Ukunceda Abantu Bakwazi Ukulesa

ZINGOOBANI ezi zigidi zingakwazi ukulesa nokubhala? Ngokubanzi zingabemi abanokuthenjwa nabasebenza nzima. Kumazwe asakhasayo, zenza kubekho ukutya, iimpahla nekhusi labemi abaninzi. Kumazwe ahambele phambili kwimpucuko, zenza umsebenzi ekungekho mntu ufuna ukuwenza—imisebenzi edinisayo, ekruqulayo nephantsi, sekunjalo efunekayo entlalweni.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukungafumani thuba kusisizathu esibangela ukuba abantu bangakwazi ukulesa nokubhala. Njengeqela, abantu abangafundanga abazozidenge, amaqaba okanye ama-athalala. Omnye umfundi wathi: “Andinangxaki ekucingeni. Ingxaki yam kukulesa nje kuphela.”

Ukungafumani Thuba

Kwabaninzi, ukungafundi kubangelwa bubuhlwempu. Entsatsheni, ubuhlwempu buthetha ukuba abantu bakuxhalabele ngakumbi ukufumana ukutya kunokuba benjalo ekufumaneni imfundo. Xa abantwana befuneka ekhaya ukuze basebenze, abayi esikolweni. Abaninzi abayayo abaqhubeki nesikolo.

Ubuhlwempu bungxwelerha kwanelizwe. Kuba amazwe asakhasayo enomthwalo wamatyala kumazwe angaphandle ayanyanzeleka ukuba achithe imali encinane kwimfundo. Ngokomzekelo, eAfrika, isimbuku semali echithelwa kwimfundo yancitshiswa phantse ngama-30 ekhulwini ebudeni besiqingatha sokuqala ngeminyaka yee-1980. Ngoxa amazwe afumileyo echitha ngaphezu kweedola ezingama-6 000 (R19 000) ngonyaka kumntwana ngamnye wesikolo, wambi amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo eAfrika naseMzantsi Asia achitha kuphela iidola ezi-2 (R6). Umphumo uba zizikolo ezimbalwa gqitha nabafundisi-ntsapho abanabantwana abaninzi gqitha kumagumbi abo okufundela.

Imfazwe nokruthakruthwano lwabantu nalo lufak’ isandla ekungafundini kwabantu. INgxowa-mali Yeemfuno Zabantwana Yezizwe Ezimanyeneyo iqikelela ukuba abantwana abazizigidi ezisixhenxe badandatheka kwiikampu zeembacu, apho amaziko emfundo ngokufuthi anganelanga. Kwelinye ilizwe laseAfrika kuphela, abantwana abasisi-1,2 sezigidi abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-15 ubudala abakwazanga ukuya esikolweni ngenxa yemfazwe yamakhaya egqubayo.

Abo baphoswayo lithuba lokufunda ukulesa nokubhala ebuntwaneni maxa wambi baye balifumana elo thuba kamva ebomini, kodwa asingabo bonke abavakalelwa kukuba bamele bazikhathaze ngaloo nto. Ngokuphathelele abantu abangafundanga basemaphandleni, incwadi ethi Adult Education for Developing Countries ithi: “Umntu omdala oye waphumelela engakwazi ukulesa nokubhala akwenzeki ukuba abe nomnqweno omkhulu wokulesa nokubhala, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko ezikhethekileyo. . . . Ngoxa bekuya kuba yimposiso ngokupheleleyo ukugqiba kwelokuba waneliseke ngokupheleleyo yimeko akuyo, kusenokuba akukho nto imshukumisela ukuba afune ukuyilungisa.”

Sekunjalo, abaninzi banomnqweno onamandla wokuphucula imeko yabo. Kakade ke, iintshukumisa ziyahluka. Bambi bafuna nje ukuphucula imfundo yabo nemvakalelo yokuziva bexabisekile. Abanye bashukunyiswa zizizathu zemali. Abo bangasebenziyo bacinga ukuba ukufunda kuya kubanceda bawufumane; abo basebenzayo basenokufuna ophucukileyo.

