Kasi Yerusalemu Wakale Wakabwangandulika Pawuli?​—Cigaŵa Caciŵiri

Kasi Viphapha Vyadongo Vikulongora Vici?

Nkhani iyi njaciŵiri pa nkhani ziŵiri zakulondezgana za mu Gongwe la Mulinda izo zikuzgora mafumbo agho nkhwantha zikufumba ghakukhwaskana na kubwangandulika kwakwamba kwa Yerusalemu. Nkhani ziŵiri izi zikuzgora mafumbo agho ŵaŵazgi ŵakutindikika nagho. Mazgoro ghake ghasandika makora ndipo ghafuma mu Baibolo.

Cigaŵa Cakwamba Cikayowoya Fundo izi:

▪ Ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakumanyikwa ŵakuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 587 B.C.E.a

▪ Mdauko wa mu Baibolo ukulongora kuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 607 B.C.E.

▪ Ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakutolera ivyo ŵakalemba ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakale ŵakumanyikwa na ivyo wakalemba Ptolemy.

▪ Ivyo ŵakalemba ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakale ŵakumanyikwa ni vyakubudika pa malo ghanyake ndipo nyengo zinyake vikususkana na ivyo vili kulembeka pa viphapha vyadongo.b

BAIBOLO likuyowoya kuti Ŵayuda ŵakeneranga kuŵa ku wuzga ku Babuloni mpaka “vilimika makumi ghankhondi pacanya ghaŵiri . . . mwakuti mazgu gha Yehova mu mulomo wa Yeremiya ghafiskike.” Kasi ŵakafwatulika pawuli? Ŵakafwatulika mu “cilimika cakudanga ca Syrus (Sayirasi) fumu ya Persia.” (2 Midauko 36:21, 22) Mdauko wa mu Baibolo ndiposo wa mu mabuku ghanyake ukukolerana pa fundo yakuti Ŵayuda ŵakawera ku wuzga ku Babuloni pamanyuma pakuti Sayirasi wathereska Ŵababuloni. Ntheura Ŵayuda ŵakawelera ku Yerusalemu mu 537 B.C.E. Pakuti Baibolo likuyowoyerathu kuti Ŵayuda ŵakakhala ku wuzga vilimika 70, ntheura ŵakwenera kuti ŵakatolekera ku wuzga mu 607 B.C.E.

Kweni ŵakusanda ŵanandi ŵakuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 587 B.C.E. Fundo iyi yikulongora nga kuti Ŵayuda ŵakakhalako vilimika 50 pera ku wuzga. Cifukwa wuli ŵakuyowoya nthena? Pakupendesera cilimika ici ŵakutolera pa ivyo vili mu viphapha vya vilembo vyakale vya ku Babuloni ivyo vikulongosora za Nebukadinezara II na mathemba agho ghakiza pamanyuma pake.¹ Vinandi mwa viphapha ivi vikalembeka na ŵalembi awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo iyo Yerusalemu wakabwangandulikiranga panji kufupiko na nyengo iyi. Kweni kasi ivyo ŵali kusanga vyakuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 587 B.C.E. ni vyakugomezgeka? Kasi viphapha ivi vikulongora vici comenecomene?

Kuti tizgore mafumbo agha, tiyeni tiwone vinthu vitatu ivyo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakugomezga: (1) Viphapha vya mdauko wa ku Babuloni, (2) viphapha vyakulongosora kendero ka cuma, na (3) viphapha vya ŵasayansi ŵakusanda vinthu vya ku mtambo.

● Viphapha vya mdauko wa ku Babuloni.

Kasi ivi ni viphapha wuli? Ivi ni viphapha vya ku Babuloni ivyo pali kulembeka vinthu ivyo vikacitikanga ku Babuloni.²

Kasi nkhwantha zikuti wuli? R. H. Sack, uyo wakusanda makora viphapha ivyo vili na vilembo vyakale vya ku Babuloni, wakayowoya kuti mu viphapha ivi muli kulembeka vyakucitika vyose yayi.c Wakalemba kuti ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakwenera kusandaso “vinthu vinyake . . . kuti ŵamanye ivyo vikacitika nadi.”

