Alfonso de Zamora Wakang’anamura Zina la Ciuta nga Umo Likaŵira mu Malemba Ghakwambilira

MU CILIMIKA ca 1496, Ferdinand, uyo wakaŵa themba la Spain, na Isabella, uyo wakaŵa fumukazi ya Spain, ŵakati: “Tikulangura Ŵayuda wose . . . kuti pakufika kuumaliro wa Julayi cilimika cino, ŵafumemo mu ufumu ndiposo vigaŵa vithu pamoza na ŵana ŵawo ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ndiposo ŵateŵeti ŵawo ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na wose ŵa mu nyumba yawo, ŵakuru na ŵacoko, mwambura kupwelerako za msinkhu wawo, ndipo ŵaleke kukaweraso.”

Cifukwa ca languro lankhongono ili, mbumba za Ŵayuda izo zikaŵa ku Spain zikapika mwaŵi wa kusankha pakati pa kufumamo mu caru ici panji kuleka cisopa cawo. Rabbi munyake, zina lake Juan de Zamora, wakwenera kuti wakawona kuti nchiwemi wanjire waka Cikatolika na kukhala kuko ku Spain, cifukwa ndiko ŵasekuru ŵake ŵakababikira. Pakuti Juan wakaŵa Muyuda, wakwenera kuti wakatumizga mwana wake Alfonso ku sukulu yapacanya yakusambizga Cihebere ku Zamora. Alfonso wakasambiraso Cilatini, Cigiriki, na Ciaramu. Wakati wamalizga masambiro ghake, wakamba kusambizga Cihebere pa Yunivesite ya Salamanca. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, viyowoyero ivyo wakamanya vikawovwira comene nkhwantha zakusanda Baibolo mu Europe mose.

Mu 1512, Yunivesite yiphya ya Alcalá de Henares yikasankha Alfonso de Zamora kuŵa ceyamani wa masambiro gha Cihebere. Pakuti Zamora wakaŵa yumoza mwa ŵanthu ŵakusambira comene mu nyengo yake, cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros, uyo wakambiska yunivesite iyi, wakamupempha kuti wawovwirepo pa mulimo wakuzirwa comene wa kung’anamura Baibolo lakucemeka Complutensian Polyglot. Mu Baibolo la mavoliyumu 6 ili mukeneranga kuŵa malemba ghakupatulika mu Cihebere, Cigiriki, na Cilatini, kweniso vigaŵa vinyake mu Ciaramu.a

Pakuyowoya za mulimo wa kung’anamura Baibolo ili, Mariano Revilla Rico, uyo wakaŵa nkhwantha yakusanda Baibolo, wakati: “Pa Ŵayuda ŵatatu ŵakuphenduka awo ŵakacitako mulimo wa Cardinal [Cisneros], wakumanyikwa comene ni Alfonso de Zamora, uyo wakumanya makora viyowoyero, wakusambira comene, wakumanya malango gha Ŵayuda, kweniso ni nkhwantha pa Cilatini, Cigiriki, Cihebere na Ciaramu.” Ivyo Zamora wakasambira vikamovwira kuwona kuti munthu wangang’anamura Baibolo mwambura kubudiskika usange wakumanya makora viyowoyero vyakwambilira ivyo likalembekeramo. Nakuti wakaŵa yumoza mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kusanda comene Baibolo kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m’ma 1500.

Ndipouli, nyengo iyo Zamora wakaŵirako yikaŵa yakusuzga kuti munthu wasandenge Baibolo, kweniso malo agho wakaŵa, ghakaŵa ghakofya. Khoti la ku Spain lakusanda vya cisopa nalo likaŵa kuti lahaŵa, ndipo Chalichi la Katolika likawonanga kuti Baibolo Lacilatini la Vulgate pera ndilo ndakuzomerezgeka. Kweni kwamba papo kale, nkhwantha zakusanda Baibolo mu Katolika zikaŵa kuti zawona kale kuti mu Baibolo la Cilatini la Vulgate mukaŵa vinthu vinandi vyakubudika. Kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m’ma 1500, Alfonso de Zamora na ŵanyake ŵakamba kucitapo kanthu.