Beqonda unxibelelwano olusondeleyo oluphakathi kokufunda nenkqubela yomntu ngamnye neyesizwe, oorhulumente neentlangano baye baqalisa iinkqubo zokufundisa abantu abadala ukulesa nokubhala. Kungumsebenzi ocel’ umngeni ofuna uvelwano kumfundisi-ntsapho kwanokuqonda iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zomfundi ongumntu omdala.

Indlela Abayiyo Abafundi Abangabantu Abadala

Abo bafundisa abantu abadala bafanele baqonde umahluko ophakathi kwabafundi abadala nabafundi abangabantwana. Ubuntu, imikhwa, isimo sengqondo nezinto abanomdla kuzo zendele ngakumbi kubantu abadala kunasebantwaneni, zibenza abantu abadala babe lukhuni ngakumbi baze bangazamkeli ngokukhawuleza iinguqulelo. Kwelinye icala, abantu abadala banamava amaninzi ekunokwakhelwa kuwo yaye bakwazi ngakumbi ukuqiqa ngezibakala neenkalo ezinokubadida abaselula. Ngokuqhelekileyo abanaxesha lokungenzi nto elilingana nelabantwana. Omnye umahluko obaluleke gqitha ngowokuba abafundi abadala, ngokungafaniyo nabantwana, banenkululeko yokuyeka ukufunda nangaliphi na ixesha.

Abantu abadala abaninzi abangafundanga baneziphiwo ezikhethekileyo yaye baye baphumelela kwezinye iinkalo zobomi; kuphela nje abanabuchule bokulesa nokubhala. Umfundisi-ntsapho obafundisayo kufuneka abakhuthaze ukuba babe bhetyebhetye, basebenzise ubuchule bokuyila izinto baze babe nonyamezelo abalubonisileyo kwezinye iinkalo zobomi.

Kufuna inkalipho ngomntu ongafundanga ukuvuma iintswelo zakhe aze acele uncedo. Nangona iimeko nabantu besahluka, abantu abadala abaninzi balujonga uqeqesho lokufundiswa ukulesa ngenkxalabo nangokungazithembi. Bambi basenokuba nembali ende yokungaphumeleli kwizinto ezithile abebezenza. Abanye basenokuvakalelwa kukuba badala gqitha ukuba bangafunda izinto ezintsha. Isaci saseNigeria sithi: “Kunzima ukufunda ubunxele ebudaleni.”

Abafundisi-ntsapho banokwakha intembelo baze bagcine umdla ngokuyiphawula nangokuyincoma ngokukhawuleza inkqubela. Izifundo zifanele zenziwe zinciphise ukungaphumeleli ekufundeni nokuqinisekisa ukuphumelela okuphindaphindiweyo kusukelo lokufunda. Impapasho ethi Educating the Adult ithi: “Phezu kwako konke, mhlawumbi impumelelo ingoyena thunywashe ubalulekileyo ukuze baqhubeke.”

Abantu abadala ngokuqhelekileyo bayakwazi oko bakufundelayo yaye banqwenela ukubona inkqubela ekhawulezileyo ukuze bafikelele usukelo lwabo. Omnye unjingalwazi wemfundo yabantu abadala eAfrika wathi: “Bafuna ukuqalisa esikolweni, bafunde ekufuneka bekwazile ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, baze bahlukane naso.”

Maxa wambi umfundi uzibekela usukelo angenakulufikelela ngelo xesha lifutshane. Zisuka nje umfundisi-ntsapho ufanele ancede umfundi azibekele usukelo olufikelelekayo nolwexeshana aze ancede umfundi alufikelele. Ngokomzekelo, masithi umKristu ubhalisa kwiklasi yabantu abafuna ukufunda ngenxa yokuba efuna ukufundiswa ukulesa iBhayibhile neempapasho zeBhayibhile. Olu lusukelo lwexesha elide. Ekusebenzeleni ukulufikelela, umfundisi-ntsapho unokukhuthaza umfundi azibekele usukelo olufikelelekayo, olunjengokwazi oonobumba, ukutyhila nokulesa izibhalo ezikhethiweyo nokulesa iimpapasho ezilula zeBhayibhile. Ukufikelela ngokuthe rhoqo kusukelo kulondoloza umdla kuze kukhuthaze umfundi ukuba aqhubeke efunda.

