja ya Meditereniyani

D2 Nyanja Yifipa

D4 Nyanja Yiswesi

[Cithuzithuzi pa peji 26]

Wakati wazengaso msumba wa Raba, Ptolemy II wakawuthya Filadelfiya. Malo ghakubwanganduka ghakucitirako maseŵero ku Roma ghacalipo

[Cithuzithuzi pa peji 27]

Gerasa (Jarash) msumba wa mu Dekapoli

[Cithuzithuzi pa peji 27]

Misewu ya ku Roma, nga ni uwu kufupi na Aleppo, yikafikanga mu Europe, Kumpoto kwa Africa, na ku Middle East. Ŵakristu ŵakendanga mu misewu iyi pakupharazga unenesko