Kasi viphapha ivi vikulongoraci? Vinyake vindalembeke mu viphapha vya mdauko wa ku Babuloni.³ (Wonani bokosi ilo lili musi umu.) Kweni fumbo ndakuti, kasi mdauko wakufuma mu viphapha ivyo mulije vinthu vinyake ngwakugomezgeka?

● Viphapha vyakulongosora kendero ka cuma.

Kasi ivi ni viphapha wuli? Viphapha vinandi vyakulongosora kendero ka cuma vya mu nyengo ya mathemba gha Babuloni ni malisiti. Pa viphapha ivi pakalembekanga zuŵa, mwezi, na cilimika ca kuwusa kwa themba. Mwaciyelezgero, ciphapha cinyake cikulongora kuti pakacitika malonda pa “zuŵa la 27, mwezi wa Nisani, mu cilimika ca nambara 11 ca kuwusa kwa Nebukadinezara [uyo wakumanyikwaso kuti Nebukadinezara II], themba la Babuloni.”⁴

Para themba lafwa panji lawuskikapo uku cilimika cindamare, ndipo pa ufumu panjira themba liphya, myezi iyo yakhalako ŵakayiwonanga kuti ndiyo themba liphya lambira kuwusa.d⁵ Panji tiyowoye kuti, cilimika ico themba lafwira panji lawuskikirapo pa citengo ndico themba liphya likambiranga kuwusa. Ntheura, viphapha vya themba liphya vikwenera kuŵa na deti la mwezi uwo lambira kuwusa, kwambura kupenderako mwezi waumaliro wa themba lakale.

Kasi nkhwantha zikuti wuli? R. H. Sack wakasanda viphapha vyakupambanapambana vyakulongosora kendero ka cuma vya mu nyengo ya mathemba gha Babuloni. Mu 1972, Sack wakalemba kuti viphapha vya ku British Museum ivyo vikaŵa kuti vindasindikizgike mu mabuku “vikapambana comene” na mdauko uwo wakamanyanga wakukhwaskana na kusinthana kwa Nebukadinezara II na mwana wake Amel-Marduk (uyo wakamanyikwangaso kuti Evil-merodach).⁶ Mwawuli? Sack wakamanyanga kuti viphapha vikalongoranga kuti Nebukadinezara II wakaŵa wacali kuwusa mu mwezi wa nambara 6 wa cilimika caumaliro (ca 43) ca kuwusa kwake. Kweni pa viphapha viphya ivi vyakulongosora themba lakulondezgapo, Amel-Marduk, vikaŵa na deti la mwezi wacinayi na wacinkhondi wa cilimika cenecico.⁷ Nchakuwonekerathu kuti viphapha ivi vikukolerana yayi.

Kasi viphapha ivi vikulongoraci? Pa viphapha ivi paliso vinthu vinyake vyakupambana vyakukhwaskana na umo mathemba ghakasinthirananga. Mwaciyelezgero ciphapha cinyake cikulongora kuti Nebukadinezara II wakaŵa wacali kuwusa mu mwezi wa nambara 10, apo cinyake cikulongora kuti uyo wakanjira m’malo mwake wakaŵa kuti pa nyengo iyi wawusapo kale myezi 6.⁸ Kweniso viphapha vikulongosora makora yayi kusinthana kwa Amel-Marduk na Neriglissar, uyo wakanjira m’malo mwake.⁹

Cifukwa wuli kupambana kwa viphapha uku ni nkhani yikuru? Nga umo tayowoyera pakwamba, viphapha vya mdauko wa Babuloni vikalongosoranga vyose yayi. Ici cikulongora kuti vinthu vinyake vindalembeke.¹⁰ Vingacitika kuti mathemba ghanyake ghakawusa pakati pa mathemba agha. Para ni nthena, vilimika vinyake vikwenera kusazgikako ku nyengo ya Mathemba gha Babuloni. Mwantheura, viphapha vyakulongosora mdauko wa Babuloni na ivyo vikulongosora kendero ka cuma vikupeleka ukaboni ŵakukwana yayi wakuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 587 B.C.E.e

● Viphapha vyakulongosora vinthu vya ku mtambo.

