Ahemman a Ɛyerae a Ɛhyɛɛ Bible Akasatiafo Aniwu

Ná anka Asiria ahemman ho abakɔsɛm na yɛ nea wonnim ho nsɛm pii wɔ wiase abakɔsɛm mu no biako.” “Ná nea yenim fa tete Niniwe ho ara ne nsɛm ne nkɔmhyɛ nkorɛnkorɛ a ɛfa ho wɔ Bible no mu, ne Asiria abakɔsɛm mu nsɛmwa a enni mũ a ɛwɔ Diodorus Siculus . . . ne afoforo nkyerɛwee mu.​—Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature, Po 1 ne 3, 1862.

HELANI abɔkɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Diodorus Siculus traa ase mfe 2,000 a atwam ni. Ɔkyerɛe sɛ Niniwe yɛ kurow a ɛyɛ ahinanan; afanan no tenten yɛ bɛyɛ anammɔn 291,336. Sɛ wotwa ho hyia a ɛyɛ kilomita 96! Bible no ka ho asɛm saa ara, na ɛka Niniwe ho asɛm sɛ kurow kɛse a “nnansa na wɔde twa ho hyia.”​—Yona 3:3.

Afeha a ɛto 19 mu Bible akasatiafo powee sɛ wobegye adi sɛ tete kurow a wonnim ho asɛm betumi ayɛ kɛse saa. Wɔka nso sɛ, sɛ na Niniwe wɔ hɔ mmere bi a, ebetumi aba sɛ na ɛwɔ tete mmere bi a edii Babel anim mu.

Ná adwene yi ne Genesis ti 10 a ɛka sɛ Noa nanankanso, Nimrod, na ɔde amammui man a edi kan sii hɔ wɔ Babel, anaa Babilon no nhyia. Bible no toa so ka sɛ: “Asase no so na ofi kɔɔ Asiria kɔkyekyee Niniwe ne Rehobot-Ir ne Kala, ne Resen a ɛda Niniwe ne Kala ntam no, ɛne kurow kɛse no.” (Genesis 10:8-12) Hyɛ no nsow sɛ Bible no ka Asiria nkurow afoforo anan no ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ “kurow kɛse” biako.

Wɔ 1843 mu no, Franseni a otutu fam de hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma, Paul-Émile Botta huu ahemfi a ɛdaa adi sɛ ɛyɛ Asiria kurow bi fã amamfõ. Bere a nkurɔfo tee ade a wɔahu yi ho asɛm no, wɔkyerɛɛ ho anigye kɛse. Alan Millard kyerɛkyerɛ mu wɔ ne nhoma Treasures From Bible Times mu sɛ: “Amanfo anigye yɛɛ kɛse bere a wɔdaa no adi sɛ ahemfi no yɛ Sargon, Asiria hene a wɔka ne ho asɛm wɔ Yesaia 20:1, a wogyee tra a watra ase pɛn no ho akyinnye esiane sɛ na wonnim ne ho asɛm no nti, no dea no.”

Bere koro no ara, obi foforo a otutu fam de hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma, Austen Henry Layard fii ase tutuu baabi a wɔfrɛ hɔ Numrud a ɛwɔ Khorsabad kesee fam atɔe kilomita 42 no amamfõ so. Ɛbɛdaa adi sɛ amamfõ no yɛ Kala​—Asiria nkurow anan a wɔka ho asɛm wɔ Genesis 10:11 no mu biako. Afei, wɔ 1849 mu no, Layard tutuu ahemfi kɛse bi amamfõ wɔ baabi a wɔfrɛ hɔ Kuyunjik, wɔ Kala ne Khorsabad ntam. Ɛbɛdaa adi sɛ ahemfi no yɛ Niniwe fã. Nkurow afoforo amamfõ so wɔ Khorsabad ne Kala ntam, a esiw bi a wɔfrɛ no Karamles ka ho. Layard hyɛɛ no nsow sɛ: “Sɛ yɛfa esiw akɛse anan a ɛwɔ Nimrúd [Kala], Koyunjuk [Niniwe], Khorsabad, ne Karamles sɛ ahinanan afã anan no a, yehu sɛ n’afanan no ne kilomita 96 a odiyifo no [Yona] de nnansa twae no hyia pɛpɛɛpɛ.”

