Timgad—Muttetthe Ophwanyiwe Vathi va Etthaya — Watchtower EBIBLIOTEKA ONLAINE

Timgad Milepe sa Muttetthe Ophwanyiwe Vathi va Etthaya

NAMATOKOSA mmosa ooweetta ilapo sinceene Scotsman James Bruce, khaakupali ele yoona awe. Owo aahiphwanya muura wala arco wooniherya oxintta wa aRoma, ovithiwe ene vathi va etthaya elapo ya Argélia eyaakha ya 1765. Namatokosa ola khaasuwela wira eemenle vasulu va milepe sa epooma yuulupale yaatekiwe ni aRoma epantte enikela epheyo ya wAfrika, eyo piiyo, muttetthe wa Thamugadi, yoowo vano oniitthaniwa Timgad.

Eyaakha ya 1881, atthu anthipa mapuro yaakhaliwa khalai oFrança, yaahipacerya wuuhula epantte yaahanle ya oTimgad. Awo yahoona wira atthu a muttetthe ola wa mothakoni, yaahikhalana okumi wooloka ni woothaaciri. Masi exeeni yaawiirinhe aRoma oteka muttetthe ole woothaaciri? Nave, exeeni eniixutta ahu sa epooma ela ya khalai ni atthu a muttetthe ola?

SOOPHAVELA SA EPOLIITIKA

Okathi aRoma yaapacenrye aya olamulela epantte enikela epheyo ya wAfrika eseekulu 1 AEC, yaahikumana ni anakhotto ootupa a maloko yaamakela othaama. Nto aRoma yaarowa owerya sai wataana ni atthu awo? Wanipacerya, anakhotto a ekompanyiya ya Neeraru ya Augusto yaahiteka inupa soolipihiwa ni yahaapweha maguarda muttetthe ole wa myaako, yoowo olelo-va ori epantte enikela epheyo ya Argélia. Muhoolo mwaya, yaahiteka epooma ya Timgad. Mwaha wa xeeni?

ARoma yaanihimya wira yaahiteka oTimgad wira okhaliweke ni anakhotto oRoma a khalai. Masi, veekeekhai yaahiteka muttetthe owo wira atteettheihe maloko a epantte ele ya wAfrika. Palano aya waahikhumela saana. Moohipisa, makhalelo ooloka a okumi wa oTimgad, yaahivara mirima sa atthu yaarwa omwiira nakoso. Aphavelaka weemereriwa okhala epooma ele, atthu anci yaahikela nikhuuru na anakhotto naitthaniwa Legião Romana, nto anarumeela nikhuuru nle mpakha iyaakha 25, ntoko nlamulo naavekela aya wa ale yaaphavela okhala muRoma, awo ni anaaya.

Ahihakalalaka paahi mwaha wookhala muRoma, atthu akina yaahiphwanya okhulupale oTimgad wala mittetthe sikina saalamuleliwa ni aRoma. Palano oolavilavi a aRoma oophavela orukunuxa makhalelo a atthu a opuro ole, aahikhumela saana. Nto nuuvira iyaakha 50 paahi, muttetehe wa oTimgad waanikhaliwa ni atthu anci a epantte enikela epheyo ya wAfrika.

WOOTOTHA WA AROMA

Nto aRoma yaawenrye sai owoototha atthu vowaakuveya? Awo yaahikumiherya nlamulo naahimya wira atthu otheene yaamulikana; nlamulo nlo naaniixuttihiwa ni namalamulela oRoma, Cícero. Nto elapo yaahikawanyiwa eriyari, epantte emosa khuvahiwa aRoma, ekina khuhiyeriwa axineene. Nave, epooma ele yaahilokiheriwa ni ephoole. Eyo yaahikhalana iquarteirão sa 400 meeturu quadrado seiyo savalaanyiwa ni irua saamukhaani. Moohaaniherya, otthokihiwa nno wa epooma waahaasivela atthu.

Ntoko siireya aya ni ipooma sa oRoma, atthu oTimgad yaanikumana mapuro yaapakiwa nakoso wira awiriyane ihapari wala oweetta ajoogu. Atthu a mittetthe iye sa myaako, khiyuupuwela wira wamphiya okathi yaarowa aya weetta vathi va maripu ooreera nihiku nooviha, wala ophumurya mapuro ooreera wala orapa maasi ooratteliwa a epooma ele. Nto woonasa wene, awo yaaniwerya okilaathi opuro waari maasi ooriirya, avaanelaka ni apatthani. Nto itthu iyo saakhala ntoko oloha.

Nave-tho, iteatro saapakiwa mapuro oowooneya saahivara mirima. Opuro owo waaniweryaneya okela atthu oowiiraka 3.500, nto muttitthi woohakalala wa oTimgad ni mittetthe sowaattamela saanikela opuro owo. Nave, ale yaapaka eteatro yaanooniherya makhalelo oRoma akumiheryaka otthekula waattittimiherya mweettelo wa ekhapa ni otakhala.

Etiini ya oRoma khiyaahanle ottuli. Vathi va inupa ni ixiri sa ixovoro, aanaataliwa mosaico oowaarya, yoowo arina ilatarato sa amuluku a epagau. Nave, orapa waari etthu yootthuneya khula nihiku, nto vakhaani-vakhaani atthu yaahipacerya waalimalela amuluku oRoma ni etiini aya. Palano oowiiriha atthu weettela soolema sa oRoma waahitepa okhumela saana. Tivonto, awo yaanipaka ilatarato sowuupiwa saarina amuluku araru oRoma ni amuluku araru a wAfrika.