Kasi ivi ni viphapha wuli? Ni viphapha vya vilembo vyakale vya ku Babuloni ivyo vikulongosora kakhaliro ka dazi, mwezi, mapulaneti, na nyenyezi, kweniso vili na mdauko wakulongosora cilimika ca kuwusa kwa themba. Mwaciyelezgero, ciphapha cakulongosora vinthu vya ku mtambo ico cili musi umu cikuti caru cikiza pakati pa mwezi na dazi mu mwezi wakwamba wa cilimika ico Themba Mukin-zeri likambira kuwusa.¹¹

Kasi nkhwantha zikuti wuli? Nkhwantha zikuzomerezga kuti Ŵababuloni ŵakaŵa na machati ndiposo ndondomeko iyo yikaŵawovwiranga kumanya nyengo iyo caru cizamuŵa pakati pa mwezi na dazi.¹²

Kweni kasi Ŵababuloni ŵakaŵa nayo nthowa yakumanyira nyengo iyo vinthu ivi vikacitikira kumanyuma? Pulofesa John Steele wakayowoya kuti: “Vingacitika kuti apo ŵakalembanga viphapha ŵakalondezganga ndondomeko na machati agha kuti ŵasacizge nyengo iyo vinthu ivi vikacitikira kumanyuma comene.”¹³ Pulofesa David Brown, wakugomezga kuti madeti ghanyake agho ghali pa machati ŵakaghasacizga nyengo yicoko waka pambere viphapha vindalembeke. Iyo wakuwona kuti madeti ghanyake ŵalembi ŵakazakacita kughapendesera m’ma 300 B.C.E. panji pamanyuma pake.¹⁴ Para ndimo ŵakacitiranga nadi pakupendesera, mbwenu ni vyakukayikiska. Vingaŵa vyakugomezgeka pekha usange pangaŵa ukaboni unyake.

Nanga ni para caru cikaŵa nadi pakati pa mwezi na dazi pa deti ilo layowoyeka, kasi cikung’anamura kuti vinthu ivyo mulembi wa mdauko wakati vikacitika pa deti ili ni vyaunenesko? Viŵi yayi. Wakusanda mdauko R. J. van der Spek wakati: “Awo ŵakalembanga vinthu ivi ŵakaŵa ŵakusanda vinthu vya ku mtambo, ŵakaŵa ŵakulemba mdauko yayi.” Wakalongosoraso kuti vigaŵa vinyake vya viphapha vikalembeka mwakulongosoka yayi, ndipo wakucenjezga kuti mdauko wanthena ukukhumbikwa “kucenjera nawo pakuwugwiliskira nchito.”¹⁵

Kasi viphapha ivi vikulongoraci? Wonani ivyo vili pa ciphapha ca VAT 4956. Mzere wakwamba pa ciphapha ici ukuti: “Cilimika ca 37 ca kuwusa kwa Nebukadinezara, themba la Babuloni.”¹⁶ Kufuma apo, cikulongosora apo pakaŵa mwezi na mapulaneti ndiposo nyenyezi na vipingausiku vyakupambanapambana. Cikulongosoraso nyengo yimoza apo caru cikaŵa pakati pa mwezi na dazi. Ŵakusanda ŵakuyowoya kuti vyose ivi vikacitika mu 568/567 B.C.E., umo mukaŵa mu cilimika ca 18 ca kuwusa kwa Nebukadinezara II, apo wakabwangandura Yerusalemu mu 587 B.C.E. Kweni kasi ivyo vyalongosoleka pacanya apa vikacitika mu cilimika ca 568/567 B.C.E. pera?

Ciphapha ici cikulongosora nyengo iyo caru cikaŵa pakati pa mwezi na dazi ndipo ŵali kupendesera kuti vikacitika pa zuŵa la 15 la mwezi wacitatu wa Babuloni, wakucemeka Simanu. Mbunenesko kuti caru cikaŵa pakati pa mwezi na dazi mu mwezi uwu, uwo ukuyana na Julayi 4 (kalendara wa Julian) mu cilimika ca 568 B.C.E. Ndipouli, caru cikaŵa pakati pa mwezi na dazi vilimika 20 kuwelera kumanyuma, apo pakaŵa pa Julayi 15, 588 B.C.E.¹⁷

Para cilimika ca 588 B.C.E. cikaŵa ca nambara 37 ca kuwusa kwa Nebukadinezara II, mbwenu vilimika 18 vya kuwusa kwake vikakwana mu 607 B.C.E., cilimika ico mdauko wa mu Baibolo ukuyowoya kuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulikira. (Wonani nyengo iyo yili musi umu.) Kweni kasi ciphapha ca VAT 4956 cikupeleka ukaboni unyake wakukhozgera cilimika ca 607 B.C.E.?