‘Kung’anamura Nkhwakukhumbikwa Kuti Ŵanthu Ŵaponoskeke’

Pa milimo iyo Zamora wakacitako, nchakuwonekerathu kuti wakuzirwa comene ukaŵa wa kunozga Malemba gha Cihebere agho ghakucemeka “Tesitamenti la Kale” na kughang’anamura kuya mu Cilatini. Nchakuwonekerathu kuti wakakhumbanga kuti vinthu ivi vizakawovwire pa mulimo wa kunozga Baibolo likuru la Complutensian Polyglot. Umoza mwa mipukutu iyo wakalemba yili ku layibulare ya El Escorial, kufupi na Madrid mu caru ca Spain. Mpukutu uwu uli kulembeka G-I-4, uli na buku lose la Genesis mu Cihebere, ndiposo Cilatini cakung’anamulika lizgu na lizgu.

Mazgu ghakwambilira ghakuti: “Kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵazakapone pakukhumbikwa kuti Malemba Ghatuŵa ghang’anamulike kuya mu viyowoyero vinyake. . . . Tawona kuti . . . nchakuzirwa comene kuti ŵanthu ŵakugomezgeka ŵaŵe na Baibolo lakung’anamulika lizgu na lizgu, lakulembeka mu nthowa yakuti lizgu lililose la Cihebere liŵe na lakuyana nalo mu Cilatini.” Alfonso de Zamora wakaŵa wakukwana kung’anamura Baibolo liphya kuya mu Cilatini cifukwa wakamanyikwanga kuŵa nkhwantha pa Cihebere.

‘Mzimu Wane Ukusoŵa Malo Ghakupumulirapo’

Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1500, Spain ghakaŵa malo ghawemi kuti nkhwantha nga ni Zamora zigwilirengeko nchito. Mu vilimika vya kumanyuma, ku Spain kukaŵa Ŵayuda ŵanandi. Encyclopædia Britannica yikulongosora kuti: “Mu nyengo yakale ku Spain kukaŵa Ŵasilamu na Ŵayuda ŵanandi ndipo cikaŵa caru cekha ku western Europe ico cikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu ndiposo visopa vyakupambanapambana, ndipo ici nchifukwa cimoza ico mu nyengo yakale caru ca Spain cikayira panthazi comene pa nkhani za cisopa, luso lwa kulemba, luso lwa kujambura, na luso lwa vyakupangapanga.”

Pakuti ku Spain kukaŵa Ŵayuda ŵanandi comene, mipukutu ya Malemba gha Cihebere yikaŵa yinandi comene. Ŵalembi Ŵacihebere ŵa mu vigaŵa vinandi vya Spain ŵakafwilirapo kukopera mipukutu kuti ŵaŵazgirenge ŵanthu mu masunagoge. Mu buku lake lakuti The Earliest Editions of the Hebrew Bible, L. Goldschmidt wakati “Nkhwantha za Ciyuda izo zikasandanga Baibolo zikalumbanga mabuku ghakwambilira ghankhondi gha mu Baibolo ghakung’anamulika mu Cisipanishi na Cipocugizi kuti ndigho ghakang’anamulika makora pera yayi, kweni zikalumbangaso mipukutu iyo kukafuma mabuku agha na mabaibolo agho mukaŵa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana.”

