Exeeni Eri “Evangelyo ya Yuda”?

MWEERI wa Abril 2006, ixornale sa olumwenku wotheene saahipacerya olaleya ipaphelo sa khalai saaphwanyiwe sa “Evangelyo ya Yuda”. Ixornale iyo sanaromola alipa ootokosa myaha yaale yaahimya wira etexto eyo ya khalai, yaarowa wuupulula itthu sikina sahaasuweliwa voohimya sa Yuda, mwixutti yoole anvarinhe Yesu. Moovarihana ni soohimmwa iyo, Yuda aari tthiri mutthu oonihenrye olipa murima wootepexa oreera, maana taamusuwela saana Yesu, okhala wira taapakale ele Yesu yanvekenle awe wira anvahererye ni iiviwe.

Niireke etexto ele ephwanyiwe ti yekeekhai tthiri? Akhala wira ekeekhai, niireke eyo enooniherya etthu yahaasuweliwa khalai voohimya sa Yuda Iskariote, Yesu Kristu, wala maKristau oopacerya? Niireke enoturuka itthu saasuwela ahu voohimya sa eKristau?

OPHWANYIWA WA “EVANGELYO YA YUDA”

Moota “Evangelyo ya Yuda” ephwanyiwe aya nlelo khuuvo onisuwela saana. Etexto eyo khahiyo yaaphwanyiwe wala otokosiwa ni masientista anitokosa mathala, masi mootutuxerya edukumento eyo yaakhumelenle wanikisa wa iyaakha sa 1970 wala waattamela iyaakha sa 1980. Vanikhala ntoko wira yaaphwanyiwe wEgito 1978 muhina mwa nikhuku naari mahiye a khalai. Edukumento eyo yiirela mpantta wa itexto xexe saarina mukhalelo wa códice (muthinto wa iliivuru sa khalaixa) waalempwale ni nttaava Cóptica (nttaava naalavuliwa khalaixa wEgito).

Mwaha wa osukiwa iseekulu sinceene mapuro ooviha wEgitu, esapala ele yaapakaniwa aya códice yaahitepa woolowasa nto khiyaakuva ohononeya. Anamatokosa vakhaani paahi ti yoonihiwe códice ole eyaakha ya 1983, masi musurukhu waavekeliwa waari wootepa waatta ni khiyaatumihiwa. Nto nuuvira iyaakha sinceene ehikhapeleliwaka saana ni ohisukiwa opuro wookhalela wahincererya ohirika wa edukumento ele ya códice. Eyaakha ya 2000, edukumento ele yaahithummwa ni mutthu oSuíça onithuma itthu sa khalai. Muhoolo mwaya muthiyana ole aahivahererya wa nikhuuru na atthu a ilapo sinceene anitokosa itthu, yaawo aneettihiwa ni Maecenas Foundation for Ancienta Arta ni National Geographica Society, nto khuvahiwa muteko wootepa ovila wa omulokiherya códice ole, ipantte sikina sa códice owo saahitepa onyaanyeya. Ekrupu ele, yahaana-tho osuwela iyaakha saarina awe códice ole, omutaphulela ni otthokiherya itthu saalempwale.

Carbono-14, onooniherya wira códice ole woonasa wene aalempwe eseekulu 3 wala 4 E.C. Masi asomi akina, anihimya wira etexto ya nttaava Cóptica ya “Evangelyo ya Yuda”, yarotaphuleliwa ekhumaka nttaava na eGrego khalaixa, ohiya okathi ole onihimmwa. Nto okathi xeeni “Evangelyo ya Yuda” yaalempwe aya?

“EVANGELYO YA YUDA”, EVANGELYO YA ATTHU AHINIMUKUPALI MULUKU

Opacenrye ohimya wira yookhala “Evangelyo ya Yuda”, ti mulipa oolepa myaha iitthaniwa Irineu, yoowo aihimya okhala muKristau, eseekulu ya nenli E.C. Eliivuru awe eniihaniwa Against Heresies (Contra as Heresias), Irineu aahilepa voohimya sa atthu anci yiixuttiha itthu sihaamusivela: Awosa yaahimya wira Yuda yoole anvarinhe Yesu, aanisuwela itthu saarowa wiiraneya, nave-tho owo mekhawe paahi taasuwela ekeekhai waavikana akina, ahaakhwaniherya etthu yoovila osuwela, nto anvariha Yesu. Orweela mwa yoowo, itthu sotheene; wiirimu wala valaponi sihaakanyerereya. Awo yaahipakelela itthu sowoothiwa, khuvaha nsina na Evangelyo ya Yuda”.