Padera pa nyengo iyo yazunulika pacanya apa, pa ciphapha ici pali nyengo zakukwana 13 apo caru cikaŵa pakati pa mwezi na dazi ndiposo nyengo zakukwana 15 apo ŵakasanda umo mapulaneti ghakakhalira. Vinthu ivi vikulongora apo pakaŵa mwezi na mapulaneti ndiposo nyenyezi zinyake panji vipingausiku.¹⁸ Ciphapha ici cikulongosoraso kuti pali nyengo zakupambanapambana izo dazi likafumiranga na kunjira ndiposo apo mwezi ukafumiranga na kunjira.^18a

Pakuti vinthu ivi vikuŵa vyakugomezgeka para ŵayowoya kuti vicitikenge, ŵakusanda ŵasanda makora nyengo zakukwana 13 izo ciphapha ca VAT 4956 cikuyowoya kuti caru cikaŵa pakati pa mwezi na dazi. Ŵakasanda nyengo izi mwakugwiliskira nchito pulogiramu ya pa kompyuta ya kulongora umo vinthu vya ku mtambo vikakhalira pa zuŵa linyake kumanyuma.¹⁹ Kasi ŵakasanga vici? Nangauli ni nyengo zose 13 yayi izo caru cikaŵa pakati pa mwezi na dazi zikukhozgera cilimika ca 568/567 B.C.E., kweni nyengo zose 13 izi zikukhozgera cilimika ca 588/587 B.C.E.

Ciphapha ico cili pa mapeji agha cikulongora kuti nyengo izo caru cikaŵa pakati pa mwezi na dazi zikukhozgera comene cilimika ca 588 B.C.E. kuluska ca 568 B.C.E. Pa mzere wacitatu tikuŵazga kuti mwezi ukaŵa pa malo ghanyake pa “usiku wa pa [Nisanu] 9.” Ndipouli, ŵakusanda awo pakwamba ŵakayowoya za cilimika ca 568 B.C.E (astronomical -567) ŵakazomerezga kuti mu 568 B.C.E., mwezi ukaŵa pa malo agha pa “Nisanu 8, pa Nisanu 9 yayi.” Kuti ŵalongore kuti ivyo vili pa ciphapha vikukhozgera cilimika ca 568 B.C.E., ŵakasacizga kuti ŵalembi ŵakabudiska kulemba “9” m’malo mwa kulemba “8.”²⁰ Kweni pa mzere wacitatu pakulongora kuti mwezi ukakhala pa malo agha pa Nisanu 9 mu cilimika ca 588 B.C.E.²¹

Nchakuwonekerathu kuti ivyo ŵakusanda vya ku mtambo ŵakalemba, ivyo vili pa ciphapha ca VAT 4956 vikukhozgera kuti cilimika ca nambara 37 ca kuwusa kwa Nebukadinezara II cikaŵa ca 588 B.C.E. Ntheura ciphapha ici cikukhozgera kuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 607 B.C.E. nga umo Baibolo likulongolera.

Cifukwa Wuli Tikwenera Kugomezga Baibolo?

Pasono, ŵakusanda mdauko ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 587 B.C.E. Ndipouli, Yeremiya na Daniel awo ŵakalembako Baibolo ŵakayowoya kuti Ŵayuda ŵakakhala ku wuzga vilimika 70, vilimika 50 yayi. (Yeremiya 25:1, 2, 11; 29:10; Daniel 9:2) Fundo izi zikulongora kuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 607 B.C.E. Nga umo ukaboni wapacanya uwu ukulongolera, mdauko wa ku caru ukukhozgera cilimika ici.