Nangauli caru ca Spain cikaŵa ciwemi kucitirako mulimo wa kung’anamura Baibolo, kweni awo ŵakakhumbanga kung’anamura Baibolo liphya ili ŵakaŵa pafupi kukumana na masuzgo ghakuru. Mu 1492, ŵasilikari Ŵacikatolika ŵa Themba Ferdinand na Fumukazi Isabella ŵakapoka cigaŵa caumaliro ca Ŵasilamu ku Spain. Nga umo yayowoyera ndime yakwambilira, mu cilimika cenecici ŵawusi aŵa ŵakalangura kuti awo ŵacali mu cisopa Caciyuda ŵakwenera kufumamo mu Spain. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 10, Ŵasiramu nawo ŵakacimbizgika. Kufuma nyengo iyi kuya munthazi, Cikatolika ndico cikaŵa cisopa cakuzomerezgeka ku Spain ndipo cisopa cinyake cilicose cikaŵa cakukanizgika.

Kasi kusintha uku kukakhwaska wuli mulimo wa kung’anamura Baibolo? Ivyo vikacitikira Alfonso de Zamora vikuzgora fumbo ili. Nangauli Muyuda wakusambira uyu wakaŵa kuti waphendukira ku Cikatolika, ŵalaraŵalara ŵa ku Spain ŵakaluwa yayi kuti ni Muyuda. Ŵakususka ŵanyake ŵakacombora Cardinal Cisneros cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito Ŵayuda ŵakusambira aŵa pakunozga Baibolo lake la Polyglot. Ivi vikapangiska kuti Zamora wasuzgike comene. Mu mpukutu uwo tingawusanga ku Yunivesite ya Madrid, Zamora wakadandawura kuti: “Ine, . . . natinkhika ndipo ŵabwezi ŵane wose ŵanileka, ŵazgoka ŵalwani ŵane, nkhusanga yayi malo ghakupumuzgirapo mzimu wane panji malundi ghane.”

Yumoza mwa ŵalwani ŵake ŵaheni comene wakaŵa Juan Tavera, bishopu wa ku Toledo, uyo pamanyuma wakaŵa mulara mu khoti lakufumbilira vya cisopa ku Spain. Zamora wakasuzgika comene na ivyo Tavera wakamucitiranga mwakuti wakalembera papa kuti wamovwire. Mu kalata yake, wakati: “Tikulomba na kuŵeyelera kuti Mwaŵatuŵa mutovwire. . . na kutivikilira ku mulwani withu bishopu wa ku Toledo, Don Juan Tavera. Zuŵa lililose, kwambura kuleka, wakutisuzga comene. . . . Tikusuzgika comene, cifukwa wakutiwona nga ni vikoko ivyo vikuluta kukakomeka. . . . Para Mwaŵatuŵa mungapulika pempho lithu, ‘Yahweh wamuvikiliraninge ndipo lundi linu likhuŵalenge cara.’ (Zinth. 3:23)”b

Ivyo Alfonso de Zamora Wali Kundakaleka

Nangauli Zamora wakawukilika nthena, kweni wakalutilira kucita mulimo wake ndipo ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵa Baibolo ŵakasanga nawo candulo. Nangauli wakang’anamurapo yayi Malemba kuya mu viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga pa nyengo yira, kweni wakawovwira comene awo ŵakang’anamuranga Baibolo. Kuti tipulikiske umo wakawovwilira, tikwenera kukumbuka kuti pali vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikukhumbikwa pakung’anamura Baibolo. Cakwamba, pakwenera kuŵa nkhwantha izo zikusanda malemba ghakupatulika mu viyowoyero vyakwambilira nga ni Cihebere, Ciaramu, na Cigiriki mwakuti paŵe malemba ghakugomezgeka mu viyowoyero ivi. Pamanyuma, ŵang’anamuri ŵakwamba kung’anamura malemba agha kuluta mu ciyowoyero cawo.