Ɛnde, ɛte sɛ nea Yona faa nkurow yi nyinaa sɛ “kurow kɛse” biako, na ɔde kurow a wodii kan bɔɔ din wɔ Genesis 10:11 a ɛne Niniwe na ɛfrɛɛ wɔn. Wɔyɛ saa ara nnɛ. Sɛ́ nhwɛso no, nsonsonoe da London kurow ankasa ne ne nkurow a ɛbom yɛ nea ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ no “London Kɛse” no ntam.

Asiria Hene Ɔhomasofo Bi

Ná ahemfi a ɛwɔ Niniwe no wɔ mpia bɛboro 70, na na ɛwɔ afasu a ɛreyɛ adu kilomita 3. Ná akodi mu nkonimdi ne nneɛma afoforo a wɔatumi ayɛ ho adwini ahorow a ahyew nkae wɔ afasu no ho. Ná emu pii asɛe kɛse. Nanso, Layard nna a odii no reba n’awiei no, ohuu pia biako a na wɔakora so yiye. Wɔ afasu no ho no, na adwini a ɛkyerɛ kurow a ɛyɛ den bi a wɔadi so, na wɔafa nnommum de wɔn rekɔ ɔhene a odii nkonim, a ɔte ahengua so wɔ kurow no afikyiri no anim. Ná wɔ ɔhene no atifi no nkyerɛwde bi wɔ hɔ a Asiria nkyerɛwde ho abenfo kyerɛ ase sɛnea edi so yi: “Sanherib, wiase hene, Asiria hene, traa nimedu -ahengua so na ɔhwɛɛ asade a (wɔfa) fii Lakis no amammerɛ kwan so.

Ɛnnɛ wobetumi ahu nkyerɛwde yi wɔ British Museum. Ɛne abakɔsɛm kyerɛwtohɔ a ɛwɔ Bible no mu wɔ 2 Ahene 18:13, 14 no hyia sɛ: “Na ɔhene Hesekia afe a ɛto so duanan mu na Asiria hene Sanherib tu baa Yuda nkurow a ɛyɛ den nyinaa so bɛfae. Na Yuda hene Hesekia soma kɔɔ Asiria hene nkyɛn wɔ Lakis sɛ: Mayɛ bɔne; san fi me so: na nea wode bɛto me so no, mɛsoa. Na Asiria hene hyɛe sɛ Yuda hene Hesekia ntua dwetɛ dwetikɛse ahasa ne sika dwetikɛse aduasa.”

Wohuu nkyerɛwde afoforo wɔ Niniwe amamfõ so a ɛde Sanherib nkonimdi wɔ Yuda so ne tow a Hesekia tuae no ho nsɛm afoforo ma. Layard kyerɛw sɛ: “Ebia abakɔsem kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow a ɛne ne ho hyia sen biara no mu biako, sika dodow a wogye fii Hesekia hɔ, dwetikɛse ahasa no hyia wɔ kyerɛwtohɔ abien a ɛsono emu biara koraa no mu.” Owura Henry Rawlinson, a ɔboa ma wokyerɛɛ Asiria nkyerɛwde ase no bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ saa nkyerɛwde yi “maa wohuu onii ko a [Sanherib] yɛ wɔ abakɔsɛm mu pefee.” Bio nso, Layard bisa wɔ ne nhoma Nineveh and Babylon mu sɛ: “Ansa na wɔrebu nneɛma yi no, hena na anka obegye adi sɛ ebetumi aba sɛ wobehu ako a Hesekia ne Sanherib dii no ho abakɔsɛm a Sanherib ankasa kyerɛw no bere a esii no ankasa, na ɛfoa Bible kyerɛwtohɔ no mu nsɛm mu nketewa koraa so no, wɔ beae a anka Niniwe wɔ no amamfõ asase mu?”