Kanandi waka, nkhwantha zikukayikira kuti Baibolo ndaunenesko. Kweni apo ukaboni unandi ukuvumbukwa, Baibolo likulongora kuti ndaunenesko.f Awo ŵakugomezga Baibolo ŵali na vifukwa vyakukwana vyakugomezgera kuti likuneneska. Iwo ŵakugomezga nthena cifukwa ca maukaboni agho ghakulongora kuti Baibolo likuneneska pa nkhani ya mdauko, sayansi, na maucimi. Ukaboni uwu ukuŵawovwira kugomezga ivyo Baibolo likuyowoya kuti ni Mazgu gha Ciuta. (2 Timote 3:16) Tikumupemphani kuti mupenjerezge mwekha ukaboni. Namweso mugomezgenge kuti Baibolo ni Mazgu gha Ciuta.

[Mazgu ghamusi]

[Bokosi/​Chati pa peji 23]

(Mu magazini yakusindikizga ndimo vikuwoneka makora)

MU VIPHAPHA VYA MDAUKO WA KU BABULONI MULIJE VINYAKE

Nyengo ya mathemba gha ku Babuloni yikaŵa vilimika 88, kweni mu viphapha vya mdauko wa ku Babuloni muli mdauko wa vilimika 35 pera.

◻CILIMIKA ICO MDAUKO UKALEMBEKA YAYI

◼CILIMIKA ICO MDAUKO UKALEMBEKA

BM 21901 BM 21946 BM 35382

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

NYENGO YA MATHEMBA GHA BABULONI ŴAPERESIYA

Nabopolassar Nebukadinezara II Amel-Marduk Nabonidus

Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk

↑ ↑ ↑

BM 25127 BM 22047 BM 25124

[Kulongosora Vithuzithuzi]

BM 21901 na BM 35382: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum; BM 21946: Copyright British Museum; BM 22047, 25124, 25127: © The Trustees of the British Museum

[Bokosi/Cithuzithuzi pa peji 24]

CIPHAPHA CA BM 32238 CAKULONGOSORA VINTHU VYA KU MTAMBO

Pa ciphapha ici pali kulembeka nyengo izo caru cikaŵa pakati pa mwezi na dazi, kweni ciphapha ici cikalembeka pakati pajumpha vilimika 400 kufuma pa nyengo yakwamba iyo vinthu ivi vikacitikira. Pakuti uyo wakalemba ciphapha ici wakawona yayi vyakucitika ivi, wakwenera kuti wakacita kupendesera kuti wamanye nyengo iyo ivi vikacitikira kumanyuma. Ivyo wakasanga tingavigomezga pekha usange pangaŵa ukaboni unyake wakuvikhozgera. Kweni para palije, ivyo wakapendesera vingaŵa vyakovwira yayi kumanya mdauko.

[Kulongosora Cithuzithuzi]

©The Trustees of the British Museum

[Bokosi/Cithuzithuzi pa mapeji 26, 27]

KASI PA CIPHAPHA CA 4956 PAKALEMBEKA VICI COMENECOMENE?

Cifukwa wuli nchakuzirwa kumanya? Mzere wacitatu wa pa ciphapha ici pali kulembeka kuti ‘pa usiku wa 9’ mu mwezi wakwamba (Nisanu/Nisan), “mwezi ukimilira pa utali wakukwana mkono umoza (masentimita pafupifupi 43-56) kunthazi kwa nyenyezi yakucemeka ß Virginis.” Ndipouli, mu 1915, Neugebauer na Weidner ŵakalemba fundo yinyake yakukhwaskana na cilimika ca 568 B.C.E. (iyo yikulongora kuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 587 B.C.E.), ŵakati “mwezi ukimilira pa utali wakukwana mkono umoza kunthazi kwa nyenyezi iyi pa Nisan 8, pa Nisan 9 yayi.” Kweni, pali ukaboni wakuti mwezi ukimilira kunthazi kwa nyenyezi iyi pa Nisan 9 mu cilimika ca 588 B.C.E., ico cikulongora kuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 607 B.C.E.

Kasi pakaŵa pa 9 panji pa 8?

(1) Nga umo cithuzithuzi ici cikulongolera, cilembo cakale ca ku Babuloni ico cikwimira 9 cikuwoneka makora.