Irineu aaphavela okhootta sowiixuttiha sinceene sa maKristau yahaamukupali Muluku, yaawo yaahimya wira yaanikumiherya osuwela wawaya. Nto yowiixuttiha ya Gnóstico ennaahela mpuwa atthu a ikrupu sinceene, otheene aya aakhalana moonelo aya ni annitthokiherya “ekeekhai ya eKristau” mwa enamuna aniphavela aya. Ale yaari Gnóstico yahimwarya muupuwelo aya attharihelaka itthu saalepa aya muliivuruni, nto soolepa saya sahuulaana okathi wa eseekulu ya nenli E.C.

Nto ivangelyo iya sa Gnóstico, ikwaha sinceene sinihimya wira atthareli oovuwa a Yesu khaiwaxaxa saana masu awe, maana Yesu aahikhalana esiiri yuupulunle awe wa atthu vakhaani paahi.a Sowiixuttiha saya sikina sinihimya wira olumwenku ola ori ntoko ekhatteya. Nto “muluku mpattuxa”, onihimmwa ni Soolempwa a eHeberi, aari muluku oolosowa, yoowo ahaaphaveliwa ni amuluku anceene oomalela. Yaahimya-tho wira mutthu mmosa aarina “osuwela” wekeekhai, onnisuwela “esiiri” ela ni onaphavela wuupulula nto kukhala mutthu a weerutthuni.

Eyo teri enamuna mwa itthu silempwale ni “Evangelyo ya Yuda”. Eyo enipacerya so: “Masu a esiiri orweela mwa Yesu aalavunle awe avaanelaka ni Yuda Iskariote, okhuma mahiku mathanu ni mararu, ehalaka mahiku mararu orowa omwiira Pasikha”.

Niireke edukumento ela ya códice ti yeele Irineu aalempwe awe, yaarimenle okhuma iseekulu sinceene? Marvin Meyera, yoowo iirenle mpantta ekrupo yoopacerya otokosa edukumento ele ni otaphulela, onihimya wira mwa soolepa sa Irineu “masu vakhaanixa paahi tanivarihana ni eteexto ela ya nttaava Koopitika, evahiwe nsina na Evangelyo ya Yuda”.

MYAHA SA EVANGELYO YA YUDA—SINNIVAANYIHANIWA NI ALIPA OOSOMA

Mwa “Evangelyo ya Yuda” ariwa Yesu aahitheya moonyohola okathi awiixutti awe yoonihenrye aya ohisuwela saana myaha. Nto ariwa mwa awiixutti ale 12, Yuda paahi toonihenrye omusuwela saana Yesu. Nuuvira-vo, Yesu aahimukuxa amuroiha nipuro nowiipitheya wira amooniherye “isiiri sa omwene”.

Eteesto yoopacerya yaalokiheriwe ni asomi ale masu manceene yaalikanyihiwa ni masu a Irineu voohimya sa evangelyo. Mwa eteesto etaphulenle ayasa, anihimya wira murummwa Yuda aari oophentiwa ni Yesu ni taarowa osuwela mitikiniho ni “waakhela omwene”. Nto awiixutti oowokiwa yaarowa ophavela omuranttela Yuda, masi owo aarowa okhalana “minepa muloko ni miraru” wira aavikane awiixutti akina, maana Yesu aalavunle wira “onrowa ompaka mukuttho mulopwana onikiwariha”.