Alfonso de Zamora wakaŵa nkhwantha iyo yikawovwira comene pa kunozga malemba gha Cihebere agho pamanyuma ghakazakaŵa mu Baibolo la Complutensian Polyglot mu 1522 (Mazgu gha Cihebere na Cilatini ndiposo ghakulongosora lizgu la Cihebere agho ghakaŵa mu Baibolo ili ghakawovwira comene ŵang’anamuri.) Erasmus, uyo wakaŵako mu nyengo ya Zamora, nayo wakacita mulimo wakuyana waka wa kunozga Malemba gha Cigiriki, agho ghakucemeka kuti Tesitamenti la Sono. Mazgu gha Cihebere na Cigiriki ghakati ghanozgekaso, ŵang’anamuri ŵanyake ŵakambangapo mulimo wakuzirwa wa kung’anamura Baibolo kuya mu viyowoyero vinyake. Apo William Tyndale wakang’anamuranga Baibolo kuluta mu Cingelezi, wakaŵa yumoza mwa ŵang’anamuri ŵakwamba awo ŵakagwiliskira nchito malemba gha Cihebere gha mu Baibolo la Complutensian Polyglot.

Mazuŵa ghano Baibolo lili palipose cifukwa ca kufwilirapo kwa ŵanthu nga ni Zamora, awo ŵakajipeleka mwakuti tipulike ivyo Malemba ghakuyowoya. Zamora wakamanya kuti ŵanthu ŵangazakapona pekha usange ŵangapulikiska Mazgu gha Ciuta na kughalondezga. (Yohane 17:3) Ntheura, Baibolo likwenera kung’anamulika mu viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵangapulika, cifukwa ndipo pekha unenesko ungacontha mitima ya ŵanthu.

[Mazgu ghamusi]

[Bokosi/Vithuzithuzi pa peji 19]

Kung’anamura Zina la Ciuta

Nchakukondweska comene kuwona umo Alfonso de Zamora, uyo wakaŵa munthu wakusambira wakumanya comene Cihebere wakang’anamulira zina la Ciuta. Nga umo cithuzithuzi ico cili apa cikulongolera, mazgu gha mumphepete mwa Malemba gha buku la Genesis ilo mukaŵa Cihebere na Cilatini, ghakaŵa na zina la Ciuta ndipo likalembeka kuti “jehovah.”

Nchakuwonekerathu kuti Zamora wakawona kuti zina la Ciuta ndimo likwenera kung’anamulikira kuya mu Cilatini. Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1500, apo Baibolo likang’anamulikanga kuya mu viyowoyero vikuru vya ku Europe, ŵang’anamuri ŵanandi ŵa Baibolo ŵakalemba zina ili, panji lakuyanako nalo. Ŵanji ŵa iwo ni aŵa: William Tyndale (Cingelezi, 1530), Sebastian Münster (Cilatini, 1534), Pierre-Robert Olivétan (Cifurenci, 1535) na Casiodoro de Reina (Cisipanishi, 1569).

Ntheura, Zamora wakaŵa yumoza mwa nkhwantha zakwamba zakusanda Baibolo za mu vilimika vya m’ma 1500 izo zikawovwira kuti zina la Ciuta limanyikwe. Zina la Ciuta likaleka kumanyikwa cifukwa Ŵayuda ŵakamba kusambizga ŵanthu kuti ni mziro kuzunura zina la Ciuta. Cifukwa ca kacigomezgo ka Ŵayuda aka, ŵang’anamuri ŵa Baibolo ŵa visopa ivyo vikuti ni vya Cikhristu, nga ni Jerome, uyo wakang’anamura Baibolo la Cilatini la Vulgate, ŵakalileka zina la Ciuta na kulembamo mazgu nga ni “Fumu” panji “Ciuta.”

[Cithuzithuzi]

Vilembo vya Cihebere Ivyo Zamora Wakang’anamura Kuti “Yehova”

[Cithuzithuzi pa peji 18]

Languro Lakufuma kwa Themba na Fumukazi ya Spain, 1492

[Kulongosora Cithuzithuzi]

Languro: Courtesy of the Archivo Histórico Provincial, Ávila, Spain

[Cithuzithuzi pa peji 18]

Yunivesite ya Alcalá de Henares

[Cithuzithuzi pa peji 21]

Cikopi ca Baibolo la Viyowoyero Vinandi ilo Zamora Wakanozga