(2) Pakung’anamura ciphapha ca vilembo vyakale comene, Neugebauer na Weidner ŵakasintha “9” na kulembapo “8.”

(3) Kweni mazgu gha musi ndigho ghakulongora kuti pakwamba pakaŵa “9.”

(4) Nanga ni mu buku lawo lakung’anamurika mu ciyowoyero cawo ca ku German ŵali kulembamo “8.”

(5) Mu 1988, Sachs na Hunger ŵakasindikizga buku linyake ndipo pa malo agha ŵakalembapo “9” nga umo paliri pa ciphapha ceneco.

(6) Kweni pa ivyo ŵali kung’anamura kuluta mu Cingelezi ŵali kulekapo pakubudika, ŵakuti pakwenera kuŵa “9” yayi kweni “8.”

[Kulongosora Cithuzithuzi]

bpk / Vorderasiatisches Museum, SMB / Olaf M. Teßmer

[Bokosi pa peji 28]

Fundo Zakusazgikira pa nkhani yakuti: “Kasi Yerusalemu Wakale Wakabwangandulika Pawuli?—Cigaŵa Caciŵiri”

1. Kale ku Babuloni pakulemba ŵakapanganga viphapha vya dongo liŵisi ndipo ŵakagwarangapo vimanyikwiro vyakupambanapambana mwakugwiliskira nchito kanthu kakuthwa kunthazi.

2. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, by A. K. Grayson, published 1975, 2000 reprint, peji 8.

3. Nyengo ya Mathemba gha ku Babuloni yikamba mu vilimika vya m’ma 600 B.C.E. Muwusi wakwamba wakaŵa Nabopolassar, wiske wa Nebukadinezara II. Nyengo ya Mathemba gha ku Babuloni yikamara apo themba laumaliro Nabonidus, likawuskikapo pa uthemba mu 539 B.C.E. na Sayirasi uyo wakaŵa Themba la Ŵaperesiya.

4. Neo-Babylonian Business and Administrative Documents, by Ellen Whitley Moore, published 1935, peji 33.

5. Archimedes, Volume 4, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, “Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers,” by John M. Steele, published 2000, peji 36.

6. Amel-Marduk 562-560 B.C.—A Study Based on Cuneiform, Old Testament, Greek, Latin and Rabbinical Sources. With Plates, by Ronald H. Sack, published 1972, peji 3.

7. Pa Viphapha vya BM 80920 na BM 58872 pali kulembeka mwezi wacinayi na wacinkhondi mu cilimika ico Evil-merodach wakambiranga kuwusa. Ivi vikasindikizgika na Sack mu buku lakuti Amel-Marduk 562-560 B.C.—A Study Based on Cuneiform, Old Testament, Greek, Latin and Rabbinical Sources. With Plates, peji 3, 90, 106.

8. Ciphapha ca ku British Museum (BM 55806) cili kulembeka mwezi wa nambara 10, cilimika ca nambara 43.

9. Viphapha vya BM 75106 na BM 61325 vikalembeka mwezi wa nambara 7 na 10 wa cilimika (caciŵiri) ico ŵakuti cikaŵa caumaliro ca kuwusa kwa themba Evil-merodach. Kweni, ciphapha ca BM 75489 cikalembeka mwezi waciŵiri wa cilimika ico Neriglissar, uyo wakanjira m’malo ghake, wakambira kuwusa.—Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Volume VIII, (Tablets From Sippar 3) by Erle Leichty, J. J. Finkelstein, and C.B.F. Walker, published 1988, peji 25, 35.

Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Volume VII, (Tablets From Sippar 2) by Erle Leichty and A. K. Grayson, published 1987, peji 36.

Neriglissar—King of Babylon, by Ronald H. Sack, published 1994, peji 232. Pa ciphapha ici pali kulembeka mwezi wa Ajaru (mwezi waciŵiri).