Alipa oolepa iliivuru sowaakuwa othummwa, ntoko Bart Ehrman ni Elaine Pagels, yaawo ari anamatokosa oovuwa a myaha sa eKristau yoopacerya ni sa Gnóstico, mowaakuveya yaahilepa iliivuru saya voohimya sa ele yuupuwela aya mwa “Evangelyo ya Yuda” khulaleya itthu simosaru saahimmwale ni ekrupu ya asomi yaalokihenrye eteesto yoopacerya. Masi, nuuvira okathi vakhaani paahi, asomi akina ntoko April DeConick ni Birger Pearson, yahooniherya oxankiheya waya mwaha wa itthu saalempwale. Awo yaahilavula wira National Geographic Society oriki ompacerya anaakuvela olepa itthu voohimya sa iteesto sa khalai. Yaahihimya-tho wira moota asomi ale saavara aya muteko wa otokosa ni otthikela olepa, khiwaahiyo wa enamuna yoororomeleya ntoko asomi, maana ekrupu ele yaavekeliwe waasinari edukumento yaatumererya ohihimya itthu sawiiphiini.

Nto nuumala otokosa mekhayasa, DeConick ni Pearson, otheene ala yaahimya wira ipantte sikina sootthuneya sa eteesto ele ya códice khisaataphuleliwe saana ni asomi ale oopacerya. Moovarihana ni moota olokihenrye awe DeConick edukumento ele, Yesu aahimwiihana Yuda okhala “Diabo a Namuloko neeraru”, ohiya wira aari “munepa wa namuloko neeraru”.b Yesu nave aahimuleela Yuda wira khaarowa okela “momweneni”. Ohiya ophavela waavuwiha awiixutti akina, Yesu aahimuleela Yuda wira: “Weyo onrowa opaka etthu yootepa otakhala waavikana awiixutti otheene. Mulopwana yoowo onikiwariwa, weyo onrowa ompaka mukuttho”. Soolempwa sa DeConick, sinooniherya wira “Evangelyo ya Yuda”, eniirela mpantta wa soolempwa soohitthareya sa Gnóstico sinaanyohola arummwa otheene a Yesu. Masu oomaliherya a DeConick ni Pearson voohimya sa “Evangelyo ya Yuda” ani Yuda owo khahiyo aari mutthu oonihenrye olipa murima wooloka.

NNIIXUTTA EXEENI MWA “EVANGELYO YA YUDA”?

Pooti alipa ootokosa awo yoona wira Yuda aari mukhulupale wala diabo mwa evangelyo ela, khuuvo mwa anamatokosa awo onihimya wira itthu iyo silavuliwe ti sa ekeekhai. Bart Ehrman onihimya so: “Pooti wira Evangelyo ela elempwale ni Yuda, wala mutthu mukina oniihimya okhala. . . . . pooti wira elempwale okathi wa Yuda ni mutthu mukina tthiri aamusuwela Yuda . . . pooti okhala eliivuru enrowa onooniherya itthu sikina siiraneya okathi wa Yesu”.

“Evangelyo ya Yuda” eteesto ya Gnóstica, wanipacerya yaalempwe nttaava na eGrego eseekulu ya nenli E.C. Nlelo asomi anitokosa iliivuru khanisuwela saana akhala wira, “Evangelyo ya Yuda” ephwanyiwe mahiku ala, ennilikana tthiri ni ele Irineu yaahimya awe. Masi “Evangelyo ya Yuda”, ennooniherya saana voohimya sa etthu yiiraneya okathi yoole eKristau yaakawanyen’ya aya khiyakhumelela ikrupo sinceene ni sowiixuttiha sinci sa ethiru. Ohiya woonaka okhala etthu enimwiiriha Biibiliya ohiroromeleya, “Evangelyo ya Yuda” ennaakhulela ele yaahimmwe ni arummwa ntoko ele yaahimmwe ni Paulo mMiteko 20:29, 30 wira: “Kosuwela wira, karowa, . . . eriyari anyu anokhumelela atthu anrowa olavula sovirikana, yahapuxakha alipa-òwamini wira yatthareke”.

[Inoota]

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Elatarato ya Yuda anvarihaka Yesu, epakiwe eseekulu 19 ni Gustave Doré

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Egravura epakiwe ni Doré

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“Evangelyo eyo pooti wira elempwale okathi wa Yuda ni mutthu mukina tthiri aamusuwela Yuda”

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Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Stock

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Khuuvo mwa asomi anitokosa iliivuru onihimya wira itthu silempwale-mo ti sekeekhai