Abafundisi-ntsapho abanobuchule banokwenza okuninzi ekukhuliseni umdla ngokukhuthaza nokuncoma abafundi babo nangokubanceda basebenzele ukufikelela usukelo olusengqiqweni nolufikelelekayo. Sekunjalo, ukuze benze inkqubela, abantu abadala bafanele bangalindeli ukukakazwa. Bafanele bakulungele ukuthwala imbopheleleko yemfundo yabo baze basebenze nzima ekufundeni. Ngokwenjenjalo, baya kufunda ukulesa nokubhala, yaye obu buchule buya kubuguqula ubomi babo.

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 6]

Amacebiso Okufundisa Abantu Abadala Ukulesa

1. Kubalulekile ukukhulisa umdla kumfundi. Ukususela kwisifundo sokuqala, bethelela iingenelo zokufunda ukulesa nokubhala uze ukhuthaze umfundi ukuba azibekele usukelo olusengqiqweni lwexesha elide nolwexeshana.

2. Ukuze umfundi enze inkqubela ufanele afundiswe izihlandlo eziliqela ngeveki. Ukumfundisa kanye ngeveki akwanele. Umfundi ufanele enze umsebenzi wesikolo owenzelwa ekhaya emva kwesifundo ngasinye.

3. Musa ukunyanzelisa xa ufuna umfundi enze izinto okanye umnike umsebenzi omninzi ngesihlandlo esinye. Oku kusenokumbangela adimazeke aze ayeke ukufunda.

4. Ngamaxesha onke mkhuthaze uze umncede. Ubuchule bokulesa nokubhala bufunyanwa ngokuthe ngcembe. Umfundi ufanele aneliseke yinkqubela yakhe.

5. Khuthaza umfundi asebenzise oko akufundayo ngokukhawuleza kangangoko anako kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

6. Musa ukuchitha ixesha kwimibandela esecaleni. Abantu abadala baxakekile. Sebenzisa elona xesha lokufundisa ekufundiseni izinto ezibalulekileyo.

7. Ngamaxesha onke mhlonele umfundi, umnika imbeko emfaneleyo. Ungaze umphoxe okanye umenze azive emncinane.

8. Zazi iingxaki zomntu ngamnye. Umfundi usenokungakwazi ukulesa imibhalo emincinane kuba ufuna iindondo zamehlo. Omnye usenokuba akeva kakuhle aze ngaloo ndlela akufumanise kunzima ukuva indlela echanileyo yokubiza amagama.

9. Umfundi ufanele afunde ukuprinta ngaphambi kokuzama ukubhala ngokudibanisa (apho oonobumba bedityaniswa xa kubhalwa). Kulula ngakumbi ukufunda amagama aprintiweyo yaye kulula ngakumbi nokuwabhala yaye oonobumba baphantse bafane ngakumbi nabo bakwincwadi eshicilelweyo.

10. Indlela elungileyo yokufundisa ukubhala oonobumba yeyokuba umfundi abakhuphele ngokusuka kumzekelo obhaliweyo. Usenokukhuphela unobumba izihlandlo eziliqela ngaphambi kokuzama ukumbhala ngaphandle kokumkhuphela.

11. Ngokufuthi inkqubela ekufundeni ikhawuleza ngakumbi kunenkqubela ekubhaleni. Musa ukulibazisa ukufundisa izifundo ezitsha zokulesa ukuba umfundi akakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wesikolo owenzelwa ekhaya wokubhala. Kwelinye icala, khumbula ukuba oonobumba abatsha bafundwa baze bakhunjulwe ngokulula ngakumbi ukuba umfundi ubaqhelisela ngokubabhala.

12. Nangona umfundi ongumntu omdala esenokukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi entsonkothileyo ngezandla zakhe, ukubhala ngosiba okanye ngepensile kusenokuba nzima yaye kube ngamava anxunguphalisayo kuye. Musa ukugxininisa koonobumba ababhalwe kakuhle.