10. Mwaciyelezgero wonani ivyo vili kulembeka vyakukhwaskana na Neriglissar. Ciphapha cinyake cikuti wakaŵa “mwana wa Bêl-shum-ishkun,” “themba la Babuloni.” Ciphapha cinyake cikulongosora kuti Bêl-shum-ishkun ni “karonga wavinjeru.” Lizgu leneko ilo lili kung’anamurika kuti “karonga,” ni rubû, ndipo likung’anamuraso kuti “themba, muwusi.” Pakuti vikuwonekerathu kuti pali kususkana pakati pa nyengo iyo Neriglissar wakawusira na iyo wakawusira Amel-Marduk uyo wakanjira m’malo ghake, kasi ndikuti “themba la Babuloni” ili, Bêl-shum-ishkun, likawusa pa nyengo yapakati pa mathemba ghaŵiri agha? Pulofesa R. P. Dougherty, wakazomerezga kuti “kususkana kwakukhwaskana na cilimika ico Neriglissar wakambira kuwusa tingakuzerezga waka yayi.”—Nabonidus and Belshazzar—A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, by Raymond P. Dougherty, published 1929, peji 61.

11. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Volume V, edited by Hermann Hunger, published 2001, peji 2-3.

12. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volume 2, No. 4, 1948, “A Classification of the Babylonian Astronomical Tablets of the Seleucid Period,” by A. Sachs, peji 282-283.

13. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Volume V, peji 391.

14. Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology, by David Brown, published 2000, peji 164, 201-202.

15. Bibliotheca Orientalis, L N° 1⁄2, Januari-Maart, 1993, “The Astronomical Diaries as a Source for Achaemenid and Seleucid History,” by R. J. van der Spek, peji 94, 102.

16. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts From Babylonia, Volume I, by Abraham J. Sachs, completed and edited by Hermann Hunger, published 1988, peji 47.

17. Babylonian Eclipse Observations From 750 BC to 1 BC, by Peter J. Huber and Salvo De Meis, published 2004, peji 186. Mwakuyana na ciphapha ca VAT 4956, pa 15 mwezi wacitatu wa Babuloni caru cikaŵa pakati pa dazi na mwezi, ico cikulongora kuti mwezi wa Simanu ukaŵa wambapo kale mazuŵa 15 kumanyuma. Usange caru cikaŵa pakati pa dazi na mwezi pa Julayi 15, 588 B.C.E. mwakuyana na kalendara yithu ya Julian, mbwenu zuŵa lakwamba la mwezi wa Simanu likwenera kuŵa Juni 30/Julayi 1, 588 B.C.E. Mwantheura, mwezi wakwamba wa Babuloni (Nisanu) ukeneranga kwamba cilimika ciphya, myezi yiŵiri kumanyuma, pa Meyi 2/3. Nangauli cilimika ico caru cikaŵira pakati pa dazi na mwezi cikatenge cambenge pa Epulero 3/4, pa mzere wa nambara 6 wa ciphapha ca VAT 4956 pakulongosora kuti ŵakasazgirako mwezi unyake ku mwezi (waumaliro) wa nambara 12 (wa Addaru) wa cilimika ico cajumpha. (Pa ciphapha ici tikuŵazga kuti: “pa 8 mwezi wa XII₂.”) Ntheura ici cikapangiska kuti cilimika ciphya cileke kwamba mpaka Meyi 2/3. Ntheura, deti ili ilo caru cikaŵira pakati pa dazi na mwezi mu 588 B.C.E. likukolerana na ilo lili pa ciphapha.

18. Mwakuyana na Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Reports Regarding the Discussions of the Royal Saxonian Society of Sciences at Leipzig); Volume 67; May 1, 1915; in the article “Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II” (An Astronomical Observer’s Text of the 37th Year Nebuchadnezzar II), by Paul V. Neugebauer and Ernst F. Weidner, peji 67-76, muli nyengo zakukwana 13 izo zikulongosora apo mwezi ukaŵa pakuyaniska na apo pakaŵa nyenyezi panji vipingausiku. Paliso nyengo 15 zakulongosora umo mapulaneti ghakakhalira. (Peji 72-76) Nangauli vilembo vyakale comene vyakulongora mwezi vikuwoneka makora comene, kweni vilembo vinyake vya mazina gha mapulaneti na apo ghakaŵa, vikuwoneka makora yayi. (Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy—Astrology, by David Brown, published 2000, peji 53-57) Pakuti vilembo vya mazina gha mapulaneti vikuwoneka makora yayi, ŵakusanda ŵakuvilongosora mwakupambanapambana. Pakuti nchipusu kumanya apo pali mwezi, nchipususo kumanya vinthu vinyake vya ku mtambo ivyo vili kufupi na mwezi ivyo vikuyowoyeka pa ciphapha ca VAT 4956 ndiposo apo vili. Ndipo ivyo ŵangasanga vingaŵa vyaunenesko.