Nokwarem no, Sanherib kyerɛwtohɔ no mu nsɛm binom ne Bible no nhyia. Sɛ́ nhwɛso no, obi a otutu fam de hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma, Alan Millard ka sɛ: “Nokwasɛm a ɛda adi sen biara no wɔ [Sanherib kyerɛwtohɔ no] awiei. Hesekia maa ne somafo de tow no nyinaa kɔmaa Sanherib wɔ ‘Niniwe, akyiri yi.’ Asiria asraafo no amfa wɔn ankɔ wɔn man mu wɔ nkonimdi kwan so sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no no.” Bible no ka sɛ wotuaa tow no ansa na Asiria hene no resan akɔ Niniwe. (2 Ahene 18:15-17) Dɛn nti na nsonsonoe da abien no mu? Na dɛn nti na Sanherib antumi anhoahoa ne ho sɛ wadi Yuda ahenkurow Yerusalem so, sɛnea ɔde Yuda kurow a ɛyɛ den Lakis a odii so no hoahoaa ne ho no? Bible akyerɛwfo baasa de ho mmuae ma. Obiako a ohuu nea esii no kyerɛw sɛ: “Ɛna [Yehowa] bɔfo fi kokum Asiria nsra mu nnipa ɔpeha aduɔwɔtwe anum; na wɔsɔree anɔpa no, na hwɛ, wɔn nyinaa yɛ afunu. Na Asiria hene Sanherib tu siim sanee, na ɔkɔtraa Niniwe.”​—Yesaia 37:36, 37; 2 Ahene 19:35; 2 Beresosɛm 32:21.

Millard de ba awiei wɔ ne nhoma Treasures From Bible Times mu sɛ: “Ntease pa biara nni hɔ sɛ wogye amanneɛbɔ yi ho akyinnye . . . Sɛnea ntease wom no, ɛnyɛ ade a Sanherib bɛkyerɛw asiane a ɛte saa ato hɔ ma wɔn a wobedi n’akyi aba akenkan, efisɛ ebegu n’anim ase.” Mmom no, ɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛma wɔanya adwene sɛ odii nkonim wɔ Yuda a otuaa no mu, ne sɛ Hesekia kɔɔ so brɛɛ ne ho ase maa no, de tow no kɔɔ Niniwe.

Wosi Baabi a Asiriafo Fi so Dua

Wohuu nhoma korabea ahorow a abopon ɔpepem pii wom nso wɔ Niniwe. Saa akorade no kyerɛ sɛ Asiria Ahemman no fii ase wɔ Babilon kesee fam, sɛnea Genesis 10:11 kyerɛ no ara pɛ. Wɔn a wotutu fam de hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma gyinaa eyi so yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu kɔɔ kesee fam kɛse. Encyclopœdia Biblica no kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Asiriafo nneɛma nkae nyinaa da no adi sɛ wofi Babilon. Wɔfaa wɔn kasa ne ɔkwan a wɔfa so kyerɛw wɔn nhoma, wɔn nyamesom, ne wɔn nyansahu nyinaa, fii wɔn kesee fam mfɛfo hɔ a nneɛma kakraa bi pɛ na ɛsakrae.”

Nneɛma a ɛte sɛɛ a wɔahu no ahyɛ Bible akasatiafo ma wɔabrɛ wɔn adwenhorow no ase. Nokwarem no, nokwaredi a wɔde hwehwɛ Bible no mu no da no adi sɛ akyerɛwfo a wɔyɛ ahwɛyiye, na wodi nokware na wɔkyerɛwee. United States Asennibea kunini kan temmufo panyin, Salmon P. Chase, kae bere a wahwehwɛ Bible no mu awie no sɛ: “Ná ɛyɛ adesua tenten a emu dɔ na ɛyɛ anibere: na bere a mede adanse ho nnyinasosɛm a bere biara mede di dwuma wɔ wiase nsɛm mu no ara dii dwuma wɔ nyamesom mu asɛm mu no, masi gyinae sɛ Bible no yɛ nhoma a emfi nnipa, ne sɛ, efi Onyankopɔn hɔ na aba.”​—The Book of Books: An Introduction.

Nokwarem no, Bible no sen abakɔsɛm a ɛyɛ nokware ara kwa. Ɛyɛ Onyankopɔn Asɛm a wofi honhom mu kyerɛwee, akyɛde a adasamma mfaso nti wɔde ama. (2 Timoteo 3:16) Wubetumi ahu eyi ho adanse denam asase ho nsɛm a Bible no ka a wubehwehwɛ mu no so. Yebesusuw eyi ho wɔ nea ɛbɛba no mu.

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 6, 7]

Atifi: Nneɛma abiɛsa a wɔfa fii afasu ho adwini ahorow mu Ase hɔ: Asiria afasu ho adwini a ɛkyerɛ tua a wotuaa Lakis no ho mfonini a wɔde nsa ayɛ

[Mfonini Fibea]

(British Museum na wɔmaa kwan)

(Efi The Bible in the British Museum, a efi British Museum Press hɔ)

[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 4]

Courtesy of the Trustees of The British Museum