EPOOMA YOOREERA ENNILIYALIWA

Nuumala Trajano yoowo aari Namalamulela oRoma oteka muttetthe ole eyaakha ya 100 EC, aRoma yaahaatumererya atthu olima, opaka makhura a olivera, ni eviinyu. Moohipisa, muttetthe ole waahipacerya okhaliherya oRoma ni ipooma sikina saalamuleliwa ni aRoma. Nto Timgad aahithaaciri okathi aalamuleliwa awe ni aRoma. Nave, atthu a oTimgad yaahincerereya, ni yaahuulaana mpakha ovikana mikano saya.

Ale yaakhala epooma ele ni axineene imatta yaanithaaciri mwaha wa nakoso yaamwiira aya ni aRoma, masi alimi oohaawa khiyaaphwanya etthu. Nto eseekulu 3 EC, ohikhala exariya, ni mipoosito soowalamela, waahiiriha igrupu saamukhaani sa alimi okhootta owiiwelela aRoma. Akina a yaawo yaari maKatoolika, yaahitakaahana ni maDonatista, niire so, egrupu yeeyo yaihimya okhala maKristau, masi yaavaanyiha itthu soohiloka saapakiwa ni Ekerexa Katoolika.—Moone ekaaxa eni: “MaDonatista: Niireke Yaari ‘Ekerexa Yowaarya’”?

Nuuvira iyaakha 100 sa owana-wana wa itiini, ikhotto, ni otupheliwa wootakhala, olamulelo wa oRoma waahihiya okhalana efaita epantte enikhuma epheyo ya wAfrika. Eseekulu 11 EC, Timgad aahipahiwa ni maloko a wArabia, nto khuliyaliwa mwa iyaakha sinivikana 1.000.

“ELA TEKHANLE EKUMI YOOLOKA!”

Atthu athimpe milepe sa oTimgad, yaahitikinihiwa mwaha wa nipawe naaphwannye aya naalempwale ni eLatim naahimya so: “Ela tekhanle ekumi yooloka: ‘Oxaya, orapa, othweela, ni otheya’”. Musomi mmosa oFrança onihimya wira moolumo ala “anooniherya efilosofia ya okumi woohikhalana nrima nuulupale, masi wa atthu akina eyo tekhanle esiiri ya miruku”.

Mwa iyaakha sinci, aRoma yaahitakiha enamuna eyo ya okumi. Murummwa Paulo a eseekulu yoopacerya, aahilavula sa atthu yeettela ifilosofia, oriki: “Nilyeke, niwuryeke, okhala wira melo nnimokhwa!” Nnaamwi yaarina etiini, aRoma yaasiveliwa ni okumi wa okathi yoowo paahi, voohuupuwela yoolakela ya okumi. Paulo aahaalopola maKristau akhwaawe wira yiikasoopeke ni atthu awo, oriki: “Muhihiye motothiwaka: ‘Wetta ni n’alavilavi, opwetexa makhalelo òrera’”.—1 aKorinto 15:32, 33.

Atthu a oTimgad yaakhanle mwa iyaakha soowiiraka 1.500, masi anamunceene olelo-va arina moonelo mmosaru ntoko atthu ale. Awo khanuupuwela itthu sa muhoolo ni antthara moonelo wa aRoma, voohicalela sookhumelela saya. Masi, Biibiliya onnilopola oriki: “Mukhalelo w’olumwenk’ula khunlekela”. Ti maana aya ninlopoliwa ahu wira: “Ale ampuha itthu sa vathí-va ekhaleke ntoko khampuha”.—1 aKorinto 7:31.

Milepe sa o Timgad sinnivaha onamoona woowi esiiri ya okumi woohakalaliha kheniphwanyiwa mwaha wootthara moolumo yaalempwale khalai epantte Enikela Epheyo ya wAfrika. Masi, omwiiwelela Biibiliya toniphwanyiha ohakalala, yoowo oni: “Makhalelo ala anomala vamosá n’itthu simphavelexaya: nto ole onettela otthuna wa Muluku onokhala mahiku othene”.—1 Yohani 2:17.

[Ekaaxa epaaxina 10]

MaDonatista: Niireke Yaari ‘Ekerexa Yowaarya’?

Mpantta onikhuma nsuwa wa oTimgad sookhala milepe sa ekerexa yuulupale erina batistério wala episina yaabatiziwa atthu. Ela ennuupuxerya wira mwa eseekulu 14 EC, epooma ya oTimgad waari opuro muulupale wa madonatista, egrupu ya “maKristau” yaavalanne ni Ekerexa ya oRoma.

MaDonatista khiyeemererya ohooleliwa ni mamwene oRoma mmyaha sa Ekerexa. Awo yaihimya okhala ‘ekerexa yowaarya’, yoovalaana ni olumwenku. Mooriipiha murima, sowiira saya sahooniherya etthu ekina. MaDonadista yaanikela ikhotto sa mmuttettheni ni sa ipoliitika, ni yanaakhaliherya alimi yaawo yaavaanyiha axineene imatta ni mpoosito waavekeliwa ni aRoma. Eyo yaahiiriha egrupu eyo opwapweliwa ni aRoma. Moovirikana ni ele yaihimya aya, madonatista khahiyo yaari ‘ekerexa yowaarya’.—Yohani 15:19.