18a. Nyengo izi zikupimika kufuma apo zuŵa likunjilira mpaka apo mwezi ukunjilira pa zuŵa lakwamba la mwezi ndiposo panyengo zinyake ziŵiri mukati mwa mwezi. Nkhwantha zili kupanga kalendara mwa kughanaghanira nyengo izi. (“The Earliest Datable Observation of the Aurora Borealis,” by F. R. Stephenson and David M. Willis, in Under One Sky—Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East, edited by John M. Steele and Annette Imhausen, published 2002, peji 420-428) Ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakakhumbikwiranga woci kuti ŵapime nyengo izi. Nyengo izi zikaŵanga zakugomezgeka yayi para ŵapima. (Archimedes, Volume 4, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, “Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers,” by John M. Steele, published 2000, peji 65-66) Kweni vikuŵa vyakugomezgeka para ŵapima mtunda pakati pa mwezi na vinthu vinyake vya ku mtambo.

19. Kusanda uku kukapangika na pulogiramu yinyake ya pa kompyuta yakovwira pa kusanda vinthu vya ku mtambo, yakucemeka TheSky6^TM. Kweniso ŵakagwiliskira nchito pulogiramu yinyake ya pa kompyuta yakucemeka Cartes du Ciel/Sky Charts (CDC) ndiposo yakusinthira madeti iyo ŵakapeleka ŵa U.S. Naval Observatory. Pakuti vimanyikwiro vinandi vya vilembo vya ku Babuloni ivyo vikulongora umo mapulaneti ghakakhalira ŵakusacizga waka ndiposo ŵakuvilongosolera panandi, ŵakavigwiliskira nchito yayi pa kusanda uku kuti ŵasange cilimika ceneko ico vinthu ivyo vikaŵa pa ciphapha ca vya ku mtambo ici vikacitikira.

20. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig (Reports Regarding the Discussions of the Royal Saxonian Society of Sciences at Leipzig); Volume 67; May 1, 1915; “Ein astronomischer Beobachtungstext aus dem 37. Jahre Nebukadnezars II, (-567/66)” (An Astronomical Observer’s Text of the 37th Year Nebuchadnezzar II), by Paul V. Neugebauer and Ernst F. Weidner, peji 41.

21. Pa ciphapha ca VAT 4956 pa mzere wacitatu tikuŵazga kuti: “Mwezi ukimilira mkono umoza [panji 2 degrees] kunthazi kwa nyenyezi yakucemeka ß Virginis.” Kusanda uko tayowoya kale kukulongora kuti pa Nisanu 9, mwezi ukaŵa pa 2°04ʹ kunthazi kwa nyenyezi yakucemeka ß Virginis ndiposo 0° kusi kwake. Ivi vikukolerana comene.

[Chati pa peji 25]

(Mu magazini yakusindikizga ndimo vikuwoneka makora)

KASI CIPHAPHA CA VAT 4956 CIKULONGORA KUTI YERUSALEMU WAKABWANGANDULIKA MU 587 B.C.E. PANJI MU 607 B.C.E.?

◼ Ciphapha ici cikulongosora umo vinthu vya ku mtambo vikakhalira mu cilimika ca nambara 37 ca kuwusa ca Themba Nebukadinezara II.

◼ Nebukadinezara II wakabwangandura Yerusalemu mu cilimika ca nambara18 ca kuwusa kwake.—Yeremiya 32:1.

610 B.C.E. 600 590 580 570 560

◼ Ciphapha ca VAT 4956 cikupeleka ukaboni wakukhorweska wakuti Yerusalemu wakabwangandulika mu 607 B.C.E.

[Kulongosora Cithuzithuzi pa peji 22]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum